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PubMed1988

[Relationships among self concept, perception of aging and physical aging].

Although everyone grows old, perception about the aging process and aging as measured physiologically vary widely. Perceptions of aging have psychologically influence on physical aging. This study was to examine the relationships between, self-concept, perception of aging, and physical aging in the elderly and to contribute to the theory development which may direct nursing intervention to promote well-being of the aged. Subjects were 70 women residents of a nursing home for the elderly in Seoul. Data collection was done from May 15 to June 15, 1988 using interview schedules and mechanical instruments. The instruments were selected items from the Health Self Concept Scale developed by Jacox and Stewart for self concept, and Secord and Jourad's Body Cathexis Scale and Osgood's Semantic Differential Scale for perception of aging. Physical aging was measured by mechanical instruments, inspection, questions, and palpation. The data were analysed for mean, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson Correlation Coefficient using an S.P.S.S computerized program. The results of the analysis were as follows. 1. The mean level of self concept for the subject group was 16.97 (SD = +/- 6.17) in a range from 6-30. The mean level of perception of aging was 39.6. (SD = +/- 6.51) in a range from 13-65. The mean level of physical aging was 14.09 (SD = +/- 2.05) in a range from 8-40. 2. Relationships among self-concept, perception of aging, and physical aging. 1) There was a positive relationship between self-concept and perception of aging (r = 0.4461, p = 0.000). 2) There was a negative relationship between physical aging and perception of aging (r = -0.2975, p = 0.006). 3) There was a tendency toward a negative relationship between physical aging and self-concept, but not a significant relationship (r = -0.1033, p = 0.197). 3. 1) No general characteristic variables were related to self concept. 2) The general characteristic variable related to the level of perception of aging was religion (t = 4.17, p = 0.001). 3) The general characteristic variable related to the level of physical aging was age (F = 12.008, p = 0.000). There was a significant relationship between self-concept and perception of aging, and between physical aging and perception of aging. Therefore nursing intervention should focus on promoting a positive perception of aging and strengthening self-concept during the physical aging process.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

[Affective perception of the body in neurotics. Its relation to anxiety, depression, and various types of defense].

This study compares and relates affective bodily perception (ABP), anxiety, depression, and the utilisation of some defense mechanisms in 25 neurotic women (16 depressives, 9 hysterical) and 25 normal women. ABP is evaluated according to satisfaction and anxiety (Body cathexis scale), distorsions (Body distortion questionnaire) and body conscience (Body prominence). Anxiety is measured with Cattell questionnaire, depression through Zung and Hamilton scales, and defense mechanisms by the Firo Form Cope of Schutz. Neurotics have a ABP more negative and are more depressed and anxious than normals; they use more regression while controls tend to use introjection. In comparison with depressives, hysterical women have higher scores in body distortion, mostly in the feeling of boundary loss; they express more masked anxiety and react more often through projection. Among neurotics, those who have a very disturbed ABP are more anxious, more depressed, and more prone to denial, projection, and regression in comparison with the others. In both samples, anxiety and depression have a negative correlation with body satisfaction and a positive one with body distortions and somatic anxiety. In the control group, body satisfaction is inversely related with feeling of dirt. Somatic anxiety is also inversely related to unusual feelings of body and skin obstruction. The intensity of body consciousness is related to using isolation and distortions are negatively related to using denial. In neurotics, denial is in opposition with the intensity of body awareness and is linked to somatic anxiety. The intensity of body awareness is also correlated to various forms of anxiety. Distortions are positively related to regression. The comparison of both samples shows a degradation of ABP in neurotics. The study of correlations clarifies several relations between deficient ABP anxiety, depression and the use of some defense mechanisms.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[Irony and cynicism as forms of defense].

Irony and Cynicism are understood to be defense mechanisms. The principle of opposites explains Irony best: it serves the purpose of avoiding the negative affect of a state by maintaining its dialectic opposite. Irony can thus be attributed to counter-cathexis. Cynicism has already been shown in its historical development to be a form of denial with the purpose to minimize the importance of the object. Sarcasm is not a defense but a form of aggressive discharge.

Aggression↗
PubMed2000

Physical growth, sexual maturation, body image and sickle cell disease.

