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PubMed2002

[Landscape ecological studies on autumnal Chinese cabbage fields in Shenyang city suburb. II. Relationship between Chinese cabbage field patches and their neighboring landscape elements].

The relationship between autumnal Chinese cabbage patches and their neighboring other lanascape elements were studied in Shenyang suburb. The groups and quantities of arthropods moving through a boundary between a Chinese cabbage patch and its neighboring corn patch in certain period, were investigated and the 7 oders of arthropods moving through the boundary with an average flow of 10.3 individuals.m-1.d-1 were observed. The changes of falling dust rates on a Chinese cabbage patch near a countryside road are analyzed. Some principles of agroecosystems in an agricultural landscape were discussed on the basis of these observation results.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2005

[Measuring diet quality of chinese 18 - 59 years adult using chinese diet balance index].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the overall diet quality of Chinese adults using Chinese Diet Balance Index and the validity of DBI. METHODS: 28320 adult aged 18 - 59 years who had completed 3 day dietary information and basic information were selected from 2002 National Nutrition and Health Survey. Diet quality were evaluated by using DBI scoring and evaluating system. RESULTS: The major problems of Chinese residents are adequate food intake and excessive food intake co-exist. dietary quality are different between urban and rural populations, the extent of lower intake and excessive intake both is higher in rural areas than in urban areas. It shows that the extent of dietary imbalance is worse and severe among rural residents. The diet quality is effected by individual education level and family income. CONCLUSIONS: Comparing with the other measurements, DBI can describe the overall dietary quality more comprehensive, be easier to find out the major problem of the dietary pattern, and describe the extend of the problem numerically.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Psychometric properties of the Chinese Family Assessment Instrument in Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong.

This paper reports evidence on the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Chinese Family Assessment Instrument (C-FAI), an instrument developed to assess family functioning in Chinese populations. A convenience sample of 1,462 adolescents from junior secondary schools completed the C-FAI and measures of parent-adolescent conflict. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses showed that five factors were abstracted from the scale, a finding which was similar to those reported in previous validation studies. Results also showed that the C-FAI was internally consistent and its scores were moderately correlated with measures of conflict with parents, providing support for the convergent validity of the measure. Finally, females perceived family functioning to be better than did males and age was linearly related to perceived family dysfunction. In conjunction with the previous findings, the present study suggests that the C-FAI can be used to objectively assess family functioning in Chinese adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Expression of human and Chinese hamster hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase cDNA recombinants in cultured Lesch-Nyhan and Chinese hamster fibroblasts.

The results presented in this communication demonstrate that hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) cDNA can be expressed in both Chinese hamster and human fibroblasts deficient in the endogenous gene product at levels permitting normal growth of the transformants. All the elements necessary for this expression are present in a pBR322-derived plasmid containing HPRT cDNA coding sequence and a retroviral long terminal repeat. These molecules function in both species investigated and, at least in the case of the Chinese hamster transformants, are efficient at the single copy level. Although the effects of the presence of intron sequences and a polyadenylation signal within the plasmids have yet to be evaluated, these studies demonstrate that neither is an absolute requirement for expression of HPRT cDNA sequences in cultured mammalian cells. We describe the construction of recombinant plasmids containing wild type human or Chinese hamster HPRT cDNA sequences in tandem with a retroviral LTR which confer the HPRT+ phenotype in HPRT-deficient V79 and Lesch-Nyhan fibroblasts. Both stable and unstable transformants, that expressed HPRT mRNA and protein, were isolated at high frequency.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Antiviral compounds from traditional Chinese medicines Galla Chinese as inhibitors of HCV NS3 protease.

Under the guidance of bioassay, the EtOAc extract fraction of the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Galla Chinese was found to be efficient in inhibiting the NS3 protease of HCV and purified the fraction to get three polyphenol compounds 1,2,6-tri-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose (1), 1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose (2), and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose (3), which were identified as inhibitors of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) NS3 protease. Compounds 1, 2, and 3 inhibited HCV NS3 protease with IC50 of 1.89, 0.75, and 1.60 microM, respectively.

Antiviral Agents↗
PubMed2006

Improving the quality of randomized controlled trials in Chinese herbal medicine, part III: quality control of Chinese herbal medicine used in randomized controlled trials.

