Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “CYTOLOGY”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Fine needle aspiration cytology of primary thyroid paraganglioma. Report of a case with cytologic, histologic and immunohistochemical features and differential diagnostic considerations.

BACKGROUND: Thyroid paraganglioma is a rare tumor and can cause diagnostic difficulties when using fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), especially when associated with some cytologic atypia. This case report appears to be the first on FNAC of primary thyroid paraganglioma. CASE: FNAC of a thyroid nodule situated in the right lobe was performed on a 46-year-old female. FNAC showed single cells and loose clusters of large, oval cells with round to oval nuclei, evenly dispersed chromatin, focally discrete nucleoli, moderate anisocytosis and anisonucleosis. A few larger cells showing irregular nuclei and coarser chromatin. The tumorous appearance of the lesion and some cytologic atypia led to a right lobe thyroidectomy, revealing a primary thyroid paraganglioma associated with capsular invasion; slight, focal cytologic atypia; and no vascular invasion. CONCLUSION: The atypia probably originated in the area of capsular invasion. To avoid misdiagnosing these tumors as malignancies, paraganglioma should be added to the differential diagnosis list when dealing with thyroid FNAC showing some atypia.

Biopsy, Needle↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fine needle aspiration cytology of follicular dendritic cell sarcoma. Report of a case with cytologic detection in an extranodal site.

BACKGROUND: Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (FDCS) is a rare malignancy of accessory immune cells that can present in both nodal and extranodal sites. Previous cytologic case reports of FDCS have focused on fine needle aspiration (FNA) findings in nodal sites with low grade morphology and indolent clinical courses. CASE: A 33-year-old female presented with a three-month history of abdominal distention, early satiety and nausea. Initial imaging studies showed a large abdominal mass, with subsequent studies showing lung, liver and lymph node metastases. Examination of primary and metastatic tumors by a combination of conventional histology, immunohistochemistry and FNA demonstrated an extranodal intraabdominal follicular dendritic cell sarcoma. CONCLUSION: FDCS demonstrates a characteristic cytologic picture on FNA, with important cytologic features, including both syncytial and discohesive large epithelioid to spindled malignant cells with intranuclear inclusions, nuclear grooves and a prominent, mature, lymphocytic inflammatory component. No evidence of morphologic tumor progression was noted in comparison of primary and metastatic tumors. To aid in the cytologic distinction of FDCS from other similar-appearing neoplasms, we recommend acquisition of material for immunohistochemical studies, recognition of diverse clinical presentations (including extranodal and aggressive) and acknowledgment of the range of tumor morphologic grades.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparing two modalities of management of women with cytologic evidence of squamous or glandular atypia: early repeat cytology or colposcopy.

Early repeat cytology is recommended in most screening programs for cervical cancer in subjects with squamous or glandular abnormalities not amounting to neoplasia (atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, ASCUS), but immediate colposcopy is also recommended in some countries, especially those where there is easy access to colposcopic facilities. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of the two procedures in a prospective study of women with cytologic ASCUS, invited to cytocolposcopic assessment after 6 months. Colposcopy-directed biopsy was assumed as the gold standard, and the accuracy of colposcopy at 6 months was assumed to be equal to that of immediate colposcopy. Out of 874 compliers, punch biopsy was performed in 303 cases (34.7%), and 19 CIN2+ lesions were detected (CIN2 = 12, CIN3 = 6, microinvasive carcinoma = 1). Detecting 13 CIN2+ lesions at colposcopy required 874 colposcopies and 303 directed biopsies: the cost per CIN2+ lesion detected with the procedure was 2,749 US$. Detecting 15 CIN2+ lesions at repeat cytology required 874 cytologic examinations, 137 colposcopies, 64 directed biopsies, and 6 diagnostic large-loop resections, the latter being performed in subjects with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and less severe lesions at punch biopsy: the cost per CIN2+ lesion detected with the procedure was 1,961 US$. The policy of repeat smear was more cost-effective than immediate colposcopy. According to such results, the protocol of the Florence screening program has been modified since October 1996.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Liver metastases of pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma with marked nuclear atypia and pleomorphism diagnosed by EUS FNA cytology: a case report with emphasis on FNA cytological findings.