PURPOSE: This study assessed delays in physical growth and sexual maturation, self-esteem and body image in youth with homozygous sickle hemoglobin disease (HgbSS). METHOD: A consecutive sample of 30 subjects age 8 through 19 with homozygous sickle cell disease (hemoglobin SS) and a similar number of control subjects matched for age, race, gender and socioeconomic status and free of chronic illness were examined for height, weight and Tanner staging of sexual development. Subjects also completed the Body Cathexis Scale and Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale. Assessments were with paired samples t-tests. RESULTS: The subjects with sickle cell disease had significantly lower weights and were shorter than matched control subjects. Sexual development (physical) was also delayed in the sickle cell subjects. The study failed to find significant differences for either body image or self-esteem. CONCLUSIONS: The latency age and adolescent subjects with sickle cell disease had significant delays in physical (height, weight, secondary sexual characteristics) maturation. The study failed to find significant differences in either self-esteem or body image between the two groups. Theoretical constructs from the literature were presented which questioned the belief that these expected delays in physical growth and sexual maturation have an adverse effect upon self-esteem and body image.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Social and clinical characteristics of progressive forms of pulmonary tuberculosis in Saratov and Saratov region].

Young and middle-aged males with lower education levels, unemployed, poor and laborers are most susceptible to progressive pulmonary tuberculosis. The most severe forms of the disease are more common in single persons. The factors that promote its progression are as follows: poor living conditions, migration, chronic alcoholism, which shows these population groups to be at risk for poor prognosis forms. The disease is detected mainly on patients' referral. Pulmonary lesions were primarily bilateral and frequently primary. They are characterized by acute onset, marked intoxication, cathexis, excessive rale, scanty sputum, anemia, lymphopenia, drastically accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Sputum Mycobacteria tuberculosis are occasionally found. The outcomes of acute progressive tuberculosis are chiefly poor, which requires that effective methods of treatment and prevention should be developed for risk groups.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1975

Some further observations and comments on the earliest role of the father.

The longitudinal observation in the family setting of a boy (Michael) during his first two years is used to explore further the earliest role of the father, and to refine my 'early triangulation' model. This model was meant to account for some basic phenomena of Mahler's rapprochement subphase, and was partly based on Piaget's framework. The data are presented along three developmental lines. (1) The specific relationship with father as a different person: the concepts of 'specific refuelling' and of object-specific libido are introduced; and it is suggested that during the subphase of differentiation, all of Michael's specific objects (in particular, the father) shared some 'symbiotic' quality with the mother. (2) On the other hand, qualitative differences of the father relationship were also noted; they confirmed my earlier findings and Mahler's view. (3) Very early, Michael began to acknowledge the relationship with the parents as a couple. After a fleeting indication of rivalry (with mother!), a ritual game of 'getting his parents together' developed at the onset of the rapprochement subphase. This is discussed as one of many possible compromise solutions to avoid the full achievement of the anxiety-provoking 'early triangulation' process. This process, if completed, would involve 'identification with the rival parent', formation of a mental image of the self, and the positive cathexis of neutralized intragroup relationships (which presupposes symbolization). The ubiquitous observation of 'identification with the rival baby' may represent another such compromise solution, and thus a precursor of early triangulation. It might also be a parellel process, leading to 'generational identification' as distinguished from 'gender identification'. The isomorphism of these processes with Piaget's outline of cognitive development is pointed out.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

[Sex differences in body image of adolescents and significance for self esteem].

Previous findings show that the body image of adolescents is in the first place gender related. However, most studies primarily focus on body cathexis. The present study, which was conducted in the context of a multi-dimensional perspective, refers to the question of gender differences in the adolescent's body image. Furthermore, it examines what relevance the single components of the body image have for general self-esteem. Therefore, we tested 326 adolescents aged 13 to 16 using questionnaires. The results indicate that there is primarily evidence for gender differences, whereas age related differences can hardly be found: Female adolescents differ from their male counterparts for example in the following aspects: they have a higher body awareness, a higher dissatisfaction with their shape, a lower perceived athletic competence and stronger feelings of depersonalisation. However, considering the effect sizes, it becomes clear that the differences mainly come up to only a low extend. Besides, the individual body image profile is hardly suitable to determine the gender of the adolescents. Furthermore, using regression analysis it was shown that altogether the body image has the same relevance for males and females in order to predict self-esteem. Nevertheless, there are special body image components that help to predict body image for boys and girls differently. The results show that the body image of adolescents is gender-depending but not gender specific. So demand arises for investigating the determinants of the development of the adolescent's body image that go beyond the gender-variable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[The role of microrhythms and macrorhythms in the emergence of thought in the infant].

