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PubMed1996

The networked environment and the challenge of change.

The way for librarians to manage the environment of the future is to hold fast to their traditional skills and professional abilities. The challenges in the future environment include technology adoption, copyright, scholarly communication, and the role of professional medical societies. Four major areas in which librarians have skills valuable in this environment are the organization of knowledge, quality assurance of information, custodianship, and user instruction.

Catalogs, Library↗
PubMed1968

Mechanization of library procedures in the medium-sized medical library. IV. Physical characteristics of the acquisitions-cataloging record.

Acquisitions-Cataloging records stored on magnetic tape by the Washington University School of Medicine Library were examined to determine frequency and average length of record components and their alphabetization requirements in a book catalog. Data from this study of 4,708 records will be used in adaptation of the Library's computer-based cataloging system to greater machine capabilities. The first of these two papers compares measurements found for WUSML records with those reported in studies of conventional catalog cards. The number of sorting positions used to alphabetize entries and causes of sort failure are examined in the second paper (Number V) which will be found on page 71 of this issue of the BULLETIN.

Cataloging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Virtual shelves in a digital library: a framework for access to networked information sources.

OBJECTIVE: Develop a framework for collections-based access to networked information sources that addresses the problem of location-dependent access to information sources. DESIGN: This framework uses a metaphor of a virtual shelf. A virtual shelf is a general-purpose server that is dedicated to a particular information subject class. The identifier of one of these servers identifies its subject class. Location-independent call numbers are assigned to information sources. Call numbers are based on standard vocabulary codes. The call numbers are first mapped to the location-independent identifiers of virtual shelves. When access to an information resource is required, a location directory provides a second mapping of these location-independent server identifiers to actual network locations. RESULTS: The framework has been implemented in two different systems. One system is based on the Open System Foundation/Distributed Computing Environment and the other is based on the World Wide Web. CONCLUSIONS: This framework applies in new ways traditional methods of library classification and cataloging. It is compatible with two traditional styles of selecting information searching and browsing. Traditional methods may be combined with new paradigms of information searching that will be able to take advantage of the special properties of digital information. Cooperation between the library-informational science community and the informatics community can provide a means for a continuing application of the knowledge and techniques of library science to the new problems of networked information sources.

Catalogs, Library↗
PubMed1990

Government documents and the online catalog.

Prior to planning for implementing the NOTIS system, the Vanderbilt Medical Center Library had not fully cataloged its government publications, and records for these materials were not in machine-readable format. A decision was made that patrons should need to look in only one place for all library materials, including the Health and Human Services Department publications received each year from the central library's Government Documents Unit. Beginning in 1985, these publications were added to the library's database, and the entire 7,200-piece collection is now in the online catalog. Working with these publications has taught the library much about the advantages and disadvantages of cataloging government documents in an online environment. It was found that OCLC cataloging copy is eventually available for most titles, although only about 10% of the records have MeSH headings. Staff time is the major expenditure; problems are caused by documents' irregular nature, frequent format changes, and difficult authority work. Since their addition to the online catalog, documents are used more and the library has better control.

Cataloging↗
PubMed1978

A union catalog of monographs: another approach.

The rationale for and the production of the 1977 TALON Union Catalog of Monographs are described. The 158,859 records include the existing machine-readable records for six health sciences libraries plus the cataloging of six others, converted by matching other data bases and by keypunching. The method and costs of production are discussed. Use of Computer-Output-Microfiche (COM) significantly decreased the cost and time required for publication. The $.076 unit cost per entry, with both author and title access for the COM method, is almost one-half the unit cost for the previous method which offered only main-entry access. The TALON Catalog compares favorably with the Midwest Medical Union Catalog. The addition of the title index significantly increases its usefulness. However, the unique feature of the TALON Catalog may be its machine-readable form which offers the potential for quantitative analyses of health sciences library collections. Such data may be essential for rational management of limited library funds.

Books↗
PubMed1994

Toward a whole cDNA catalog: construction of an equalized cDNA library from mouse embryos.

The construction of a cDNA library containing all genes without redundancy is one of the major technical challenges for biology. Toward this goal, we have developed an equalized (normalized) cDNA library from mRNA pools derived from mouse embryos that cover the entire period of mouse ontogenesis. Colony hybridization analyses with 11 genes showed the reduction of abundance variation from at least 6000-fold in the unequalized S-library to approximately 33-fold in the EIII-library, which was constructed after three cycles of equalization procedure. Limiting dilution PCR analyses with 26 tissue-specific genes showed the reduction of abundance variation from at least approximately 1,000,000-fold in the S-cDNA mixture to approximately 100-fold in the EIII-cDNA mixture. Based on these analyses, we estimate that at least 15,000 independent cDNA clones are included with little redundancy in the EIII-cDNA library. This will be a useful resource for mouse biology as well as the mouse genome project.

