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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Leaded eye cosmetics: a cultural cause of elevated lead levels in children.

BACKGROUND: Preventing lead exposure is of paramount importance because lead is significantly toxic at subclinical levels, and treating patients with elevated blood lead levels is difficult. Children were evaluated for lead exposure in California through a state-mandated lead screening program that was begun in November 1991. Imported eye cosmetics were identified as a suspected source of lead exposure for Pakistani and Indian children who used these products. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of children at a county hospital clinic was undertaken for the period beginning October 1991 and ending February 1994. Lead exposure questionnaires were filled out at clinic visits, and telephone interviews were conducted with parents or guardians of children from ethnic groups who use eye cosmetics. RESULTS: Lead level results were available for 175 children. The average lead level was 4.3 micrograms/dL (0.21 mumol/L) for Pakistani/Indian children not using eye cosmetics and 12.9 micrograms/dL (0.62 mumol/L) (P = .03) for those using the products. Chemical evaluation of some of the eye cosmetics used by these children revealed high lead content. CONCLUSIONS: Use of eye cosmetics imported from Pakistan was found to be strongly correlated with elevated blood lead levels. Although importation of leaded eye cosmetics is prohibited by law, legislation has not been effective in protecting children from this source of lead exposure. Education regarding low-level lead toxicity and avoidance of substances containing lead is needed, particularly for targeted subpopulations.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1994

[Contact allergy to cosmetic ingredients in an adult Danish population. The Allergy Study, the Population Studies in Glostrup].

The distribution of allergic contact sensitization to cosmetic ingredients was studied in an unselected population, living in Western Copenhagen, Denmark. Ready-to-apply patch tests were mailed to 793 adults, and 567 (71.5%) participated. The tests were read two days after application. Sensitization to one or more of the cosmetic ingredients included in the test was diagnosed in 3.2% of the males and in 4.2% of the females. Old age was associated with an insignificantly higher probability of sensitization (p = 0.06). When adjusted for sex and age, the probability of sensitization was increased by a factor 2.3 among those reporting a history of cosmetic-related skin symptoms as compared to those who did not (p = 0.08). Among males, current daily use of cosmetics was less probable among those sensitized than among those not sensitized (p = 0.02). Contact sensitization to cosmetic ingredients was relatively frequent in the general population. Sex was not an important risk factor for sensitization to cosmetic ingredients.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Public perception of the terms "cosmetic," "plastic," and "reconstructive" surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate potential differences in perception of the terms "cosmetic," "plastic," and "reconstructive" as descriptors for surgery. METHODS: An anonymous questionnaire was offered to subjects over 18 years of age throughout the Unites States via the Internet and in person. The multiple-choice survey measured variables including permanence, risk, expense, recovery, reversibility, pain, technical difficulty, and surgeon training. The questionnaire also included several open-ended questions to capture qualitative perceptions. Semantic differential data were analyzed to measure statistical significance. RESULTS: For most variables--permanence, risk, recovery, reversibility, pain, and surgeon training--the 216 subjects had significantly lower mean responses for cosmetic surgery than those for plastic or reconstructive surgery (P < .002). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the results of this study support the authors' hypothesis that there is a significant difference in perception of cosmetic surgery and plastic or reconstructive surgery. Cosmetic surgery is perceived to be more temporary and less technically difficult than plastic or reconstructive surgery. In addition, cosmetic surgery is believed to be associated with less risk, shorter recovery time, and less pain. Subjects also thought that cosmetic surgeons required significantly less training than plastic or reconstructive surgeons.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The long-term effects of open cosmetic septorhinoplasty on nasal air flow.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if elective cosmetic septorhinoplasty impacts on nasal air flow resistance over the long-term. DESIGN: Case series. Mean postoperative follow-up period was 41.5 months (range, 16 to 77 months). PATIENTS: A consecutive sample of 200 patients having undergone cosmetic open septorhinoplasty by one of us (P.A.A.) before July 1992 were contacted by telephone; 50 agreed to participate, and 27 actually participated in the study. INTERVENTIONS: Open cosmetic septorhinoplasty performed by one of us (P.A.A.). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Comparison of preoperative and postoperative nasal resistance values by headout body displacement plethysmography; correlation of preoperative and postoperative nasal valve anatomy with nasal resistance values; and correlation of postoperative nasal resistance values with subjective evaluation of nasal air flow as reported on a 10-point analogue scale. RESULTS: Of the 27 patients, 10 had normal preoperative nasal resistance values and 17 had elevated resistance values. Preoperative Normal Group: Four of the 10 patients' mean resistance values exceeded normal limits postoperatively. One of these four patients reported subjective nasal obstruction. Preoperative Abnormal Group: Of the 17 patients, surgery resulted in normal resistance values postoperatively in six, decreased but still above normal resistance values in eight, and no decrease in postoperative resistance values in three. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Patients with normal nasal resistance values may suffer long-term, asymptomatic increase in nasal resistance values after cosmetic open septorhinoplasty, often with no quantifiable change at the nasal valve. (2) Patients with elevated nasal resistance measurements generally improve with open septorhinoplasty. Patients with isolated septal deformities improve with septoplasty. Patients with upper lateral cartilage collapse improve with spreader grafts. The lasting objective improvement on the nasal valve using spreader grafts is reported herein for the first time. (3) Subjective estimations of nasal patency do not correlate well with objective measures of patency, namely nasal resistance measurements. (4) Cosmetic septorhinoplasty can alter nasal patency. Continued care must be exercised when manipulating the nasal framework for cosmetic purposes, as slight changes to the nasal valve may result in significant alterations in nasal air flow resistance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[Cosmetic results of breast conserving therapy for breast carcinoma. Treatment results from the Heidelberg Radiation Clinic in the years 1984 to 1992].

