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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Educational attainment as a proxy for cognitive ability in selection: effects on levels of cognitive ability and adverse impact.

The authors examined the differences in mean level of cognitive ability and adverse impact that can be expected when selecting employees solely on educational attainment as a proxy for cognitive ability versus selecting employees directly on cognitive ability. Selection using cognitive ability worked as a more efficient cognitive screen. Imposing an educational attainment standard of at least 1 year of college, though, did result in noticeably higher levels of cognitive ability in potential applicant pools than did random selection, meaning that educational attainment does work as a cognitive screen. These results held not only in a nationally representative sample but also within and across 6 different occupational groups. Finally, adverse impact is examined for selection using educational attainment, compared with selection on the basis of cognitive ability.

Achievement↗
PubMed2002

Mini-Mental State Examination, cognitive FIM instrument, and the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment: relation to functional outcome of stroke patients.

OBJECTIVES: To compare 3 cognitive tests, used on admission, for predicting discharge functional outcome and to assess the efficacy of these tests in predicting functional outcome at discharge in stroke patients undergoing rehabilitation. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: Geriatric rehabilitation department of a tertiary care hospital in Israel. PATIENTS: Sixty-six patients undergoing acute inpatient comprehensive rehabilitation after first clinical stroke. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Cognitive status was assessed with the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA), the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and the cognitive subscale of the FIM instrument. The FIM motor subscale was used to assess functional outcome status. Functional gain was determined by the motor FIM gain (efficacy), and the relative (to potential) functional gain was determined by the Montebello Rehabilitation Factor Score. Efficiency was calculated by efficacy divided by the length of hospital stay. RESULTS: A significant increase in total FIM scores (34.8 points) occurred during rehabilitation mainly because of improvement in motor functioning (31.5 points). Significant improvement in global cognitive status was documented by all 3 tests. Intertest correlation coefficients ranged between.47 and.67. The LOTCA showed somewhat higher correlation coefficients with most of the parameters of functional motor outcomes. Correlation between the MMSE and FIM cognitive subscale and these outcome parameters were nearly identical. CONCLUSION: The LOTCA is slightly better than the MMSE and the FIM cognitive subscale in predicting functional status change after stroke rehabilitation but it is a time-consuming and exhausting instrument to use. The FIM cognitive subscale requires a better overall understanding of the patient's situation at time of administration and therefore is less convenient for the initial assessment. The similar correlation of all 3 tests with functional outcomes and the simplicity of administration of the MMSE suggests its use in the initial assessment of stroke patients.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2003

Genetic evidence for cognitive reserve: variations in memory and related cognitive functions.

Variations in cognitive functions across individuals are observed universally, and such observations serve as the basis of cognitive reserve (CR). Broadly, cognitive reserve refers to the inconsistency between neuropathology and clinical severity. The causes of such individual variations are likely to be multi-factorial. In this review, I present studies which suggest that genes are likely to be the contributing causes, and these genes interact with environmental factors to produce even greater variations in cognitive functions. A number of animal and human studies are beginning to reveal the role of genetic contributions to cognitive functions like memory, memory decline, general intelligence, and language. Twin studies suggest that there is a substantial heritable component for memory and related cognitive functions, such as general intelligence and language, but not for others. Thus, heritability estimates vary by cognitive domain. Animal studies and some human studies have identified genes or candidate loci that contribute to memory as well as other related cognitive phenotypes. Yet, our current understanding is limited. It will require interdisciplinary efforts from a number of different fields to better define the neuropsychological phenotype. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account both genetic and environmental factors to understand the complex network underlying CR.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2000

Affect and cognition in dreams: a critique of the cognitive role in adaptive dream functioning and support for associative models.

Dream affect and cognition are examined in a 4-month longitudinal study of depressed, recently divorced subjects. Several measures of cognition in dream reports were used to determine whether remitting subjects were more likely to utilize certain cognitive strategies than nonremitters. No differences were found in the cognition between those who were remitting and nonremitting subjects. Levels of cognition in dreaming were directly related to the emotional intensity of the dreams across all subjects. In subjects with higher depression scores (Beck Depression Inventory > 20), depression levels were inversely related to both dream affect and cognition. It is argued that cognition plays a secondary role in dream production. A modification of David Foulkes's model of dreaming is proposed, in which emotional intensity drives associative processes, which in turn require more elaborate cognitive devices to relate diverse activated mnemonic units.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The influence of physical and cognitive activities on simple and complex cognitive tasks in older adults.

This study examined the relative benefits of physical and cognitive activities on simple and complex cognitive task performance in older adults. Participants were 24 young (18-27 years), 24 young-old (65-74 years), 24 middle-old (75-84 years), and 24 old-old (85-92 years) adults. Participants recorded the amount of time engaged in physically and cognitively stimulating activities as well as the effort exerted during these activities. They also completed a simple and complex version of a visual imagery task. Age-related declines were evident in activity and imagery performance. Both physical and cognitive activities were related to better cognitive performance. Furthermore, cognitive activity was a stronger predictor than physical activity of the complex, but not the simple task. However, within each activity domain there were no significant differences between performance on the simple and complex task. These results suggest that physical and cognitive stimulation are useful in protecting against cognitive decline with age, but that they may exert their influence via different paths.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

Impairment in cognitive and affective empathy in patients with brain lesions: anatomical and cognitive correlates.