Animals↗
PubMed1974

Classification systems used in medical libraries.

The present study identifies the classification systems used in 941 libraries. It explores the reasons behind the choice of the National Library of Medicine Classification by 589 libraries. Reclassification procedures were investigated through a questionnaire sent to twenty-five libraries that have changed to NLM since 1959. Statistics and replies are given on: the classification systems employed prior to reclassification; the use of broad or specific Library of Congress class numbers in the LC schedules outside the scope of the NLM schedules; the number of catalogers in each library doing the reclassification; the use of cut-off dates for retrospective materials; the adoption of MeSH headings; user preference; and cost differences. Chief reasons for the change to NLM proved to be local circumstances, currency, arrangement of subclasses by NLM, its dovetailing with the LC Classification, and reliance upon nationally centralized cataloging services.

Book Classification↗
PubMed1979

Audiovisuals and non-print learning resources in a health sciences library.

The MD undergraduate program at McMaster University, based entirely on self-instruction, requires the provision of all kinds of learning resources. How these are assembled and made available is described. Emphasis is placed on the practical library problems of cataloging, shelving, maintenance, and distribution of audiovisual materials including pathology specimens and 'problem boxes' as well as the more usual films, videotapes and slide/tape sets. Evaluation is discussed briefly.

Audiovisual Aids↗
PubMed1975

A description of the catalog division project at the College of Physicians of Philadelphia Library.

This paper describes the procedures used at the Library of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia to divide its ninety-year-old dictionary card catalog. The division was necessitated by overcrowding, obsolete subject headings, and lack of a complete authority list which resulted in like materials being scattered throughout the catalog under several headings. Two catalogs were created: the historical-biographical catalog, representing all works published before 1950 and all works of historical or biographical nature; and the current catalog, containing all works published from 1950 on, excepting historical or biographical materials. The 1950- catalog was further divided into name and subject catalogs, and the subject section was revised according to MeSH. The project was completed in about two years. As a result, searching time has been much reduced, and the library is able to take advantage of the annual revisions of MeSH to update the subject catalog.

Cataloging↗
PubMed1996

Library instruction in the medical school curriculum: a survey of medical college libraries.

Future physicians must learn to cope with continuing changes in access to medical information. New instructional techniques, such as problem-based learning, emphasize the importance of research skills to medical students. To investigate the feasibility of establishing library instruction as a required part of the East Tennessee State University College of Medicine curriculum for undergraduates, the university's medical library surveyed 123 medical school libraries to determine the level of instruction offered by other academic medical libraries. The survey asked whether formal instruction was offered or required, and which courses were taught at each level of undergraduate training. Analysis of the fifty-five responses revealed that 75% offered formal library instruction, and that 49% of these respondents (36% of the total sample) required all students to take such courses. The courses offered most often were library tours, online catalog instruction, and MEDLINE-on-CD-ROM classes. Overall, thirty-three different course titles were offered by responding libraries. The majority of classes involved second- and third-year students. The survey responses reveal the prevalence of required library instruction in medical school curricula, and a broad-scale commitment to the development of lifelong learning skills among future health professionals.

CD-ROM↗
PubMed1996

Library services for people with disabilities: results of a survey.

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), enacted in 1990, has had a significant impact on the way many institutions, including libraries, do business. The Association of Research Libraries surveyed its members in 1991 to determine the effect of this legislation, and the author conducted a similar survey in 1995 to learn what progress academic health sciences libraries have made in serving the needs of people with disablities. A questionnaire was mailed to 131 members of the Association of Academic Health Sciences Library Directors. Nearly three-quarters of respondents reported elimination of physical barriers. The most common services provided are retrieval of materials from the stacks and photocopy assistance. Much less attention has been paid to the use of adaptive technology that allows disabled users to search a library's online catalog and databases; special technology is often provided by another unit on campus but there seems to be little coordination with library services Few libraries have assigned responsibility for disability services to a specific staff member and even fewer have done a formal assessment of the need for special services. The issues identified by the survey should challenge academic health sciences libraries to examine their status regarding compliance with ADA legislation.

Architectural Accessibility↗
PubMed1989

The vertical file enters the electronic age.

