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PubMedDate not supplied

Nutritional status and morbidity pattern among governmental primary school children in the Eastern Nepal.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the nutritional status and morbidity pattern of primary school children. METHODS: Descriptive, cross sectional study was administered in the five governmental schools located in Dhankuta town (Dhankuta district) and Ineruwa town (Sunsari district). The schools were selected using simple random sampling technique. From these selected schools, a total number of 818 students studying from Grade I to V were enumerated in the study using census survey method. RESULTS: Among 818 students, 61% of the students were found to be malnourished. The students were more stunted (21.5%) than wasted (10.4%). Only 5.4 % of the students were found to be both wasted and stunted. The collected blood and stool samples from the students revealed parasitic infestation of 65.8% and anaemia of 58%. The most common diseases in those schools were: skin diseases (20%), dental caries (19.8%), and lymphodenopathy (10.5%). Among skin diseases, pediculosis was more common among girls while ringworms and scabies were common among boys. CONCLUSION: The study revealed that high percentage of primary school students was malnourished. It was found that there was a high prevalence of parasitic infestation and anaemia. The study result revealed the urgent need for initiation of school health program with specific emphasis on prevention of diseases, improvement of personal hygiene and nutritional status with the collaboration of governmental and non governmental institutions.

Child↗
PubMed1995

Primary liver cancer and renal cell carcinoma in laundry and dry-cleaning workers in Denmark.

OBJECTIVES: Previous studies have shown an excess risk of primary liver cancer among women working in laundries and dry-cleaning shops in Denmark at the time of the census in 1970. During the period 1970-1987, 14 cases of primary liver cancer were observed (standardized mortality ratio 2.7, 95% confidence interval 1.5-4.5). A nested case-referent study was undertaken in order to classify laundry workers and dry-cleaning workers separately. According to hints in the literature, renal-cell carcinomas were also included in this analysis. METHODS: Original census forms from 1970 were retrieved from the Danish National Record Office for the 17 cases with primary liver cancer and the 16 cases with renal-cell carcinoma and five matched referents per case. RESULTS: All of the 17 patients with primary liver cancer worked in laundries in 1970, whereas only 74% of the referents worked in laundries. Neither was the risk of renal-cell carcinoma associated with dry-cleaning work (relative risk 0.7, 95% CI 0.2-2.6). CONCLUSIONS: The excess risk of primary liver cancer observed for women working in laundries and dry-cleaning shops in Denmark is not likely to be explained by exposure to dry-cleaning solvents. Excessive alcohol consumption is not a likely explanation either, and the excess risk therefore remains unexplained.

Carcinoma, Renal Cell↗
PubMed2000

Reliability and validity of disability questions for US Census 2000.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the validity and proxy reliability of 7 new disability questions from the 2000 US census ("Census 2000"). METHODS: A total of 131 people with disabilities and their proxies from St Louis, Mo, and Massachusetts were interviewed, and responses were compared for concordance. Responses also were compared with responses to questions from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) and the Activities of Daily Living (ADL) instrument. RESULTS: Overall, proxies reported more impairment than did people with disabilities, and agreement was low (kappa = 0.24-0.55). Concordance was moderate between the census questions and their BRFSS and ADL counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: The Census 2000 questions may not provide an accurate profile of disability in America.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1999

Estimating population size by genotyping faeces.

Population size is a fundamental biological parameter that is difficult to estimate. By genotyping coyote (Canis latrans) faeces systematically collected in the Santa Monica Mountains near Los Angeles, California, we exemplify a general, non-invasive method to census large mammals. Four steps are involved in the estimation. First, presumed coyote faeces are collected along paths or roadways where coyotes, like most carnivores, often defaecate and mark territorial boundaries. Second, DNA is extracted from the faeces and species identity and sex is determined by mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome typing. Third, hypervariable microsatellite loci are typed from the faeces. Lastly, rarefaction analysis is used to estimate population size from faecal genotypes. This method readily provides a point count estimate of population size and sex ratio. Additionally, we show that home range use paternity and kinship can be inferred from the distribution and relatedness patterns of faecal genotypes.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Longitudinal psychosocial outcomes in two cohorts of adult survivors from childhood acute leukemia treated with or without cranial radiation.

