Qualitative versus directional cues in differential conditioning. 3. The role of qualitative and directional cues in differentiation of salivary conditioned reflexes.
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Cue recognition and cue elaboration in learning from examples.
This paper describes the processes used by students to learn from worked-out examples and by working through problems. Evidence is derived from protocols of students learning secondary school mathematics and physics. The students acquired knowledge from the examples in the form of productions (condition-->action): first discovering conditions under which the actions are appropriate and then elaborating the conditions to enhance efficiency. Students devoted most of their attention to the condition side of the productions. Subsequently, they generalized the productions for broader application and acquired specialized productions for special problem classes.
Cognition↗
Experience-dependent integration of texture and motion cues to depth.
Previous investigators have shown that observers' visual cue combination strategies are remarkably flexible in the sense that these strategies adapt on the basis of the estimated reliabilities of the visual cues. However, these researchers have not addressed how observers' acquire these estimated reliabilities. This article studies observers' abilities to learn cue combination strategies. Subjects made depth judgments about simulated cylinders whose shapes were indicated by motion and texture cues. Because the two cues could indicate different shapes, it was possible to design tasks in which one cue provided useful information for making depth judgments, whereas the other cue was irrelevant. The results of experiment 1 suggest that observers' cue combination strategies are adaptable as a function of training; subjects adjusted their cue combination rules to use a cue more heavily when the cue was informative on a task versus when the cue was irrelevant. Experiment 2 demonstrated that experience-dependent adaptation of cue combination rules is context-sensitive. On trials with presentations of short cylinders, one cue was informative, whereas on trials with presentations of tall cylinders, the other cue was informative. The results suggest that observers can learn multiple cue combination rules, and can learn to apply each rule in the appropriate context. Experiment 3 demonstrated a possible limitation on the context-sensitivity of adaptation of cue combination rules. One cue was informative on trials with presentations of cylinders at a left oblique orientation, whereas the other cue was informative on trials with presentations of cylinders at a right oblique orientation. The results indicate that observers did not learn to use different cue combination rules in different contexts under these circumstances. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that observers' visual systems are biased to learn to perceive in the same way views of bilaterally symmetric objects that differ solely by a symmetry transformation. Taken in conjunction with the results of Experiment 2, this means that the visual learning mechanism underlying cue combination adaptation is biased such that some sets of statistics are more easily learned than others.
Cues↗
Do peripheral non-informative cues induce early facilitation of target detection?
It has been reported that simple reaction time (RT) to a peripheral visual target is faster if the target is presented within about 200 msec from the onset of a non-informative cue flashed at the same location, as compared with RT to a target presented at an uncued location. This period of facilitation is followed by a period of inhibition during which RT is longer if cue and target are shown at the same location or at different locations within the same hemifield, as opposed to contralateral cues and targets. Early facilitation has been explained by an automatic covert orienting towards the cue, while the following inhibition has been regarded as a consequence of such covert orienting. In a series of four experiments, we have investigated the dependency of these effects on the temporal and spatial relationships between cue and target. Normal, right-handed subjects responded to a target displayed for 16 msec simultaneously with, or following at stimulus-onset asynchronies (SOAs) of 60, 130, 300 or 900 msec, the onset of a non-informative cue. Both cues and targets could appear at random in one of four locations (Expts 1-3) or in one of two locations (Expt 4) disposed symmetrically across the fixation point along the horizontal meridian. Duration of the cue varied between experiments. In Expt 1 it was 16 msec. In Expt 2 the cue remained on view throughout the period of the SOA and terminated 300 msec after target onset. In the remaining two experiments cue duration was 130 msec. In the first experiment, at all cue-target SOAs RTs to target flashed either at the same location or in the same hemifield as the cue were significantly slower than RTs to contralateral cue-target combinations (RT inhibition). In the other experiments, there was no RT inhibition with targets in cued locations if the cue remained on during target presentation and outlasted target offset. Since at no SOA was RT to targets in cued locations shorter than RT to targets contralateral to cues, there was no direct evidence for facilitation. However, the facilitatory influence of these cues could be inferred from the fact that they countered and masked inhibition. RT to uncued targets ipsilateral to cues was consistently inhibited in all experimental conditions. These results show that at each cue-target SOA the consequences of a peripheral non-informative cue depend on whether or not the cue remains visible during target processing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Adult↗
Combined expectancy effects are modulated by the relation between expectancy cues.