BACKGROUND: Acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas is a rare neoplasm. Although this tumor has been well characterized histologically, the morphological patterns in Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology have not been well defined. Unlike ductal adenocarcinomas, endocrine tumors, and solid pseudopapillary tumors of the pancreas with their characteristic FNA cytological features, acinar cell carcinomas pose a particular diagnostic challenge by sharing many cytomorphologic features with endocrine tumors of the pancreas. CASE PRESENTATION: A 37-year-old man presented with lower chest and left upper quadrant abdominal pain. Computed tomography revealed a 7.8 x 7.3 cm irregular, partially cystic mass in the body and tail of the pancreas, and two lesions in the liver compatible with metastases. Subsequently, the patient underwent endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration on one of the two metastatic liver masses. FNA cytology revealed abundant, loosely cohesive clusters of malignant epithelial cells with vaguely acinar and trabecular formations. The pleomorphic nuclei had fine granular chromatin and occasionally small nucleoli. There were scant to moderate amounts of cytoplasm. Scattered, strikingly large tumor cells with giant nuclei, prominent mitoses and associated necrosis were evident. A pancreatic endocrine tumor was suspected initially, but acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas was confirmed by immunohistochemistry, cytochemical and ultrastructural studies. CONCLUSION: We describe a case of pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma with unusual cytomorphologic features mimicking an endocrine tumor of pancreas, encountered in endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration of a metastatic liver mass and discuss the diagnostic approach for this unusual pancreatic tumor in fine needle aspiration cytology.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

CT-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology of solitary pulmonary nodules: a prospective, randomized study of immediate cytologic evaluation.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the immediate cytologic assessment during CT-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the diagnosis of operable indeterminate solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs). DESIGN: Prospective randomized study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two hundred twenty patients with SPN undergoing CT-guided FNAC were divided into two groups. In the first one (group A, 110 patients), a cytologist assessed the adequacy of the sample obtained immediately, and when the sample was considered inadequate, fine-needle aspiration (FNA) was repeated. In the second group (B, 110 patients), an immediate cytologic examination was not performed, but only a gross assessment by the surgeon. Histologic study of the SPN was possible in 217 cases, whereas three patients were followed up radiologically. RESULTS: Adequate samples were obtained in 100% of group A and 88% of group B (p<0.001). The diagnostic accuracy was 99% in group A and 81% in group B (p<0.001). Group A required a mean of 1.22 FNAs compared with 1.10 in group B (p=0.015). The rate of pneumothorax in the whole series was 24%, and statistically significant differences between the two groups were not detected. CONCLUSIONS: Immediate cytologic study significantly increased the adequacy and diagnostic accuracy of CT-guided FNAC of indeterminate SPNs without causing a significant increase of complications.

Biopsy, Needle↗
PubMed2005

Cytologic features of squamous cell carcinoma in conventional smears: comparison of cases that performed poorly with those that performed well in the College of American Pathologists Interlaboratory Comparison Program in cervicovaginal cytology.

CONTEXT: Characteristic cytologic features have been identified that distinguish cases that are always identified from those that are sometimes missed in the College of American Pathologists Gynecologic Cytology Program for a variety of different lesions and preparations. OBJECTIVE: To compare the cytologic features of cases of squamous cell carcinoma in conventional smears that perform poorly and well. DESIGN: The cytologic features of 8 conventional smear cases of squamous cell carcinoma that performed poorly in the College of American Pathologists Interlaboratory Comparison Program were compared with 17 cases that performed extremely well. RESULTS: A total of 2387 individual interpretations were recorded. Of the 86 incorrect responses, 6.2% were for repair, and 0.8% were for Trichomonas. Cases that performed well were significantly more likely to have greater than 1000 dysplastic cells (16/17 vs 4/8, P = .02) and be keratinized (13/17 vs 1/8, P = .007). Obscuring inflammation and cell size were not significant. CONCLUSION: Conventional smears with a diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma that were always identified were significantly more likely to have greater than 1000 cells and be keratinized than cases that performed poorly.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
PubMed2005

Pitfalls in salivary gland fine-needle aspiration cytology: lessons from the College of American Pathologists Interlaboratory Comparison Program in Nongynecologic Cytology.