PURPOSE: In this study we retrospectively analyzed local control, survival rate and late cosmetic results of women with early breast cancer receiving breast conserving therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients (1984 through 1992) of the Department of Radio-Oncology (University of Heidelberg), who received breast conserving therapy consisting of conservative surgery followed by radiotherapy, were interviewed and asked to come. Subjective estimation of the cosmetic results of therapy was evaluated by means of a questionnaire. Cosmesis, circumferences and temperatures of different mammary regions were assessed and measured. Side effects and late sequelae were valued by the EORTC/RTOG-score. RESULTS: Mean follow-up time of 192 women (pT1: 71.9%, pT2: 28.1%) was 4.5 years (median: 4.0 years). 26.6% of them were nodal positive. Positive nodal status correlated with high tumor grading (p = 0.0001). Ten patients developed distant metastases; one of them subsequent to having suffered a loco-regional failure. Eight loco-regional failures occurred, 3 of them before radiotherapy (salvage). Following radiotherapy altogether 5 loco-regional failures (= 2.6%) were found; 3 women concerning were pre-, 2 postmenopausal. Three of these patients died, in 1 case occurred distant metastasis. Seventeen patients died, 3 of them presenting loco-regional failure, 8 of them showing distant metastasis. Sixty-four women were examined for cosmesis with the following result: a poor result was observed twice, a fair result 13 times, a good result 34 and an excellent result 15 times. Self-assessment was significantly better than observer's assessment. Third-degree late sequelae were found once, second-degree was seen 11 times, first-degree 38 times and no visible late sequelae were observed 14 times. The use of wedges was followed with borderline significance (p = 0.06) either by a better cosmesis and fewer late sequelae. Neither the type of surgery nor the width of the fields nor the quality of radiation (Co60 or 6 MVX) nor boost-application influenced the cosmetic result. Measured circumferences and distances showed no significant differences in the groups of the patients with poor or fair and good or excellent cosmesis. The temperature of the seized and contralateral breast showed no significant difference as well. With increasing distance from primary therapy the cosmetic results deteriorated. CONCLUSION: Breast conserving therapy consisting of conservative surgery followed by radiotherapy causes predominantly excellent to good cosmetic results combined with an acceptable amount of late side effects. The decreased rate of good and excellent cosmetic long-term results is biological interesting and requires further studies.