OBJECTIVE: To discuss quality control of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) in randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and to provide suggestions for improving this aspect in future clinical study in this therapeutic area. METHODS: A search of the Cochrane Library was conducted to identify RCTs of CHM. Quality control information reported in those RCTs was then assessed independently. RESULTS: The search yielded a total of 167 RCTs of CHM for a variety of conditions. A total of 11 CHM preparations were used in those RCTs. Only one trial discussed quality control of the CHM interventions used. Issues affecting the safety and efficacy of CHM products used in RCTs were discussed including standardization of raw herbal materials, processing methods, screening for product contamination, and effects of combination products. CONCLUSION: The overall quality of reporting of RCTs of CHM was poor, reflecting the need for improvements in reporting future clinical trials in this area. RECOMMENDATIONS: To improve quality control of CHM used in RCTs in future, we recommend developing and implementing guidelines such as Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) for Chinese crude drugs, and current Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) specific to CHM products. Chemical analyses of individual herbs of CHM and combination products are also recommended to provide reference standards for quality control.

Drugs, Chinese Herbal↗
PubMed2003

Chinese dragon or toothless tiger? Regulating the professional competence of traditional Chinese medicine practitioners.

The escalation in popularity of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has begun to stimulate regulatory responses to ensure the safety and efficacy of different modalities. The Therapeutic Goods Authority in Australia oversees a scheme of listing and registration, said to lead the world. Established CAM courses now confer recognised bachelor degrees. Victoria has recently regulated Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) practitioners, through the Chinese Medicine Registration Act 2000 (Vic), modelled on legislation regulating medical practitioners. CAM is being integrated into conventional medical (especially general) practice, and calls for the "mainstreaming" of CAM are increasing. Integrating CAM, however, involves a critical incoherence, well illustrated by the Victorian legislation. Clinical competence can only be properly assessed against standards established through scientific validation. If CAM systems, which purport to offer alternatives to science-based medicine, are regulated through conventional instruments, they may well be relinquishing the very identities which set them apart.

Australia↗
PubMed2003

[Study of Chinese herbs and its compound prescription guided by traditional Chinese medical theory].

It is the key problem of TCM study in the new times to strengthen the research and application of Chinese herbs and its compound prescription directed by TCM theory by combining medicine and drugs, accelerating the creation and construction of modern the new system. In the study of compound, animal mode should be set up by the combination of modern experimental method according to TCM clinical requirements. A breakthrough in compound prescription needs to be found out from observation of pharmacodynamics and analysis of clinical therapy. Methodology and clarification of effective materials should be paid enough attention to in study the pharmacokinetics of the compounds. Since the therapeutic effects of compound prescriptions are different, or even opposite to itself under different Syndromes, it is so important to pay attention to Syndrome Differention. Multiple ways of TCM study have given active exploration on the developing of TCM academic level from different aspects. The aim of constructing a system of developing TCM and Syndrome-corresponding compound prescription is to build up a normalized standard of new and highly effective theory in treating disease clinically, designing methodology, Syndrome-corresponding prescription and monitor the compound prescription used. In this way, a new TCM clinical standard could be set up in Chinese medicine and its compound prescription in clinical experiments to raise the medical level continuously.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Strengths and weaknesses of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine in the eyes of some Hong Kong Chinese.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the attitudes of Hong Kong Chinese towards the strengths and weaknesses of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Western medicine. DESIGN: Qualitative study of subjects' opinions using semi-structured focus group interviews. SETTING: Southern district of Hong Kong Island where many of the residents have a fisherman background. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty nine participants took part in eight focus group interviews. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Participants' attitudes towards TCM and Western medicine were explored in the interviews. Both TCM and Western medicine are used concurrently by many people in Hong Kong. Patients make decisions on which type of doctors they want to see for the specific illnesses that they are suffering from. They consider both types of medicines to have strengths and weaknesses: TCM being better in curing the root of the problem but quite slow in action while Western medicine is more powerful but sometimes too powerful with significant side effects. CONCLUSIONS: It is important for medical practitioners to be aware of the health attitudes of their patients from different ethnic backgrounds. It will lead to a better patient-doctor relationship and better compliance of treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Traditional Chinese religious beliefs and superstitions in delusions and hallucinations of Chinese schizophrenic patients.