CONTEXT: We use data from the College of American Pathologists Interlaboratory Comparison Program in Nongynecologic Cytology to identify common diagnostic errors in salivary gland fine-needle aspiration (FNA). OBJECTIVE: To identify salivary gland FNA cases with poor performance characteristics in the Nongynecologic Cytology Program surveys, so that the most common diagnostic pitfalls can be avoided. DESIGN: A retrospective review of the College of American Pathologists Nongynecologic Cytology Program's cumulative data from 1999 to 2003 revealed the most common false-positive and false-negative interpretations on FNA for common salivary gland lesions. Slides that performed poorly were then reviewed to identify the cytologic characteristics that may have contributed to their poor performance. RESULTS: A total of 6249 participant responses with general interpretations of benign (n = 4642) or malignant (n= 1607) were reviewed. The sensitivity and specificity of the participant responses for correctly interpreting the cases as benign or malignant were 73% and 91%, respectively. Benign cases with the highest false-positive rates were monomorphic adenoma (53% false-positive), intraparotid lymph node (36%), oncocytoma (18%), and granulomatous sialadenitis (10%). Malignant cases with the highest false-negative rates were lymphoma (57%), acinic cell carcinoma (49%), low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma (43%), and adenoid cystic carcinoma (33%). Selected review of the most discordant individual cases revealed possible explanations for some of the interpretative errors. CONCLUSIONS: These data confirm the difficulty associated with interpretation of salivary gland FNA specimens. Cytologists should be aware of the potential false-positive and false-negative interpretations that can occur in FNAs from this organ site in order to minimize the possibility of diagnostic errors.

Biopsy, Fine-Needle↗
PubMed2006

Cytologic features of adenocarcinoma, not otherwise specified, in conventional smears: comparison of cases that performed poorly with those that performed well in the College of American Pathologists Interlaboratory Comparison Program in cervicovaginal cytology.

CONTEXT: Characteristic cytologic features have been identified that distinguish cases that are consistently identified from those that are sometimes missed in the College of American Pathologists Gynecologic Cytology Program for a variety of different lesions and preparations. OBJECTIVES: To compare the cytologic features of cases of adenocarcinoma, not otherwise specified (NOS), in conventional smears that perform poorly and well. DESIGN: The cytologic features of 21 conventional smear cases of adenocarcinoma, NOS, that performed poorly in the College of American Pathologists Interlaboratory Comparison Program were compared with 17 cases that performed extremely well. RESULTS: Cases that performed well were significantly more likely to have greater than 1000 abnormal cells (P = .006), greater than 100 large abnormal cells (P = .006), large nuclei (P < .001), marked nuclear atypia (P = .02), and hyperchromasia (P = .02). Repair-like features were rare in both groups and were not significant (P = .71). CONCLUSION: Conventional smears with a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma that were consistently identified were significantly more likely to have more abnormal cells, larger abnormal cells, larger nuclei, marked atypia, and hyperchromasia than cases that performed poorly.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2006

Hyperchromatic crowded groups in cervical cytology--differing appearances and interpretations in conventional and ThinPrep preparations: a study from the College of American Pathologists Interlaboratory Comparison Program in Cervicovaginal Cytology.