Aged↗
PubMed1984

The effect of adjuvant chemotherapy on the cosmetic results after primary radiation treatment for early stage breast cancer.

Breast cancer patients treated by primary radiation therapy who have positive axillary lymph nodes now typically receive adjuvant chemotherapy. In order to evaluate the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy on the response of the breast to radiation treatment, we compared the cosmetic results of 49 patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy and 206 patients not treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. A variety of chemotherapy regimens were employed, most commonly a combination of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (CMF). The median follow-up time for all patients was 33 months. Cosmetic results were scored by the physician at each follow-up evaluation as excellent, good, and fair or poor, depending on the presence and extent of radiation-related changes in the treated breast. Patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy were less likely to have an excellent overall cosmetic result than patients who did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy. At 24 months 24% of these patients had an excellent cosmetic result compared with 64% of patients who did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy (p = 0.0002). This difference was due primarily to a shift in chemotherapy-treated patients from an excellent to a good overall cosmetic result. Breast retraction was noted to be the most frequent determinant of a fair or poor cosmetic result and was more common in patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. At 24 months, 62% of these patients had evidence of breast retraction compared with 44% of patients who did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy (p = 0.06). We conclude from this preliminary analysis that adjuvant chemotherapy modifies the response of the breast to radiation, most notably by increasing the development of retraction.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Excision of subcutaneous facial cysts and lipomas using cosmetic approaches.

PURPOSE: The excisional biopsy of subcutaneoous facial cysts and lipomas can be problematic due to the high esthetic nature of the affected area. Remote scar placement has advantages in allowing access to subcutaneous pathology while placing incision lines in cosmetic locations. This article will review excisional biopsies of subcutaneous facial cysts and lipomas using cosmetic approaches. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with superficial facial cysts or lipomas undergoing excisional biopsies utilizing contemporary cosmetic surgery approaches (rhytidectomy, lower blepharoplasty, and submental) with tumescent anesthesia and either intravenous sedation or general anesthesia. RESULTS: All patients had successful removal of superficial facial pathology with good cosmetic results. CONCLUSION: The use of contemporary cosmetic surgical approaches for the excisional biopsy of superficial facial cysts and lipomas provides adequate surgical access, a cosmetically acceptable result, and is well-tolerated by patients.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Better cosmetic results and comparable quality of life after skin-sparing mastectomy and immediate autologous breast reconstruction compared to breast conservative treatment.

Preoperative chemotherapy (PCT) can be used in large primary breast cancer to facilitate breast conservative surgery (BCS). Cosmetic results of BCS are influenced by the size of the residual tumour, relative to the size of the breast. After mastectomy, immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) with autologous tissue provides excellent cosmetic outcome and has proven to be safe in breast cancer patients. Besides improving overall and disease free survival, Quality of Life (QoL), body image and cosmetic outcome are also important issues after treatment for breast cancer. In this study, Health-Related-Quality of Life (HRQL) and body image were evaluated, in patients treated with PCT, followed by BCS, or skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) and perforator-flap breast reconstruction. Additionally, clinical observers assessed cosmetic outcome. All participants were evaluated by the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) 36-item Short Form Health Status Survey (SF-36, 36 items) and a study-specific questionnaire. An external panel evaluated standardised photographs of the breasts. For all patients, norm-based scores of physical and mental health state are comparable with the general population, except for vitality (VT) score, which is somewhat lower. No significant differences can be observed between both groups. The majority of the patients were satisfied with the appearance of their breasts. The cosmetic results, assessed by the clinical team, were significantly better for patients having IBR, compared to BCS. The mean score was 7.5/10 for IBR, versus 6.0/10 for BCS (p<0.0001).Breast conserving treatment or mastectomy with reconstruction may yield comparable results of QoL, but cosmetic outcome is better after SSM and perforator-flap reconstruction. Patients must be offered both options, and clinicians should stress that both are equally effective.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The influence of the boost in breast-conserving therapy on cosmetic outcome in the EORTC "boost versus no boost" trial. EORTC Radiotherapy and Breast Cancer Cooperative Groups. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of a radiotherapy boost on the cosmetic outcome after 3 years of follow-up in patients treated with breast-conserving therapy (BCT). METHODS AND MATERIALS: In EORTC trial 22881/10882, 5569 Stage I and II breast cancer patients were treated with tumorectomy and axillary dissection, followed by tangential irradiation of the breast to a dose of 50 Gy in 5 weeks, at 2 Gy per fraction. Patients having a microscopically complete tumor excision were randomized between no boost and a boost of 16 Gy. The cosmetic outcome was evaluated by a panel, scoring photographs of 731 patients taken soon after surgery and 3 years later, and by digitizer measurements, measuring the displacement of the nipple of 3000 patients postoperatively and of 1141 patients 3 years later. RESULTS: There was no difference in the cosmetic outcome between the two treatment arms after surgery, before the start of radiotherapy. At 3-year follow-up, both the panel evaluation and the digitizer measurements showed that the boost had a significant adverse effect on the cosmetic result. The panel evaluation at 3 years showed that 86% of patients in the no-boost group had an excellent or good global result, compared to 71% of patients in the boost group (p = 0.0001). The digitizer measurements at 3 years showed a relative breast retraction assessment (pBRA) of 7.6 pBRA in the no-boost group, compared to 8.3 pBRA in the boost group, indicating a worse cosmetic result in the boost group at follow-up (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: These results showed that a boost dose of 16 Gy had a negative, but limited, impact on the cosmetic outcome after 3 years.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Cosmetic results after wire-guided biopsy of benign breast lesions.