Studies of combined expectancies have shown that spatial cueing effects are reduced on trials on which participants have to respond with an unexpected motor response. In the first two experiments the range of reduced expectancy effects is examined. Advance knowledge of the likely response was combined in a trial-by-trial procedure with modality cueing, object cueing, and task cueing. Effects of modality cueing were reduced on trials on which the target requested an unexpected response. However, effects of object cueing as well as effects of task cueing were unaffected by response cueing. Comparing experiments revealed that different types of cues were used in different experiments. To test the effect of type of cue on the interaction of expectancies the third experiment combined spatial cueing with response cueing. When integrated cues were used that cued the likely target location by an arrow and the likely response by an arrow too, spatial cueing effects were reduced on trials with unexpected responses. However, spatial cueing effects remained unaffected by response cueing when separated cues were used consisting in a word cueing the response and an arrow cueing target location. An account for the modulation of combined expectancies by the relation between cues is suggested in terms of the adjusted expectancy model.
Adult↗
Modulation of inhibition of return by type and number of dynamic changes of the cue.
Inhibition of return (IOR) is a response delay when the target is preceded by an irrelevant stimulus (cue) at the same location. In a previous study, we investigated the separate and joint effects on IOR of cue onset and offset. IOR was much greater when cue onset was followed by cue offset (on-off cue) than when the cue was a single event (on or off cues). The aim of the present study was to test whether the greater IOR with an on-off cue is due to the presence of two cue events. Three experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1 we replicated, with a different delay between cue onset and offset, the finding that IOR is greater with an on-off cue than with a single cue event. In Experiments 2 and 3, we used cues formed by two events. In Experiment 2, an on-off cue was compared with an off-on cue, whereas in Experiment 3 an on-on cue was compared with an off-off cue. Results showed that the magnitude of IOR did not simply depend on the number of cue events occurring before the target. IOR was greater with two different events than with two identical events and greater when was preceded by an off-event than an on-event. Therefore, IOR was greatest with an on-off cue, which likely also benefited from a gap effect. Possible mechanisms underlying IOR were discussed.
Adolescent↗
Integration of stereo, texture, and outline cues during pinhole viewing of real ridge-shaped objects and stereograms of ridges.
Three experiments are reported in which the possible role of blur cues as a factor needing to be taken into account in cue-integration studies involving conflicts between stereo and texture/outline cues was investigated. The earlier suggestion was tested that uncontrolled blur cues might have caused the quite different patterns of cue integration reported for real ridge-shaped objects oriented vertically and for stereograms depicting similar surfaces. Blur cues were manipulated by pinhole viewing intended to render accommodation open loop. The results for real ridges were as predicted by the blur-cue hypothesis: pinhole viewing strengthened texture/outline cues in vertically oriented ridges, thereby diminishing the pattern of stereo dominance hitherto observed for these stimuli (and as observed here in non-pinhole-viewing control conditions and in horizontally oriented ridges). The results for the stereograms did not conform to predictions: pinhole viewing, assumed to remove blur cues from the cue-integration process, still produced the pattern observed in control conditions in which a texture/outline cue for a shallow ridge overwhelmed stereo cues for a steep ridge. This result is against the hypothesis that perhaps blur cues for the stereogram projection surface differentially favoured the shallow texture/outline cues. A new variant of the blur-cue hypothesis is offered to account for this result. The main conclusion from the study is: beware drawing firm conclusions from stereograms about the pattern of cue integration that can be expected when real objects are being viewed. The two situations can produce very different results as far as cue integration is concerned. This is a conclusion with serious implications for the use of stereograms for studying the integration of stereo with other cues.