CONTEXT: The practice of gynecologic cytology requires that high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) be precisely recognized. In this regard, hyperchromatic crowded groups are known to be difficult to classify in conventional gynecologic cytology, but whether this is true in ThinPrep specimens is uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether hyperchromatic crowded groups of cells in challenging HSIL cases are a problem in ThinPrep preparations, and whether these groups differ in appearance from those of conventional smears. DESIGN: Sixteen images were taken from both conventional smears and ThinPrep slides that had a reference diagnosis of HSIL in the College of American Pathologists Interlaboratory Comparison Program in Cervicovaginal Cytology, but had performed poorly on subsequent participants' reviews. These 32 representative images were of hyperchromatic crowded groups and were classified by 20 Cytopathology Resource Committee members (17 pathologists and 3 cytotechnologists), who were masked to the reference diagnosis. A consensus classification was derived using the majority opinion of the individual reviewers. Finally, 5 cytologic features were assessed for those images that were interpreted as abnormal by the consensus classification. RESULTS: None of the 32 images was uniformly interpreted as either benign, squamous lesion, or glandular lesion on individual review. Only 27% of individual interpretations of conventional smear images and 15% of ThinPrep images were interpreted as HSIL/squamous cell carcinoma (P < .001). Individual interpretations of ThinPrep images as glandular lesions (60%) were more often made than those of conventional smears (44%, P < .001). The consensus interpretation of ThinPrep images was glandular lesion in 75% of cases, whereas fewer than 50% of the consensus interpretations of conventional smear images were in this category. Conventional smear images were characterized by elongate nuclei (43%) and large nuclei (71%), whereas ThinPrep images more often showed rounded smooth edges (53%) and small nuclei (80%), and were recognized as a glandular lesion. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperchromatic crowded groups of cells are a source of difficulty in challenging HSIL cases for both conventional smears and ThinPrep specimens. In conventional smears, these groups are more likely to be labeled as a squamous lesion, owing to their elongate and large nuclei. In ThinPrep specimens, however, these groups are more likely to be labeled as glandular lesions, owing to their smooth contoured borders and small nuclei.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
PubMed2004

[Report of cytological diagnosis: new reporting form for breast cytology].

New reporting form for breast cytology was reported. The reporting form was consisted of diagnostic category and cytological findings. Diagnostic category was classified roughly into 2 of inadequate and adequate. Adequate was divided into four items of "normal or benign", "indeterminate", "suspicious of malignancy" and "malignant". Inadeguate was less than 10% of all cytological cases. "Indeterminate" cases established less than 10% of the adequate cases. The cases diagnosed to be "suspicious of malignancy" provided that it was desirable that more than 90% were malignant by the later histological diagnosis. In the cytological findings, expected histological type of the breast should be included.

Breast↗
PubMed1989

[False positive urinary cytology. Diagnostic and prognostic value in the detection and surveillance of urothelial tumors. Apropos of 57 false positive cases in a series of 1000 cytologies].

Out of 1,000 optical cytological urine tests carried out over a period of two years, 84 isolated cases were "positive" and alerted 57 patients. These cases are analyzed by the authors with a follow-up period of 48 to 72 months: among those patients already under supervision for urothelial tumours, 40.4% showed urothelial recurrence of which 70%, that did not appear to carry a worse prognosis, were detected in the first twelve months. Since these patients usually underwent annual endoscopic examination, this meant that for 20% (i.e. 4.15% of the group under supervision) the diagnosis of recurrence could be made at least 6 months earlier. This alone is a justification for cytological examination which does not involve any complications but merely entails increased cystoscopic and biopsy tests. On the other hand, there appear to be no grounds to advocate mass "screening" except in populations with warning symptomatology (especially haematuria) for which the ratio of positive findings in this series was 2.3/1,000. The future development of automatic apparatus for cytological tests should obviate the significant personal factor involved in cytological examinations, as shown by a review of the literature.

Carcinoma, Transitional Cell↗
PubMed1986

[Cytological diagnosis and cytological classification of lymphosarcomas].