BACKGROUND: There are surprisingly few reports about the cosmetic results of wire-guided biopsy of benign breast lesions as opposed to breast-conserving surgery and irradiation of early breast cancer (BCT). STUDY DESIGN: Twenty potential perioperative risk factors for adverse cosmetic results after wire-guided breast biopsy were prospectively evaluated in 101 patients undergoing the first single biopsy after suspicion of a malignant lesion that subsequently proved to be benign. The overall cosmetic result was evaluated by using 6 specific cosmetic indices individually scored 6 months after the breast biopsy. RESULTS: The overall cosmesis was excellent, good, fair, or poor in 48.5%, 26.7%, 12.9%, and 11.9% of cases, respectively. The corresponding figures according to appraisal by the patients were 22.8%, 58.4%, 17.8%, and 1.0%, respectively. Unsatisfactory (fair or poor) overall cosmetic results were related to excisions extending down to the fascia (p = 0.001) and postoperative complications (p = 0.018) in multivariate analysis. Notably, specimen volume had no significant impact on overall cosmesis, as opposed to cosmesis after BCT. CONCLUSIONS: Cosmetic outcomes after wire-guided biopsy of benign breast lesions were excellent or good in at least 75% of cases. Excisions extending down to the pectoralis fascia and complications were associated with poor aesthetic outcomes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Patient evaluation of cosmetic outcome after conserving surgery for treatment of primary breast cancer.

AIMS: To investigate patient self-assessment of and satisfaction with cosmetic outcome following breast-conserving treatment. METHODS: A total of 254 patients with primary breast cancer who had been treated by wide local excision (WLE) were assessed objectively for cosmesis. Patients then self-rated their own cosmetic outcome and satisfaction via a questionnaire. RESULTS: Seventy-two per cent of the patients stated that there was little or no difference between the treated and untreated breast. Patient satisfaction was high with 90.5% being < > or < > with their cosmetic result. There were very good correlations between the objective assessment and the patient self-assessment of the cosmetic result (chi(2)=77.98 P<0.001) and between the patient satisfaction and the patient self-assessment (chi(2)=122.65 P<0.001). CONCLUSION: This study shows very good cosmetic outcome with high patient satisfaction. These cosmetic results combined with a low local recurrence rate following wide local excision validate the operative method used.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Prediction of cosmetic outcome following conservative breast surgery using breast volume measurements.