Cathexis of time and even more of waiting is considered critical for the development of thought, as S. Freud himself often pointed out. The author discusses the means available to the infant for growing out of the hallucinatory perceptual system and coming to a representational activity which implies a capacity to tolerate the frustration provoked by the waiting. Two distinct interactive processes play a role in the appearance of thought: on one part the macrorythms of repetition involving the interaction partners, mainly in their care-giving activities; on the other part the microrythms with their discontinued rhythms, unsatisfied waiting involving the partners in short sequences, mainly in play activities. The author tentatively demonstrates on the basis of clinical examples and various sources that these seemingly opposed moments give a structure to a unique element of the dyad: the interactive rythm. Rythm is a condition of the capacity to wait and thus of the capacity to think.

Child Development↗
PubMed2004

[Effects of surgery type on body image, sexuality, self-esteem, and marital adjustment in breast cancer: a controlled study].

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of surgery type on body image, sexuality, self-esteem and marital adjustment, and to determine the most frequent sexual dysfunction seen among breast cancer survivors. METHOD: A total of 75 breast cancer survivors (50 patients underwent total mastectomy alone and 25 underwent total mastectomy with breast reconstruction), and 50 healthy volunteers were recruited. All subjects were given the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RS), Body Cathexis Scale (BCS), Golombok Rust Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction (GRISS), and Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS) after the Structured Clinical Interview Diagnosis for DSM-III-R, Non-Patient Form (SCID-NP) had been applied. RESULTS: The mean scores obtained from GRISS and DAS were similar, but there was a significant statistical difference in terms of the mean scores of the RS and BCS between the three groups. The sexual functioning profile of the subjects was examined by transforming the subscales scores of GRISS into standardized stanine scores. A significant statistical difference in non- communication and avoidance areas of sexual relations was found between the subjects. CONCLUSION: Surgery type had no effect on sexual satisfaction or marital adjustment. Total mastectomy had a negative impact on breast perception and self-esteem. Avoidance and non-communication areas of sexual relations were the most frequent sexual dysfunctions seen among breast cancer survivors. Young patients preferred breast reconstruction more widely.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Depression and fixations.

The concept of fixation occupies an important position in psychoanalytic theory. The mechanism of fixations cannot be explained solely by means of the notions of regression and repetition. On the basis of a theory of depression in which depression is seen as the outcome of a fetishistic cathexis of the 'shadow of the object' set up in the ego as a 'depressive object', the author postulates that fixations become organized during the depressive movements of childhood.

Depression↗
PubMed2005

[Depression and personality].

In the current research concerning the relation between depression and personality a phenomenological, anthropological method and an empirical, statistical method coexist. Each of these methods has its own limitations. The latter is abandoning the classical endogenous-neurotic dichotomy without full considerations. It also tries to treat the personality as an objectively defined entity and it lacks insight into the fact that the "pre"-morbid personality is sometimes revealed "after" onset of the illness. Although the former has succeeded in establishing the concept of "Typus melancholicus," which is still of a clinical significance today, it is not sufficiently well developed to deal with patients having endogenous symptoms who show other types of personality. It also lacks the profound description on the domain of neurotic depression or depression with personality disorder. Typus melancholicus personality includes two components, not only as found in its original phenomenological arguments but also as suggested by the recent empirical research. The first component consists of the tendency to seek for a symbiotic relation with others and the intolerance of ambiguity. The excessive narcissistic cathexis to the "private self," rather than the "official self" (Matussek), can also be included here. The second component consists of the "orderliness" and the "hypernomic" identification with role identities. Typus melancholicus is brought about only when these two components are integrated into one personal structure and the contradiction between them remains not overt. In contrast, it can be considered that in such marginal types as the dependent anaclytic type, avoidant type and soft bipolar type, this contradiction is already overt. Although these marginal types show neurotic or personality disorder-like manifestations, it can be considered that the authentic domain of neurotic depression and the depression of personality disorder spreads outside of these marginal types. In this domain the depression in which the problems of object relations play a dominant role is important. It is worth taking into consideration the contrast between endogenous depression and depression associated with the problems of object relations when we decide therapeutic strategies. This contrast can be pointed out from the following three perspectives; the relation between subject and society, ambivalence, and the status of somatic symptoms. In the former, social elements play a limited role, constituting only the background conditions of patients, while in the latter patients' personal conflicts are closely intermingled with social elements. In the former the patients are almost unable to maintain ambivalent feelings so as to deal with reality and they rather adjust themselves to reality utilizing their syntonic personalities. The latter patients, on the other hand, have intense ambivalent feelings and are impacted when the negative side of the ambivalence predominates. In the former, pathological phenomena are located where somatic and psychological spheres are not yet divided, while in the latter metaphorical interpretations of somatic symptoms from the psychological contents are sometimes possible to a certain degree.