Adolescent↗
Investigating the potential influence of established multiple-choice test-taking cues on item response in a pharmacotherapy board certification examination preparatory manual: a pilot study.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of established multiple-choice test-taking correct and incorrect answer cues in the American College of Clinical Pharmacy's Updates in Therapeutics: The Pharmacotherapy Preparatory Course, 2005 Edition, as an equal or lesser surrogate indication of the prevalence of such cues in the Pharmacotherapy board certification examination. METHODS: All self-assessment and patient case question-and-answer sets were assessed individually to determine if they were subject to selected correct and incorrect answer cues commonly seen in multiple-choice question writing. If the question was considered evaluable, correct answer cues-longest answer, mid-range number, one of two similar choices, and one of two opposite choices-were tallied. In addition, incorrect answer cues- inclusionary language and grammatical mismatch-were also tallied. Each cue was counted if it did what was expected or did the opposite of what was expected. Multiple cues could be identified in each question. RESULTS: A total of 237 (47.7%) of 497 questions in the manual were deemed evaluable. A total of 325 correct answer cues and 35 incorrect answer cues were identified in the 237 evaluable questions. Most evaluable questions contained one to two correct and/or incorrect answer cue(s). Longest answer was the most frequently identified correct answer cue; however, it was the least likely to identify the correct answer. Inclusionary language was the most frequently identified incorrect answer cue. Incorrect answer cues were considerably more likely to identify incorrect answer choices than correct answer cues were able to identify correct answer choices. CONCLUSIONS: The use of established multiple-choice test-taking cues is unlikely to be of significant help when taking the Pharmacotherapy board certification examination, primarily because of the lack of questions subject to such cues and the inability of correct answer cues to accurately identify correct answers. Incorrect answer cues, especially the use of inclusionary language, almost always will accurately identify an incorrect answer choice. Assuming that questions in the preparatory course manual were equal or lesser surrogates of those in the board certification examination, it is unlikely that intuition alone can replace adequate preparation and studying as the sole determinant of examination success.
Clinical Competence↗
Cue familiarity is represented in monkey medial prefrontal cortex during visuomotor association learning.
To examine functional roles of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in visuomotor association learning, neuronal activity in the mPFC of a behaving monkey was recorded during this learning. The monkey was presented a cueing visual stimulus, and required to push, pull or turn a manipulator according to the cue following a delay period. Under the control condition, three cues (circle, triangle and square) instructed the monkey to the three responses in a block of trials. After 2 months of training the animal was familiar with these cue-response associations. Under the learning condition, two of the three familiar cues and one novel cue were presented in a block. The monkey initially did not know what the novel cue instructed at first and learned a new cue-response association by trial and error. Neurons in the mPFC showed marked responses to cue presentation, and cue responses changed depending on whether cues were familiar or novel. A group of mPFC neurons responded to novel cues, but not to familiar cues. Another group of neurons responded to familiar cues, but not to novel cues. In a subgroup of these familiar cue-selective neurons, cue response was increased under the learning condition compared to the control condition. These results suggest that mPFC neurons differentiate between familiar and novel instructions, and that the neurons responsive to familiar stimuli enhance their modulations when both familiar and novel instructions have to be processed during task performance.
Action Potentials↗
Primate frontal cortex: neuronal activity following attentional versus intentional cues.
We examined neuronal activity in three parts of the primate frontal cortex: the dorsal (PMd) and ventral (PMv) premotor cortex and a ventrolateral part of the dorsolateral prefrontal (PF) cortex. Two monkeys fixated a 0.2 degrees white square in the center of a video display while depressing a switch located between two touch pads. On each trial, a spatial-attentional/mnemonic (SAM) cue was presented first. The SAM cue consisted of one 2 degrees x 2 degrees square, usually red or green, and its location indicated where a conditional motor instruction would appear after a delay period. The stimulus event containing the motor instruction, termed the motor instructional/conditional (MIC) cue, could be of two general types. It might consist of a single 2 degrees x 2 degrees square stimulus identical to one of the SAM cues presented at the same location as the SAM cue on that trial. When the MIC cue was a single square, it instructed the monkey to move its forelimb to one of the two touch pads according to the following conditional rule: a green MIC cue meant that contact with the right touch pad would be rewarded on that trial and a red MIC cue instructed a movement to the left touch pad. Alternatively, the MIC cue might consist of two 2 degrees x 2 degrees squares, only one of which was at the SAM-cue location: in those cases, one square was red and the other was green. The colored square at the SAM cue location for that trial was the instructing stimulus, and the other part of the MIC cue was irrelevant. When, after a variable delay period, the MIC cue disappeared, the monkey had to touch the appropriate target within 1 s to receive a reward and could break visual fixation. The experimental design allowed comparison of frontal cortical activity when one stimulus, identical in retinocentric, craniocentric, and allocentric spatial location as well as all other stimulus parameters, had two different meanings for the animal's behavior. When a stimulus was the SAM cue, it led to either a reorientation of spatial attention to its location, or the storage of its location in spatial memory. By contrast, when it was the MIC cue, the same stimulus instructed a motor act to be executed after a delay period. For the majority of PMd neurons (55%), post-MIC cue activity exceeded post-SAM cue activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Animals↗
Interaction between positional but not between non-positional cues in human predictive learning.