The cell composition of tumour was studied in punch biopsies from 123 patients with lymphosarcoma; staining by Leishman method was used. General and particular cytologic criteria of tumour were determined. Cytologic verification of lymphosarcoma types and variants was performed according to WHO classification (1976) and was compared to the histological diagnoses. The following cell types and variants of tumour were distinguished as a result of identification of cytograms and standardization of cytologic diagnoses based on particular properties of cells: 1) lymphoplasmocytic lymphosarcoma: a) polymorphocellular, b) plasmacytoid; 2) prolymphocytic lymphosarcoma: a) from cells with roundish nuclei, b) from cells with split nuclei; 3) lymphoblastic lymphosarcoma: a) microlymphoblastic, b) macrolymphoblastic, c) from cells with tortuous nuclei; 4) immunoblastic lymphosarcoma; 5) lymphosarcoma not otherwise classifiable cytologically.

Cell Nucleus↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Urine cytology as a medical surveillance tool: a study of variability in interpretation of urine cytology slides.

This study examines the value of urine cytology as a medical surveillance technique in the industrial setting through an evaluation of the variability in interpretation of urine cytology slides. Urine samples were collected from 259 individuals for cytological examination. The slides were read by pathologists and screeners at one large Army medical center and separately read again by an independent pathologist at another Army medical center. The two independent readings for each of the 259 cases were compared. The comparison indicated that overall agreement was fairly high in reporting the presence or absence of inflammatory cells, red blood cells, and atypical (including metaplastic) cells. However, considering positive findings of the presence of red blood cells or atypical cells only, significant differences between the two independent readings were noted when the sign test was applied. Implications of these findings are discussed in light of the use of urine cytology as a medical surveillance tool in occupational medicine.

Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The spectrum of the "gray zone" in breast cytology. A review of 186 cases of atypical and suspicious cytology.

A "gray zone" exists in fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology of breast; there an unequivocal diagnosis cannot be made. Previous studies have reported a gray zone incidence of 6.9-20%. We reviewed 2,197 fine needle aspirations (FNAs) of the breast performed at our institution to determine the incidence of the gray zone, analyze the sources of difficulty and establish guidelines to minimize the size of the gray zone. One hundred eighty-six (10%) of the total 2,197 FNAs were diagnosed as atypical (91) or suspicious for malignancy (95). The cytologic smears from all 186 equivocal cases and histopathologic sections from 156 of these patients who underwent a biopsy or mastectomy were reviewed. Clinical follow-up was obtained on the remaining 30 cases. Upon review, the causes of the equivocal diagnoses were divided into three categories: (1) technical, in which the smears were either markedly limited in cellularity or obscured by blood and/or drying artifact; (2) inexperience, which included cases that were reclassified by the reviewing cytopathologist as benign or malignant; and (3) the overlap of cytologic features of benign and malignant lesions due to the nature of the lesion, justifying a confirmational biopsy. Technical difficulties accounted for 103 equivocal diagnoses (4.5%); inexperience of the cytopathologist was responsible for 44 cases (2.4%). The third category, which represents the true gray zone in breast cytology, accounted for 39 cases (2%). Fibroadenomas constituted the largest single cause of equivocal diagnoses (17 cases). These fibroadenomas exhibited very cellular smears with marked discohesiveness and occasional nuclear atypia and prominent nucleoli. Other breast lesions in this category were intracystic papillary carcinoma, low grade apocrine carcinoma, solitary intraductal papilloma, and intraductal and atypical hyperplasia. The remaining lesions, and useful criteria of help with the differential diagnosis of the above categories, are discussed.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2006

Dutch solutions for liquid-based cytology: analysis of unsatisfactory slides and HPV testing of equivocal cytology.

The liquid-based techniques to obtain microscopy slides for cervical screening have replaced conventional smears almost completely in the USA, but not in all European countries. The decision making process to use liquid-based cytology (LBC) for nationwide screening programs depends on the health system. In a pilot study of over 7,000 screenees, we analyzed the unsatisfactory LBC slides and tested the equivocal cytologies for HPV by using the LiPA test. For comparison over 48,000 conventional screening data were used. Compared to conventional smears, the LBC slides were highly cellular, the state of fixation was much better, and obscuring blood did not exist. The unsatisfactory rate showed an increase from 262/100,000 (conventional smears) to 357/100,000 (LBC slides) due to too thick, undiagnosable epithelial fragments on the LBC slides. HPV testing of the equivocal cytology leads to a better patient management and less unnecessary referrals.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Proposed method for evaluating secondary screening (rescreening) instruments for gynecologic cytology. Intersociety Working Group for Cytology Technologies.