Vertical files are revered institutions in many libraries. The reference staff at the Spencer S. Eccles Health Sciences Library at the University of Utah automated their vertical file and made the information in it accessible via the Library's Integrated Library System. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) were applied to vertical files and simple records leading to them were entered in the Library's online catalog. Electronic access to the vertical file increases the availability of concepts too new to be in medical books and permits the Library to meet the needs of lay patrons searching for basic information on popular health care topics.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed1996

Cardiac output in normal pregnancy: a critical review.

OBJECTIVE: To review the literature about the effect of normal pregnancy on cardiac output, with special attention to study design, measurement technique, position of the subject, and parity. DATA SOURCES: For studies from the period 1955-1987, we examined Cumulated Index Medicus (National Library of Medicine Cataloging in Publication. Chicago: American Medical Association). For studies from 1988 to May 1, 1994, we used Medline on Silver Platter (U.S. National Library of Medicine Silver Platter International, 1994). METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION: Thirty-three cross-sectional and 19 longitudinal studies on cardiac output measurement in normal pregnancy were retrieved and reviewed. Thirteen longitudinal studies were excluded from analysis because an unvalidated technique was used or because not all subjects were measured at each study interval. The six remaining studies of genuine longitudinal design with at least two measurements throughout pregnancy were used for the definitive analysis. The results of the cross-sectional studies were included only to demonstrate a trend. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: By pooling data from cross-sectional studies, a tendency was shown toward a higher cardiac output in the second trimester compared with the first trimester, and a tendency toward lower cardiac output was found in the third trimester compared with the second trimester. After delivery, cardiac output was lower than at any time during pregnancy. Selected longitudinal studies showed that the rise in cardiac output occurred early in the first trimester, and a further rise occurred during the second trimester. During the third trimester, cardiac output rose, fell, or plateaued, irrespective of the method of measurement applied or conditions during measurement. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac output during the third trimester was widely divergent among the studies and probably dependent on individual factors. The tendency to report cardiac output as averages negated these inter-individual differences.

Cardiac Output↗
PubMed1987

Automating Veterans Administration libraries: II. Implementation at the Kansas City Medical Center Library.

In 1985, the Kansas City Veterans Administration Medical Center began implementation of the Decentralized Hospital Computer Program (DHCP). An integrated library system, a subset of that program, was started by the medical library for acquisitions and an outline catalog. To test the system, staff of the Neurology Service were trained to use the outline catalog and electronic mail to request interlibrary loans and literature searches. In implementing the project with the Neurology Service, the library is paving the way for many types of electronic access and interaction with the library.

Catalogs, Library↗
PubMed1971

A survey of organizational practices in North Carolina schools of nursing libraries.

Prompted by the apparent unavailability of published information regarding the cataloging practices in North Carolina schools of nursing libraries, this study was conducted using a questionnaire sent to the thirty-eight schools of nursing in the state. The "average" North Carolina school of nursing library is an autonomous facility administered by nonprofessional personnel or by a person with an undergraduate degree in a nonlibrary field. The materials are organized by the National Library of Medicine Classification and Medical Subject Headings in combination with the Library of Congress classification and subject headings, except for bound journals which are shelved alphabetically by exact title. It is recommended that separate school of nursing and hospital or medical school libraries be consolidated under a trained librarian in order to standardize and unify cataloging practices on the local level and to gain the advantages available through regional and national cooperation of health sciences libraries.

Cataloging↗
PubMed2002

Porcine gene discovery by normalized cDNA-library sequencing and EST cluster assembly.

Genetic and environmental factors affect the efficiency of pork production by influencing gene expression during porcine reproduction, tissue development, and growth. The identification and functional analysis of gene products important to these processes would be greatly enhanced by the development of a database of expressed porcine gene sequence. Two normalized porcine cDNA libraries (MARC 1PIG and MARC 2PIG), derived respectively from embryonic and reproductive tissues, were constructed, sequenced, and analyzed. A total of 66,245 clones from these two libraries were 5?-end sequenced and deposited in GenBank. Cluster analysis revealed that within-library redundancy is low, and comparison of all porcine ESTs with the human database suggests that the sequences from these two libraries represent portions of a significant number of independent pig genes. A Porcine Gene Index (PGI), comprising 15,616 tentative consensus sequences and 31,466 singletons, includes all sequences in public repositories and has been developed to facilitate further comparative map development and characterization of porcine genes (http://www.tigr.org/tdb/ssgi/). The clones and sequences from these libraries provide a catalog of expressed porcine genes and a resource for development of high-density hybridization arrays for transcriptional profiling of porcine tissues. In addition, comparison of porcine ESTs with sequences from other species serves as a valuable resource for comparative map development. Both arrayed cDNA libraries are available for unrestricted public use.

Animals↗