Four experiments with human subjects examined the cue-interaction effects using a computer-controlled predictive learning task. In Phase 1, subjects learned that cue P was consistently associated with the occurrence of an outcome (P+), whereas cue N was never followed by the outcome (N-). In Phase 2, two neutral cues, R and I, were compounded with P and N, respectively. Each compound was followed by the outcome (PR+ and NI+). Thus, cue R was compounded with the already predictive cue P, whereas cue I was compounded with the non-predictive cue N. In each phase, subjects rated the contingency between the different cues and the outcome. In experiments 1 and 2, the spatial position of the cues was fixed, whereas it was variable in experiments 3, 4a and 4b. Verbal cues were used in experiments 1-3, whereas the cues consisted of geometrical figures in experiments 4a and 4b. Evidence for cue interaction, as indicated by giving cue I a higher contingency rating than cue R after or during Phase 2, was only found under the conditions of experiments 1 and 2. The results indicate that the use of positional cues facilitates the occurrence of cue-interaction effects. Possible reasons for this finding are discussed.
Journal Article↗
Time-dependent effects of discrete spatial cues on the planning of directed movements.
The degree of preparation of a motor response varies with the information available regarding the response that will need to be executed and with the time provided to process that information. In experiment 1 we investigated the time-course of processing the information specified by discrete spatial cues regarding the upcoming target of directed movements. For this purpose we varied the number of cues that indicated the possible locations of the target and the duration of the cue period preceding the target. The results showed that the effects of processing the information provided by the cues developed progressively and stabilized after 0.2 s. In addition, the level of motor preparation reached was a function of number of cues. However, the effect of number of cues occurred even in the no cue period condition, i.e. when subjects could not have benefited from the information provided by the cues to prepare the response. Further analyses suggested the hypothesis that, in the no cue period condition, the effect of number of cues resulted from the cues acting as distractors (i.e., interference) whereas, with longer cue periods, the effect resulted from the motor preparatory process (i.e., facilitation). This hypothesis was tested in experiment 2 where the number of cues and the number of distractors were varied inversely. Cues and distractors were the same type of stimuli and differed only in their relation to the time of presentation of the target. Subjects performed in a directed response task and in a control detection task. It was predicted that the facilitatory effect of the cues and the interference effect of the distractors on the planning of the directed response would oppose each other and produce a non-monotonic change of RT across conditions. The results conformed to the prediction and, therefore, supported the hypothesis of independent effects of facilitation and interference. In addition, we found that the pattern of RT across conditions in the detection task differed radically with that in the directed response task. This result indicates that the time-dependent effects of cues and distractors are contingent on the type of motor response required in the task, and, in particular on the spatial requirement on the motor response.
Adult↗
The use of multiple cues in mate choice.
An increasing number of studies find females to base their mate choice on several cues. Why this occurs is debated and many different hypotheses have been proposed. Here I review the hypotheses and the evidence in favour of them. At the same time I provide a new categorisation based on the adaptiveness of the preferences and the information content of the cues. A few comparative and empirical studies suggest that most multiple cues are Fisherian attractiveness cues or uninformative cues that occur alongside a viability indicator and facilitate detection, improve signal reception, or are remnants from past selection pressures. However, much evidence exists tor multiple cues providing additional information and serving as multiple messages that either indicate general mate quality or enable females that differ in mate preferences to choose the most suitable male. Less evidence exists for multiple cues serving as back-up signals. The importance of receiver psychology, multiple sensory environments and signal interaction in the evolution of multiple cues and preferences has received surprisingly little attention but may be of crucial importance. Similarly, sexual conflict has been proposed to result in maladaptive preferences for manipulative cues, and in neutral preferences for threshold cues, but no reliable evidence exists so far. An important factor in the evolution of multiple preferences is the cost of using additional cues. Most theoretical work assumes that the cost of choice increases with the number of cues used, which restricts the conditions under which preferences for multiple cues are expected to evolve. I suggest that in contrast to this expectation, the use of multiple cues can reduce mate choice costs by decreasing the number of mates inspected more closely or the time and energy spent inspecting a set of mates. This may be one explanation for why multiple cues are more common than usually expected. Finally I discuss the consequences that the use of multiple cues may have for the process of sexual selection, the maintenance of genetic variation, and speciation.
Animal Communication↗
Head direction cell activity monitored in a novel environment and during a cue conflict situation.