Depression↗
PubMed1990

A proto-dictionary of psychoanalysis.

In this paper I take Freud's first published book, his monograph 'On aphasia', and look carefully at the terms he used in it, suggesting some later reappearances of the conception expressed by that particular word. There are several words that entered the analytic vocabulary with the monograph, indicating, as Stengel proposed, that the book 'laid the foundations of psychoanalysis'. I review the following words: association, divided attention, cathexis, complex, connection, physiological correlate, impulse to speak, memory-image, primary, representation, self-observation, spontaneous speech and transference.

Aphasia↗
PubMed1989

The "second skin": perceptions of disturbed and nondisturbed early adolescents on clothing, self-concept, and body image.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine if there were differences between regular education and emotionally disturbed early adolescents with respect to self-concept, body image, and selected uses of clothing. A questionnaire was administered to 74 regular education students from three middle schools. An additional 27 students labeled emotionally disturbed were surveyed from one of the schools. The questionnaire contained existing measures of self-concept and body cathexis and a revised clothing scale developed by the authors. Analysis of the data using t tests revealed significant differences between the groups with regard to self-concept and body image. In both cases, regular education students perceived themselves more positively than did those labeled emotionally disturbed. Factor analysis of the clothing-use measure gave rise to five distinct factors, one of which revealed a significant difference between the groups when analyzed by t tests. This factor, "dependence," examined the emotional effects of the use of clothing on individuals, such as the ability to influence mood. The emotionally disturbed students were less likely to use clothing to influence mood than were the regular education students. The results of this investigation lend further credence to the importance of self-concept in the education curriculum, and imply that the usual aspects of the curriculum that deal with self-concept may be served better by helping the individual become more realistic and self-accepting. The use of clothing as a tool to enhance self-concept merits further investigation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

The relationship of body image perception and weight status to recent change in weight status of the adolescent female.

This descriptive correlational study investigated the relationship of body image perception and weight status to recent change in weight status of the adolescent female. Based on earlier research findings supporting the position that obese adolescent females demonstrate a negative body image perception as compared to the nonobese, this investigation identified the need to study body image perception as it applies to all adolescent females and to include a recent change in weight status as it may affect that perception. A convenience sample of 90 adolescent females between the ages of 13 and 17 years was selected from health and gym classes at a large midwestern metropolitan high school. Subjects were grouped into three categories: nonobese, overweight, and obese based on height, weight, and skinfold measurement. They were administered two questionnaires: the Body-Cathexis Scale and a self-report recent change in weight status and demographic questionnaire. Results indicated a significant positive correlation for the overall association of body image perception and weight status. When the analysis was partialled according to defined weight groups, the relationship held only for the overweight group. Differences in body image scores were obtained in association with each of the recent change-in-weight-status questions. Findings confirmed the need to study the association between body image perception and weight status to recent change in weight status with a more heterogeneous group of adolescent females.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

The effects of dance team participation on female adolescent physical fitness and self-concept.