AIM: In 1982, 60 children affected by acute lymphoblastic leukemia, treated between 1974 and 1978 with or without cranial radiation, in complete remission, and 2 years at least after stopping therapy, were submitted to a detailed psychological investigation. All those who underwent cranial radiation showed memory impairment. Twenty years after, 49 of them were still alive. On the occasion of the 30th Anniversary of the Department, we contacted their parents and invited them to an encounter: 43 agreed. We wished to learn as much as possible about their current health and psychosocial status. The principal aim of our research was to investigate if any differences existed between the 2 groups and to measure the psychosocial performance of these subjects against comparable Italian figures extracted from the last national census (Census 2001). METHODS: We chose the narrative style for the encounters, because most of them knew about us only from their parents, and we were afraid to use with them questionnaires and official interviews. Most of them did not even know the name of their disease. Our study shows that the whole group of adults had achieved good physical, cognitive, emotional and behavioral development and adjustment. Following the narrative approach, we were able to obtain detailed personal information and the values of capacities of each subject. RESULTS: The results showed no significant differences between the 2 groups and the corresponding age-class in the 2001 Italian census as far as education and occupational group were concerned. Only one unemployed subject (with a university degree) was reported among them. The distribution of fathers' occupation perfectly reflected national figures, and long-term survivors in most cases improved their social level. As regards marriage and fertility no difference was seen between the 2 groups. All these statistics parallel, if not exceed, national figures. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis and comparison of long-term cancer survivors' quality of life can yield important clues and insight, and thus contribute to improved approaches towards newly diagnosed patients, not only regarding treatment protocols, but also psychosocial outcomes.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Local school district adoption of state-recommended policies on HIV prevention education.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the extent to which school districts in Massachusetts adopted HIV education policies consistent with state education agency recommendations, and whether adoption of state-recommended policy language was associated with other core components of school-based HIV prevention programs such as staff development, curriculum, and implementation characteristics. METHODS: A census of health coordinators (n = 251) and high school HIV teachers (n = 174) in randomly selected schools in Massachusetts were surveyed. Chi-squares and analysis of variance (ANOVAs) were used to analyze data. RESULTS: Most districts' policies fully incorporated state-recommended language for training HIV teachers (62%), providing HIV education within comprehensive sexuality education (62%), and providing skills-based instruction (57%). Districts adopting state-recommended policies were significantly more likely to have trained more HIV teachers (82% vs. 59% of teachers trained; P < 0.001), provided HIV education to a greater percentage of students (90% vs. 50% of students educated; P < 0.001), and adopted research-based curricula (44% vs. 27%; P < 0.01). High school teachers who received training and those using research-based curricula covered more HIV prevention topics and used more skills-based instructional methods than those who did not receive training or did not use research-based curricula (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that strong, state-level HIV prevention education policy recommendations can help shape local school health policy and, when adopted locally, can positively influence the reach and quality of HIV education.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

Measuring health inequalities in Albania: a focus on the distribution of general practitioners.

BACKGROUND: The health workforce has a dynamically changing nature and the regular documentation of the distribution of health professionals is a persistent policy concern. The aim of the present study was to examine available human medical resources in primary care and identify possible inequalities regarding the distribution of general practitioners in Albania between 2000 and 2004. METHODS: With census data, we investigated the degree of inequality by calculating relative inequality indices. We plotted the Lorenz curves and calculated the Gini, Atkinson and Robin Hood indices and decile ratios, both before and after adjusting for mortality and consultation rates. RESULTS: The Gini index for the distribution of general practitioners in 2000 was 0.154. After adjusting for mortality it was 0.126, while after adjusting for consultation rates it was 0.288. The Robin Hood index for 2000 was 11.2%, which corresponds to 173 general practitioners who should be relocated in order to achieve equality. The corresponding figure after adjusting for mortality was 9.2% (142 general practitioners), while after adjusting for consultation rates the number was 20.6% (315). These figures changed to 6.3% (100), 6.3% (115) and 19.8% (315) in 2004. CONCLUSION: There was a declining trend in the inequality of distribution of general practitioners in Albania between 2000 and 2004. The trend in inequality was apparent irrespective of the relative inequality indicator used. The level of inequality varied depending on the adjustment method used. Reallocation strategies for general practitioners in Albania could be the key in alleviating the inequalities in primary care workforce distribution.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Are data on the uptake of disability benefits a useful addition to census data in describing population health care needs?