This study was undertaken to examine the feasibility of breast volume estimation as a predictor of cosmetic outcome. We looked at the cosmetic result of conservative surgery related to the percentage of breast tissue removed. The breast tissue excised was calculated by comparing the breast volume, calculated from the mammogram, and the specimen volume. A total of 24 patients were recalled to a special clinic and were assessed for their cosmetic result by the clinician, independent observer and the patient. The assessment was based on a scale of 1 to 4 (poor to excellent). Our results show that if less than 20% of the breast was removed, all assessors felt that the cosmetic result was at least fair. If more than 20% of the breast was removed, the cosmetic score was poor as assessed by the clinician and independent observer. When excision of greater than 20% of breast tissue is anticipated, then a breast reconstruction procedure should be considered, if cosmetic outcome is to be enhanced.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Outcomes of facial cosmetic procedures.

Facial cosmetic procedures lend themselves to outcomes studies in ways that traditional reconstructive procedures may not. The most important measures of outcome in facial cosmetic surgery are quality of life and patient satisfaction, in contrast to other, more objective measures such as complications or mortality rates. For this reason, outcomes research in facial cosmetic surgery deserves a special focus of attention. In this article, we review outcomes studies for the more common facial cosmetic procedures, discuss in depth what aspects of patient-related satisfaction have been quantified by these existing studies, and highlight the direction that future outcomes research projects may wish to follow. There exists an abundance of potential interesting areas of study in facial cosmetic surgery, and the application of outcomes research methodology to these realms may allow the facial plastic surgeon to better define the success or failure of each individual facial cosmetic surgery procedure.

Airway Resistance↗
PubMed2002

Cosmetic outcome and breast morbidity in breast-conserving treatment--results from the Danish DBCG-82TM national randomized trial in breast cancer.

A total of 266 recurrence-free breast cancer patients from the randomized DBCG-82TM breast conservation trial were called in for a follow-up investigation to study the impact of surgical and radiation treatment factors on the cosmetic and functional outcome after breast conservation. The patients were interviewed and examined after a median follow-up time of 6.6 years, and 194 of them (73%) regarded the cosmetic result as excellent or good. Morbidity assessments showed that breast fibrosis, skin telangiectasia, and breast retraction were significantly associated with a less satisfactory cosmetic result. On univariate analysis, it was found that treatment with a direct anterior electron field produced more morbidity and inferior cosmetic outcomes compared with tangential photon treatment, while increasing breast size was associated with increased breast retraction and breast fibrosis. Treatment characteristics that emerged as independent prognostic factors of a poor cosmetic outcome on multivariate analysis were the use of a direct anterior electron field (OR = 2.15, CI 1.25-3.70) and adjuvant systemic therapy (OR = 2.13, 1.22-3.71). A significant but relatively low level of concordance was found between the patients' and the clinician's evaluations of cosmetic results but self-assessments of breast morbidity and psychological distress were significantly related to the observed treatment-induced side effects after breast-conserving treatment, indicating that subjective perceptions and observations as reported by the patients are relevant for the identification of treatment factors that impact on normal tissue reactions.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Cosmetic and postmastectomy breast implants: Finnish women's experiences.

The purpose of this study was to compare women's satisfaction with and short-term problems of silicone breast implants after cosmetic breast augmentation and after mastectomy. Women (n = 224) were recruited through advertising in mass media, and 91% responded to a questionnaire asking for their experiences, both positive and negative, with silicone breast implants. Approximately equal numbers of women received their implants for cosmetic reasons (augmentation group) and postmastectomy (113 and 111, respectively). Mean time from first implantation was 9 years (SD 7.3) in the cosmetic group and 8 years (SD 4.9) in the postmastectomy group. Women in the postmastectomy group received their implants at an older age than women in the cosmetic group (percent of women 45 and older, 59% and 3%, respectively). Women's overall preoperative knowledge of and postoperative satisfaction with their implants were similar in the two groups; 58% of women said that they had insufficient knowledge of breast implants preoperatively, 26% of women said they would not choose the implants again, and 44% of women expressed no dissatisfaction with their breasts. However, women in the cosmetic group were better informed about possible physical problems. One third of the women in the postmastectomy group had one or more reoperations, most frequently because of implant slippage (30%), encapsulation (26%), or implant size and shape (23%). Because insertion of breast implants is a lifelong decision, in-depth counseling about complication rates and possible risks should be given to women before implantation, and nonsurgical alternatives should be discussed, particularly for cosmetic implantation.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Prospective evaluation of late cosmetic results following breast reconstruction: II. Tram flap reconstruction.