The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent female physical fitness and self-concept are affected by dance team participation in high school. Eight dancers were tested once prior to and once four months after dance team participation. Eight participants from physical education classes, matched for age, weight, height, grade, and race, were tested once at the same time as the second dance team test. Physiological tests were maximum oxygen uptake, sit-and-reach, one-repetition maximum bench press, skinfolds, and hydrostatic weighing. The self-concept tests were Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory, Tennessee Self-Concept Scale, and Body Cathexis Scale. Dependent one-tailed t tests were run to determine differences between dance team pre- and posttests and control and dance team posttests. Dance subjects increased maximum oxygen uptake and one-repetition maximum bench press in addition to improving their body composition as evidenced by a significant decrease in total skinfolds and a near significant decrease in percent body fat. The dance team had a significantly higher maximum oxygen uptake than did controls. No other significant differences were seen between groups. Dance team participants significantly improved physical self and social self on the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale. No other significant differences were seen. A factor that may have affected the self-concept results in this study was low dance team status, due to a combination of unsuccessful previous dance teams and a losing football season. Within the limitations of this study, these results indicate that physical fitness is improved as a result of dance team participation; however, self-concept seems to be affected only minimally, if at all, as compared with participation in physical education classes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[Freud and neurology].

The author describes sequentially the neurological work of Sigmund Freud, emphasizing this little known phase of "the researcher of laboratory and microscope". It seems that Freud's writings on psychoanalysis left behind other very important scientific research, such as descriptions about protoplasmic movements of carb's neurons, giving the bases for Waldeyer's neural theory. He described cocaine's influence of the psyche, its possible use in the treatment of melancholy and as a substitute for morphine. Freud studies polyneuritis, the brain effects of scurvy and syringomyelia. His description of aphasias follow Hughlings Jackson. He became interested in the study of cerebral palsy in children and assumed that the convulsive crises were manifestations and not its etiology; he classified them, emphasizing that Friedreich's syndrome has to do with heredity and asphyxia of the newborn is acquired. In 1895 he wrote his classic: "A project for a scientific psychology for neurologists" where he writes about the cathexis concept, related to local neuronal charges and graded excitability of the CNS, upon which modern neurophysiology concentrates great attention. After this time, he went on to work on psychopatology.

Austria↗
PubMed1979

[Psychodynamics of psychogenic somnolence (secondary narcolepsy). Case report].

The therapy of a patient suffering from secondary narcolepsy is described. The illness and the function of the symptom as a defense-mechanism are analysed. Sleep appears to be an ontogenetically archaic reaction to extreme--real and neurotic--dangers, which there is not possibility to escape from. The defense against extreme dangers is the withdrawal of all object-cathexis; following Freuds explanations this means: Sleep. In the patient the danger consisted of a regression to a narcisstic position: The symptom helped to avoid a separation of instincts in form of on the one hand narcisstic rage, on the other hand symbiosis. Taking into account the ideas of Spitz, the concept of fusion and separation of instincts is discussed.20

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Sample of high school students with a demonstration of intervening factors in school achievement and failure].

This research investigates the relationship and link between intellectual cathexis, school achievement and personality functioning in a representative sample of secondary school students aged 12 to 15 years. The level of structure of the personality plays a most significant role. Good school achievement does not necessarily depend on an optimal psychological equilibrium. In fact, the most determining factor seems to be the part played by the defense mechanisms--particularly those which aim at controlling libidinal drives--developed and elaborated during the period of latency. A certain intellectual potential, however, is a necessary but not sufficient condition for school achievement - indeed, an end of school certificate i.e. the Swiss "certificat de maturité" could be obtained by students of average intelligence. The capacity of maintaining an active intellectual investment seems to be an equally determining factor. This quality of functioning contains an oedipal component - particularly the ability of taking one's stand and of competing - as well as a pre-oedipal one - the narcissistic integrity, allowing one to preserve one's self-esteem facing difficulties. Contrary to our hypothesis, the quality of subject-environment interaction with family, peers, teachers, plays a relatively minor role. A more important aspect concerns the effects and results of relations established during childhood such as the interiorization of parental expectations, the quality of the superego, the degree of internal autonomy allowing compromise with external demands, etc. Underlying conflicts can intervene at several levels. One of these levels could result in the subject's incapacity to utilize his own resources and these imply consequences ranging from difficulties in basic school achievement to non-acquisition of cognitive mecanisms and under-development of symbolization. Psychological testing is a means of identifying the underlying difficulties and determining their nature. Remediating methods include psycho-pedagogical or psychotherapeutic intervention or, in some cases, both.

Achievement↗