OBJECTIVE: To determine if administrative data relating to the uptake of disability benefits held by government departments in Northern Ireland are fair and unbiased indicators of relative need for health care and therefore a useful addition to census data. METHOD: This is an ecological study of the 566 electoral wards in Northern Ireland. The variation in uptake of a health-related benefit (Disability Living Allowance) was regressed against three other indicators of health (limiting long-term illness, mortality and the numbers of patients admitted to hospital). All the indicators had been indirectly standardised by age and sex. The unstandardised residuals from this model were regressed against the social and geographical factors, namely area deprivation score, religious denominational composition and urban/rural dwelling to see if they influenced benefit uptake above and beyond any association with ill health. RESULTS: The health factors alone explained 77.2% of the variation in benefit uptake, with limiting long-term illness being the major determinant; however, even after controlling for differences in health status, benefit uptake was shown to be higher in more urban areas and in areas that had a greater proportion of Catholics. Area deprivation was not associated with benefit uptake once health differences had been controlled for. CONCLUSION: Administrative data on disability benefits can undoubtedly provide useful additional information for describing the levels of relative disadvantage or ill health of areas. However, because they also reflect variations in uptake, which appears to be confounded by social and geographical factors, we would urge caution when they are used to identify priority areas or to allocate resources.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Lithium in the over-65s: who is taking it and who is monitoring it? A survey of older adults on lithium in the Cambridge Mental Health Services catchment area.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of lithium therapy in the over-65s in the Cambridge Mental Health Services catchment area, to obtain a profile of this group and to find out how well and by whom lithium treatment is being monitored. METHODS: A census was carried out of patients over the age of 65 in the Cambridge Mental Health Services catchment area who were on lithium therapy on 1 February 1995. The records of these patients were examined retrospectively for demographic details, details of lithium therapy, information about lithium monitoring and risk factors associated with lithium treatment. RESULTS: One hundred and forty-eight patients were identified representing a point prevalence of 0.27%. GPs carried out lithium monitoring for the majority of this group and 47% had not been seen by a psychiatrist in the 12 months leading up to the census date. Thirty-two per cent of the group were on thyroxine treatment or had raised TSH levels. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of lithium therapy in this study was greater than the prevalences reported in studies of patients of all ages. Standards of monitoring varied widely and were not always better where psychiatrists monitored the treatment, although psychiatrists were more likely than GPs to monitor renal function. There was a high rate of thyroid dysfunction in the study group.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Prevalence, incidence, survival, and disease characteristics of systemic sclerosis in a large US population.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence, incidence, survival, and disease characteristics of systemic sclerosis (SSc) in the Detroit tricounty area. METHODS: A census of SSc cases for the period 1989-1991 was conducted in the Detroit area, using multiple sources for case identification. Diagnoses were verified by medical record review. Capture-recapture analysis was used to estimate the total SSc population. Cases of localized scleroderma (morphea and linear disease) were excluded. RESULTS: Based on 706 verified cases of SSc, prevalence was initially estimated to be 242.0 cases per million adults (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 213-274), with an annual incidence of 19.3 new cases per million adults per year (95% CI 12.4-30.2). Capture-recapture analysis, based on the degree of overlap of verified cases among multiple sources, resulted in a revised prevalence estimate of 276 cases per million adults (95% CI 245-310). Sex- and race-specific prevalence estimates were significantly higher for women than for men, and for blacks than for whites. The average age at diagnosis was significantly younger for blacks than for whites. Compared with white patients, black patients were almost twice as likely to have diffuse disease (prevalence proportion ratio 1.86, 95% CI 1.48-2.35). Median survival was approximately 11 years. Factors negatively affecting survival included male sex (hazard ratio 1.81, 95% CI 1.29-2.55) and older age at diagnosis (hazard ratio 1.04, 95% CI 1.03-1.05). CONCLUSION: This study establishes baseline estimates of SSc occurrence and characteristics in a large US cohort consisting primarily of black adults and white adults. These data should facilitate research regarding the role of geographic, ethnic, racial, and environmental factors for this disease in comparison populations.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Factors associated with antipsychotic drug use in residential care: changes between 1990 and 1997.

BACKGROUND: There is limited information from population-based studies about the rates of antipsychotic drug use in residential and nursing homes in the UK, and associated adverse effects. OBJECTIVES: To examine the relationship between antipsychotic drug prescription, cognitive impairment and disturbed behaviour in this population over time, and to identify possible adverse consequences of their use. METHODS: Two censuses of the residential and nursing home population aged 65 years and older in Leicestershire, carried out in 1990 and 1997. A questionnaire was completed by care staff for each resident, including information on demographic details, physical functioning, cognitive impairment, behaviour disturbance, urinary incontinence, falls, mobility, daytime alertness (1997 only), and prescribed medication. RESULTS: The prevalence of staff-rated moderate or severe cognitive impairment increased from 38.0% in 1990 to 44.3% in 1997. The prevalence of staff-rated disturbed behaviour decreased from 11.8% in 1990 to 10.4% in 1997. Cognitive impairment was strongly associated with disturbed behaviour in both years. The prescription rate of antipsychotic drugs increased from 17.8% in 1990 to 21.9% in 1997. There was no significant change in the prescription rates to cognitively impaired residents between 1990 and 1997 (29.1% vs 30.7%). In residents without cognitive impairment, the prescription rate rose from 10.7% to 15.0%. Antipsychotic drug use was independently associated with: younger age, type of home (1990 only), cognitive impairment, offensive behaviour, lower ADL dependency (1990 only), antidepressant drug use, reported urinary incontinence and greater mobility. There was no association with increased liability to falls or drowsiness. In the cognitively unimpaired residents, antipsychotic drug use was not associated with urinary incontinence in 1997, and there was an association with increased drowsiness in that year. CONCLUSIONS: The only significant change in antipsychotic drug prescribing practice in this population over the period covered by this study was an increase in the prescription rate in cognitively unimpaired residents in 1997, possibly related to mental hospital closures. Urinary incontinence was the principal adverse effect of antipsychotic drug use observed in the group as a whole. Changes in the adverse effects associated with antipsychotic drug use may be a function of the increasing frailty.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1995

Thinking of England and taking care: family building strategies and infant mortality in England and Wales, 1891-1911.