Religious beliefs and superstitions have an important impact on the psychopathology of psychiatric patients. Traditional Chinese religious beliefs and superstitions, such as fortune telling, Buddhist gods, Taoist gods, historical heroic gods and ancestor worship, have important influence on subjective psychotic experiences, in particular delusions and hallucinations. By means of empirical phenomenological case narration, the writer shows that all these traditional Chinese religious beliefs and superstitions tend to affect the contents, manifestation and meaningfulness of delusion and hallucination. They also serve as a means to replace clients' self-identity. They appear in the form of a supernatural force to resolve all difficulties, cause of troubles and misfortune, stress and coping mechanisms.

Asian People↗
PubMed2006

Chinese nursing students' attitudes toward traditional Chinese medicine.

In this study, we examined Chinese nursing students' attitudes toward and use of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Survey questionnaires were distributed to 439 nursing students, 263 of whom (60%) returned them. Of the respondents, 92% had used TCM, while 48% had used TCM at least once during the previous year. Forty-five percent of respondents reported positive attitudes toward TCM use, 52% had neutral attitudes, and only 3% reported negative attitudes. The majority of respondents (76%) reported no change in their attitude toward TCM after studying nursing. Mean scores related to the adequacy of the current curriculum in TCM training and the state of respondents' TCM knowledge were generally low. Of the respondents who had used TCM during the past year, the most common use was for upper respiratory tract infection. The most common type of TCM used by respondents was herbal tea or soup. Final-year nursing students were more likely to have used TCM during the previous year, report they would like more courses on TCM, and consult Western medicine physicians before using TCM; they were also less likely to develop more negative attitudes toward TCM after studying nursing.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Rationale, design and organization of the Second Chinese Cardiac Study (CCS-2): a randomized trial of clopidogrel plus aspirin, and of metoprolol, among patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Second Chinese Cardiac Study (CCS-2) Collaborative Group.

Assessing combined anti-platelet therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction Aspirin has been shown to be effective in the emergency treatment of acute myocardial infarction. It irreversibly inhibits platelet cyclo-oxygenase and thereby prevents the formation of the platelet aggregating agent thromboxane A2. Clopidogrel is an anti-platelet agent that acts by a different mechanism, inhibiting adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation. Simultaneous inhibition of both of these pathways might produce significantly greater anti-platelet effects than inhibition of either alone. The Second Chinese Cardiac Study (CCS-2) will reliably determine whether adding oral clopidogrel to aspirin for up to 4 weeks in hospital after suspected acute myocardial infarction can produce a greater reduction in the risk of major vascular events than can be achieved by giving aspirin alone. In order to be able to detect a further reduction of 10-15%, some 20,000-40,000 patients in over 1000 Chinese hospitals will be randomized. Assessing early beta-blocker therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction Although over 27,000 patients have been studied previously in randomized trials of short-term beta-blocker therapy in acute myocardial infarction, the reduction in early mortality (513 (3.7%) for beta-blocker therapy deaths versus 586 (4.3%) for control deaths) was only just conventionally significant (P = 0.02) and, overall, the absolute benefits were small in the relatively low-risk patients studied. Although there might be worthwhile benefit in higher risk patients, there is currently little routine use of beta-blocker therapy in acute myocardial infarction. Hence, patients in CCS-2 will also be randomly allocated to receive metoprolol (intravenous then oral) or matching placebo for up to 4 weeks in hospital in a 2 x 2 factorial design. Such a design allows all patients to contribute fully to assessment of the separate effects of the anti-platelet regimen and the beta-blocker (without any material effect on study cost or sample size requirements) whilst also providing information about their combined effects. A streamlined trial in a wide range of patients In order to randomize 20,000-40,000 patients, the design of CCS-2 has been streamlined: data collection and other extra work for collaborators is minimal, allowing busy hospitals to take part easily. All patients presenting within 24 h of the onset of suspected acute myocardial infarction are eligible for the study provided they have a definite ECG abnormality and are not persistently hypotensive, and provided the doctor responsible considers there to be no clear indication for or contraindication to either of the trial treatments. Apart from administration of the trial treatments, all other aspects of individual patient management are entirely at the discretion of the doctor responsible. By including many different types of patient from many different types of hospital, with wide variation in ancillary management, the CCS-2 results will be of direct clinical relevance to the heterogeneous realities of future clinical practice. The trial began in July 1999 and is expected to be completed by the year 2003.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1999

[A preliminary study of two Chinese herbs protective tablets on some Chinese traditional medicines].