1. Recent conceptualizations of the neural systems used during navigation have classified two types of sensory information used by animals: landmark cues and internally based (idiothetic; e.g., vestibular, kinesthetic) sensory cues. Previous studies have identified neurons in the postsubiculum and the anterior thalamic nuclei that discharge as a function of the animal's head direction in the horizontal plane. The present study was designed to determine how animals use head direction (HD) cells for spatial orientation and the types of sensory cues involved. 2. HD cell activity was monitored in the postsubiculum and anterior thalamic nucleus of rats in a dual-chamber apparatus in an experiment that consisted of two phases. In the first phase, HD cell activity was monitored as an animal moved from a familiar environment to a novel environment. It was hypothesized that if HD cells were capable of using idiothetic sensory information, then the direction of maximal discharge should remain relatively unchanged as the animal moved into an environment where it was unfamiliar with the landmark cues. In the second phase, HD cells were monitored under conditions in which a conflict situation was introduced between the established landmark cues and the animal's internally generated sensory cues. 3. HD cells were initially recorded in a cylinder containing a single orientation cue (familiar environment). A door was then opened, and the rat entered a U-shaped passageway leading to a rectangular chamber containing a different prominent cue (novel environment). For most HD cells, the preferred direction remained relatively constant between the cylinder and passageway/rectangle, although many cells showed a small (6-30 degrees) shift in their preferred direction in the novel environment. This directional shift was maintained across different episodes in the passageway/rectangle. 4. Before the next session, the orientation cue in the cylinder was rotated 90 degrees, and the animal returned to the cylinder. The cell's preferred direction usually shifted between 45 and 90 degrees in the same direction. 5. The rat was then permitted to walk back through the passageway into the now-familiar rectangle. Immediately upon entering the passageway, the preferred direction returned to its original (prerotation) orientation and remained at this value while the rat was in the rectangle. When the rat was allowed to walk back into the cylinder, one of three outcomes occurred: 1) the cell's preferred direction shifted, such that it remained linked to the cylinder's rotated cue card; 2) the cell's preferred direction remained unchanged from its orientation in the rectangle; or 3) the cell's preferred direction shifted to a new value that lay between the preferred directions for the rotated cylinder condition and rectangle. 6. There was little change in the HD cell's background firing rate, peak firing rate, or directional firing range for both the novel and cue-conflict situations. 7. Simultaneous recordings from multiple cells in different sessions showed that the preferred directions remained "in register" with one another. Thus, when one HD cell shifted its preferred direction a specific amount, the other HD cell also shifted its preferred direction the same amount. 8. Results across different series within the same animal showed that the amount the preferred direction shifted in the first Novel series was about the same amount as the shifts observed in subsequent Novel series. In contrast, as the animal experienced more Conflict series, HD cells tended to use the cylinder's cue card less as an orientation cue when the animal returned to the rotated cylinder condition from the rectangle. 9. These results suggest that HD cells in the postsubiculum and anterior thalamic nuclei receive information from both landmark and idiothetic sensory cues, and when both types of cues are available, HD cells preferentially use the landmark cues as long as they are perceived
Animals↗
Configural processing in memory retrieval: multiple cues and ensemble representations.
When retrieving information from memory, a number of contextual cues may interact to determine which ideas will be easily accessible. Even the simplest case in which joint cue action obtains (two cues) is very revealing of the principles of memory access and representation of compounds. Mechanisms by which dual cues interact to constrain retrieval from episodic memory are considered. A holistic mechanism of cue integration is contrasted with two nonholistic mechanisms: a multiplicative or intersection mechanism and an independent-contributions mechanism. Holistic- and intersection-cuing mechanisms are consistent with different variants of compound cue models of priming. The independent cuing mechanism is consistent with spreading activation models of priming. Data from four experiments which examined dual-cued recognition of items from (newly learned) triples demonstrated strongly configural, holistic, action of dual cues. The two cues and test item must form an encoded compound to yield cuing advantages. Two independent cues to the test item are ineffective if the two cues and test were not learned together as a triple; one valid and one invalid cue are also ineffective. This is so despite the availability of pairwise information for each cue-test relation, and despite the fact that these cues are effective when operating alone. A compound cue model which predicts precisely this surprising pattern of priming is developed. The compound cue model also predicts previously obtained configural priming of associative judgments, as well as the bias priming generally observed in item recognition and similar paradigms.