"Debates concerning the origins and development of the late nineteenth- to early twentieth-century declines in marital fertility and infant mortality in England and Wales have been centred largely on the material provided by answers to the ¿special' questions in the 1911 census. In their published form these figures have restricted researchers to an examination of large scale geographic and social class differences in the levels and rates of decline of the two phenomena. This paper outlines research conducted on a sample of individual census returns from the 1911 census. From this data it becomes clear that for Victorian and Edwardian England ¿where one lived' was rather more important than ¿who one was' in determining both family building strategies and the survival of those children born."

Birth Rate↗
PubMed1992

Pre-census mapping in Lesotho.

"This paper discusses in respect of Lesotho the existing cartographic base for census mapping; census organization; methodology of census taking in Lesotho; geographical planning and specific strategies evolved in census mapping for the recent 1986 population census; some of the basic problems encountered in enumeration area mapping during the 1986 census; and also the use of census enumeration areas as a frame for national household survey capability programme and post-census cartographic activities."

Africa↗
PubMed1996

Evaluating the Slavonian census of 1698. Part I: structure and meaning.

"Microsimulation, other demographic tools, and evidence of history and ethnography are used to evaluate an important 17th century household census [in Slavonia, which is modern Croatia]. Linguistic, ethnographic, and internal evidence allow adjustment of anomalies in census categories. Microsimulation based on historically and ethnographically plausible rates and household formation scenarios produces simulated households in accord with those of the adjusted census. Results permit estimation of the true population of the region, of the kinship and age composition of households under frontier conditions, and the probable future composition of households as the frontier stabilized and land shortage began to exert pressure for greater density and household complexity. Part I concentrates on historical, ethnographic, and linguistic evidence." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Censuses↗
PubMed1998

Making sense of Census data: a components analysis of employment change among indigenous Australians.

"The 1996 Census count of indigenous Australians included a substantial number of individuals who were not recorded as indigenous by the previous census. This paper considers the implications of this for interpreting change in employment numbers. Two adjustments are made to employment change data. First, reverse survival of the 1996 population is applied to reconstruct 1991 employment figures. Second, administrative data are used to discount employment generated by participation in labour market programs. The effect is to substantially deflate the strong intercensal employment growth apparent from census counts with the conclusion that the rate of indigenous employment in the mainstream labour market has fallen."

Australia↗
PubMed1998

Understanding the 1996 census migration data.

"The Australian Census provides two approaches to measuring migration: indicators which distinguish movers from non-movers, and a geographic classification which identifies each person's usual residence on census night, and their usual address one year and five years previously. Although these data represent a rich source of information, they contain several traps for the unwary. We show that differences in the variables and classifications used can result in marked variations in the apparent intensity and patterns of migration. The questionnaire and processing methodology used in the 1996 Census also resulted in a number of inconsistencies between the migration indicators and the usual address information. We examine the magnitude and source of these anomalies, assess their implications and propose a partial solution."

Australia↗
PubMed1993

Aboriginal population prospects.

The authors examine data from the 1986 and 1991 Australian censuses to assess discrepancies between the census data and past projections of the size and structure of the Aboriginal population. They also "comment on ways in which determinants of Aboriginal population change are diverging from the parameters used for previous projections. We pay particular attention to mortality prospects.... We note the evidence for under-enumeration of the Aboriginal population in particular age groups in the 1991 Census as in previous censuses, and estimate the size of adjustments necessary to correct for some, but not all, of these deficiencies. The analysis shows that Aboriginal fertility increased in the second half of the 1980s."

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1993

The validity of Australian ancestry statistics.

"This article examines the contrast between objective and subjective perceptions of ancestry hidden in the 1986 [Australian] Census definitions which vitiates the published results and points to the limitations of validating uncertain collections by relating them to cognate series. It looks at the collection of ancestry statistics as a bold attempt at an impossible task which has yielded results that are often inaccurate, sometimes misleading and liable to abuse in their interpretation. It is suggested that some of the features of cultural structure could be more reliably ascertained by small sample surveys of perceptions and aspirations."

Australia↗