The protective action of 2 tablets of Chinese herb to 5 Chinese traditional medicines against harm of insects and mildews was tested. It was found that 2 tablets have a obvious effects of insect-repellency and mouthproof in the test with Homalomena occulta and Prunus armeniaca, the bore in the medicinal materials was decreased 94.95% and 95.55% respectively than that of check. The tablets have some effects of mildewproof in the test with Tussilago farfara.

Alisma↗
PubMed2000

[A Chinese herbal compound induces neurotrophy in astrocyte by a new study method called "cerebrospinal fluid pharmacology in Chinese materia medica"].

OBJECTIVE: To find a effective method by which the potency of Chinese materia medica (CMM) on the central nervous system (CNS) could be correctly investigated. METHOD: The cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) and serum after oral CMM 1 to 1.5 hours was gained and then added into the astrocyte cell culture medium. After 48 h, the above medium was in proportion transferred to the neuron culture medium. Typan blue staining, LDH and MTT test were utilized to observe the drug effect on the neuron survival. RESULTS: The serum, but not the CSF, showed the toxicity on the astrocyte. MTT test on the neuron survival showed that the OD492nm value in the CMM group was higher than the other groups (P < 0.05). The astrocyte medium stimulated by the CSF including CMM could promote the neuron axon growth. CONCLUSION: If observing the CMM potency on CNS in vitro, the CSF was better than the serum, we called it "Cerebrospinal Fluid Pharmacology in Chinese Materia Medica". Furthermore, the CMM could induce the neurotrophy of astrocyte.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[The tendencies of research on Chinese materia medica in Japan--establishment of morbid models in animals and their application to research on Chinese materia medica].

This paper presents a survey of some pathologic models on animals established to satisfy the needs of research on Chinese materia medica in Japan over the last several years, e.g., model of blood-stasis syndrome, model of "taiyang" syndrome, model of spleen deficiency syndrome, speeded aging model and two related models, i.e. chronic renal insufficiency and bronchitis. All these models can be used for reference in the experimental research on Chinese materia medica.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Randomized study of glibenclamide versus traditional Chinese treatment in type 2 diabetic patients. Chinese-French Scientific Committee for the Study of Diabetes.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a traditional Chinese treatment (TCT) based on three plants in association with a sulfonylurea, glibenclamide (2.5 mg X 3/d). A 2 X 2 factorial design was adopted for this multicentre randomized double-blind trial involving 4 groups [A = placebo (P) TCT + P glibenclamide; B = P TCT + verum glibenclamide; C = verum TCT + P glibenclamide; D = verum TCT + verum glibenclamide]. Patients included were type 2 diabetic outpatients, 40-70 years of age, treated by diet alone or oral anti-diabetic drugs. Endpoint criteria evaluated were HbA1, blood glucose and plasma insulin (at fasting, and 1 and 2 h after a test meal). At each visit, a clinical examination was performed, and a questionnaire on side effects and associated symptoms was completed. The dose was reduced by half in the case of hypoglycaemia. The 216 patients were recruited in 5 centres [Shanghai (1) = 48, Shanghai (2) = 40, Beijing = 40, Canton = 42, Chengdu = 46 and randomized into treatment groups A, B, C, D (56, 56, 50 and 54 respectively). Eleven patients were withdrawn for administrative reasons. In patients treated with glibenclamide, a significant increase in weight and insulinaemia was observed, together with a significant decrease in blood glucose values; in those receiving TCT, blood glucose values were significantly decreased only 2 h after the test meal. A synergistic effect on blood glucose was observed when both treatments were given. Hypoglycaemia occurred in 19 patients (all in the two verum glibenclamide groups). This first multicentre controlled trial showed that the 3 Chinese plants tested were well-tolerated and effective in Type 2 diabetes as indicated by a significant synergistic effect in association with a sulfonylurea.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Localization of the Chinese hamster CAD gene reveals homology between human chromosome 2p and Chinese hamster 7q.

The trifunctional enzyme CAD catalyzes the first three steps of pyrimidine biosynthesis. By using fluorescence in situ hybridization we have localized the Chinese hamster CAD gene on chromosome 7q11-q13 of diploid fibroblasts. Other genes previously assigned to chromosome 7 include acid phosphatase-1, the M2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase and ornithine decarboxylase. These genes are also syntenic with CAD on human chromosome 2p. We have then mapped CAD on the pericentromeric region of two different rearranged chromosomes (Z8p and R2q) in a cell line derived from Chinese hamster ovary. The presence of CAD on Z8 and R2 indicates that they derive from rearrangements involving chromosome 7.

Animals↗