This method for evaluating secondary screening (rescreening) instruments for gynecologic cytology was approved by the governing boards of 6 societies represented in the Intersociety Working Group for Cytology Technologies: American Society for Cytotechnology, American Society of Clinical Pathologists, American Society of Cytopathology, College of American Pathologists, International Academy of Cytology, and Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology. The proposed method, as written, reflects the current status of technologies in early 1998.

Cytological Techniques↗
PubMed1999

[Comparison between aspirates (cytology and histology) and biopsy (cytology and histology) in bone marrow evaluation in simple peripheral cytopenia].

UNLABELLED: In order to assess a "basic" comparison between needle biopsy (B) and aspirate (A) in terms of diagnostic efficacy two hundred consecutive samples of bone marrow from 180 patients with simple (non neoplastic) peripheral cytopenia were examined. Both B and A from the identical anatomical site (posterior superior iliac spine) were performed in every case. Histology (I) and cytology (C) were systematically prepared from B (IB and CB) and from A (IA and CA). The cases were subdivided in 7 groups according to the type of cytopenia (mono-bi-trilinear). From a nosologic point of view these corresponded to common hematological disorders. As far as myelodysplasia (MD) is concerned only refractory anemia (RA) and refractory anemia with ring sideroblasts (RARS) were included. MD represented 28.6% of anemias which in turn covered 63.0% of all the cases. The diagnostic significance of I and C referred to the final diagnosis (A + B). In each group were compared (vs) A (CA + IA) vs B (IB + CB), IB vs CA, CA vs IA,IB vs CB and IB vs IA. The results were expressed by putting each related case into one of the following three cathegories: equivalence, superiority, inferiority. Equivalence could be diagnostically significant or non significant. Combination I + C was diagnostic in 100% of cases for A + B and IB + CA, in 96.5% for CA + IA, in 92.5% for IB + CB. Combination IB + IA was significant in 99.5% of samples, similarly supported by IB and IA respectively accounting for 91.0% and 90.0 of diagnoses. Individually CA was diagnostic in 92.0% and CB in 80.5% of cases. In some istances uneffective CA was implemented by IA (4.5%) and analogously IB by CB (1.5%). Within A CA gave little more significance than IA (only +2.0%). The different rates of I + C coincident diagnostic significance were: 97.5% (A + B), 85.5% (CA + IA), 83.0% (IB + CA), 79.0% (IB + CB). In 25.0% of MD cases diagnosis was assured by A only. In case of diagnostic discrepancy the classical morphologic parameters as cellularity, linearity and cytological details were also comparatively analysed. CONCLUSIONS: 1) the data above mentioned measure the diagnostic efficacy of the various procedures, individually or in association, with reference to the examined area, but they can be "basically" significant in the perspective of other comparisons; 2) as a whole B and A showed diagnostic equivalence, but A was more contributory in RA and RARS; this methologically means that CA needs to be reappraised and that IA is very reliable; 3) association I + C seems to be the best procedural approach in order to provide complementary morphology and amplified availability of material for examination, diagnosis and further study; 4) the performance of histopathologist can be improved by simultaneous cytological evaluation.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cytology in veterinary practice. A review of clinical cytology--body fluids, lymph nodes and skin neoplasms.

A review over the most applicable areas of veterinary clinical cytology is given. The areas described are body fluids, lymph nodes and selected skin neoplasms. The review includes tables that survey general and specific cytologic criteria and is supplemented by photomicrographs. A classification of effusions according to cytologic criteria is discussed and there is a short discussion of 62 cases which also included histopathology.

Animals↗