Although it is thought that transverse rectus abdominis muscle (TRAM) flap breast reconstruction produces excellent cosmetic results that are maintained over the long term, there is little objective evidence in the literature to support this. One hundred seventy-one consecutive patients who underwent TRAM flap reconstruction were prospectively analyzed over an 8-year period to assess their morbidity and late cosmetic outcome.The early patient complication rate (< 2 months) was 37.4 percent, the late hernia and fat necrosis rates (> 2 months) were 8.8 and 13.5 percent, respectively, and the contralateral symmetrization rate was 33.9 percent. The cosmetic results were evaluated prospectively using an objective five-point global scale. Each patient was scored at each visit once surgery was completed. Follow-up continued until a flap was lost, a patient died, or the point of last patient contact was reached. Six patients died during the study. The actuarial percentage cosmetic outcome remained stable during the study period, with an acceptable result in 96.4 percent of patients at 2 years and in 94.2 percent of patients at 5 years. Only five patients in this series obtained poor cosmetic outcomes, with three due to substantial flap necrosis and two because of poor flap design. Two free TRAM flaps were also lost. Log-rank analysis revealed that neither patient age nor timing of surgery significantly affected the cosmetic outcome. Single pedicle and supercharged (single pedicle) TRAM flaps produced slightly better results than bipedicle and free TRAM flaps. In this prospective longitudinal study, TRAM flap reconstructions were shown to produce aesthetically pleasing results. Moreover, with long-term follow-up, it was demonstrated that these reconstructions maintained their stability.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1993

Quantifying the cosmetic defect of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

Cosmesis is important in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients. The aim of this study was to quantify the cosmetic defect using parameters of the ISIS (Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, England) scan. Ten nonmedical judges scored photographs of 100 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients based on cosmetic criteria. This Cosmetic Spinal Score proved to be a reliable figure. The Cosmetic Spinal Score was then compared with ISIS parameters and the Cobb angle. An equation based on ISIS parameters was developed, which could predict Cosmetic Spinal Score with sufficient reproducibility to have a useful clinical application. Bracing reduced the rib hump but not enough to improve the cosmetic appearance. Spinal fusion and Harrington instrumentation improved all measured parameters influencing physical appearance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Shave excision of common acquired melanocytic nevi: cosmetic outcome, recurrences, and complications.

BACKGROUND: Surgical treatment of benign melanocytic lesions demands the application of simple and effective surgical techniques with the possibility of performing a histopathologic examination with an acceptable cosmetic outcome. However, recurrence rates and the cosmetic result should be taken into account because the main reason for these lesions to be removed is the patient's cosmetic improvement. The present study evaluates the results obtained by shave excision of benign pigmented lesions in terms of cosmetic outcome, recurrence rates, and complications from both a subjective and an objective point of view. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Shave excision of common acquired melanocytic nevi was performed. The patients were reviewed 3 months after surgery to evaluate the objective and subjective cosmetic results, recurrences, and postsurgical complications. RESULTS: Over a 12-week period, 204 common acquired melanocytic nevi were shaved. Objective evaluation revealed excellent results in one-third (32.8%) of the lesions excised, with a poor result in 8.3%. The likelihood of having an imperceptible scar was significantly greater in lesions excised from the face (p < .05). Ninety-eight percent of patients (n = 192) declared that "the scar looked better than the original mole." Clinical and dermatoscopic recurrences were observed in 40 scars (19.6%). DISCUSSION: An acceptable cosmetic result, along with a low rate of recurrence, should be the aim of the surgical treatment of benign melanocytic lesions. The results obtained in this series allow us to provide more detailed and accurate information regarding the outcome and complications expected.

Adolescent↗