Analysis of Variance↗
An extinction cue reduces spontaneous recovery of ataxic ethanol tolerance in rats.
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Ethanol ataxia experiments with rats investigated cue effects on conditioned tolerance. Spontaneous recovery (SR) was assessed 1 day and 18 days after extinction with conditioned stimuli (CSs) paired or unpaired with an ethanol unconditioned stimulus (US). Behavioral tolerance was assessed by not tilting the apparatus during conditioning. Non-associative processes were assessed post-conditioning with or without a buzzer cue. Bouton's (1993, Psychol Bull 114:80-99) memory theory was tested using an extinction cue and an associatively neutral cue presented during SR testing. METHODS: Tolerance was conditioned to a room + strobelight CS by ethanol injections experienced on a tilting floor (standard conditioning). Controls received no ethanol or ethanol, either during the CS without the floor tilting or 11 h post-CS. SR testing occurred 1 day or 18 days after extinction (experiment 1). Conditioning was followed by tolerance and CR tests either with or without a 15-s buzzer cue (experiment 2). In extinction, the CS and cue occurred without ethanol; the cue occurred before 7% or none of the extinction trials. Testing occurred 18 days after extinction with or without that cue (experiment 3), or with an equally familiar ("neutral'') cue presented before conditioning (experiment 4). RESULTS: Tolerance developed without floor tilting. CS-US unpairings prevented tolerance. Tolerance SR occurred 18 days but not 1 day after extinction only after CS-US pairings (experiment 1). Post-conditioning tests showed no unconditioned effects of the cue (experiment 2). Testing with no cue 1 day after extinction with the cue resulted in no tolerance increase. The extinction cue reduced SR (experiments 3 and 4); the neutral cue did not (experiment 4). CONCLUSIONS: Cues correlated with extinction reduce SR. Non-associative and practice processes, Bouton's (1993, Psychol Bull 114:80-99) memory theory, alternative interpretations, and clinical implications are discussed.
Animals↗
Neural substrates of resisting craving during cigarette cue exposure.
BACKGROUND: In cigarette smokers, the most commonly reported areas of brain activation during visual cigarette cue exposure are the prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and visual cortices. We sought to determine changes in brain activity in response to cigarette cues when smokers actively resist craving. METHODS: Forty-two tobacco-dependent smokers underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging, during which they were presented with videotaped cues. Three cue presentation conditions were tested: cigarette cues with subjects allowing themselves to crave (cigarette cue crave), cigarette cues with the instruction to resist craving (cigarette cue resist), and matched neutral cues. RESULTS: Activation was found in the cigarette cue resist (compared with the cigarette cue crave) condition in the left dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and precuneus. Lower magnetic resonance signal for the cigarette cue resist condition was found in the cuneus bilaterally, left lateral occipital gyrus, and right postcentral gyrus. These relative activations and deactivations were more robust when the cigarette cue resist condition was compared with the neutral cue condition. CONCLUSIONS: Suppressing craving during cigarette cue exposure involves activation of limbic (and related) brain regions and deactivation of primary sensory and motor cortices.
Adult↗
Listener comprehension of severely dysarthric speech: effects of linguistic cues and stimulus cohesion.
This study is the second in a two-part series examining the effects of linguistic variables on listener processing of dysarthric speech. The first study (see K. C. Hustad & D. R. Beukelman, 2001) examined the effects of experimentally imposed topic cues, alphabet cues, and combined cues along with a control condition in which no cues were provided on intelligibility of unrelated and related sentences produced by 4 women with severe dysorthria secondary to cerebral palsy. The present study examined the effects of these same variables on listener comprehension of severely dysarthric speech produced by the same speakers. In addition, the relationship between intelligibility and comprehension was examined for each cue and stimulus cohesion condition. Consistent with intelligibility results, the present study found that combined cues resulted in higher comprehension scores than any other cue condition and that no cues resulted in lower comprehension scores than any other cue condition for both related and unrelated sentences. In addition, comprehension scores were higher for alphabet cues than for topic cues in the related-sentences condition. Findings dissimilar from intelligibility results were as follows: (a) comprehension scores associated with alphabet and topic cues did not differ for unrelated sentences, and (b) comprehension scores were higher for related than for unrelated sentences in each cue condition. Finally, significant positive relationships between intelligibility and comprehension data were found only for topic cues in the unrelated-sentences condition and for alphabet cues in the related-sentences condition.
Adult↗