The present study was designed to examine the degree of impairment in cognitive and affective empathy among patients with focal brain lesions, and the contribution of specific cognitive abilities (such as cognitive flexibility and processing of emotional information), to empathy. The cognitive and affective empathic response of patients with localized prefrontal lesions (n=36) was compared to responses of patients with parietal lesions (n=15) and healthy control subjects (n=19). Results indicate that patients with prefrontal lesions (especially those with lesions involving the orbitoprefrontal and medial regions) were significantly impaired in both cognitive and affective empathy as compared to parietal patients and healthy controls. When the damage was restricted to the prefrontal cortex, either left- or right-hemisphere lesions resulted in impaired empathy. However, when the lesion involved the right hemisphere, patients with parietal lesions were also impaired. The pattern of relationships between cognitive performance and empathy suggested dissociation between the cognitive correlates of affective and cognitive empathy.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Cognitive impairment in medical inpatients. II: Do physicians miss cognitive impairment?

AIM: to study the recognition of cognitive impairment in elderly medical inpatients by medical staff. METHODS: 201 patients over 65 were assessed by administration of standard cognitive screening tests and an interview with relatives. We made Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) IIIR diagnoses of various causes of cognitive impairment and clinical diagnoses for those patients not fulfilling DSM IIIR criteria. Medical notes were scrutinized for any mention of cognitive impairment. RESULTS: 46% of the patients found to be cognitively impaired by the researcher had no record of cognitive impairment in the medical notes. However, 14 out of 15 of the patients with DSM IIIR delirium, and 22 out of the 26 patients with DSM IIIR dementia, were identified as cognitively impaired by the physicians. This suggests that the physicians were detecting the vast majority of patients with clinically significant cognitive impairment.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Cognitive function in normal-weight, overweight, and obese older adults: an analysis of the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly cohort.

OBJECTIVES: To assess how elevated body mass index (BMI) affects cognitive function in elderly people. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Data for this cross-sectional study were taken from a multicenter randomized controlled trial, the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly trial. PARTICIPANTS: The analytic sample included 2,684 normal-weight, overweight, or obese subjects aged 65 to 94. MEASUREMENTS: Evaluation of cognitive abilities was performed in several domains: global cognition, memory, reasoning, and speed of processing. Cross-sectional association between body weight status and cognitive functions was analyzed using multiple linear regression. RESULTS: Overweight subjects had better performance on a reasoning task (beta=0.23, standard error (SE)=0.11, P=.04) and the Useful Field of View (UFOV) measure (beta=-39.46, SE=12.95, P=.002), a test of visuospatial speed of processing, after controlling for age, sex, race, years of education, intervention group, study site, and cardiovascular risk factors. Subjects with class I (BMI 30.0-34.9 kg/m2) and class II (BMI>35.0 kg/m2) obesity had better UFOV measure scores (beta=-38.98, SE=14.77, P=.008; beta=-35.75, SE=17.65, and P=.04, respectively) in the multivariate model than normal-weight subjects. The relationships between BMI and individual cognitive domains were nonlinear. CONCLUSION: Overweight participants had better cognitive performance in terms of reasoning and visuospatial speed of processing than normal-weight participants. Obesity was associated with better performance in visuospatial speed of processing than normal weight. The relationship between BMI and cognitive function should be studied prospectively.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of cognitive assessment and cognitive intervention for people with multiple sclerosis.

OBJECTIVES: Cognitive problems in multiple sclerosis are common but any possible benefits of treatment remain uncertain. The aim of the study was to evaluate the benefits of providing a psychology service, including cognitive assessment and intervention, to patients with multiple sclerosis. METHOD: The study was a single blind randomised controlled trial. A total of 240 patients with clinically definite, laboratory supported, or clinically probable multiple sclerosis were recruited from an multiple sclerosis management clinic and assessed on a brief screening battery. They were randomised into three groups. The control group received no further intervention. The assessment group received a detailed cognitive assessment, the result of which was fed back to staff involved in the patients' care. The treatment group received the same detailed cognitive assessment and a treatment programme designed to help reduce the impact of their cognitive problems. Patients were followed up 4 and 8 months later on the general health questionnaire (GHQ-28), extended activities of daily living scale, SF-36, everyday memory questionnaire, dysexecutive syndrome questionnaire, and memory aids questionnaire. RESULTS: The three groups were compared on the outcome measures at 4 and 8 months after recruitment. There were few significant differences between the groups and those that occurred favoured the control group. Overall, the results showed no effect of the interventions on mood, quality of life, subjective cognitive impairment or independence. CONCLUSIONS: The study failed to detect any significant effects of cognitive assessment or cognitive intervention in this cohort of people with multiple sclerosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2024

Free-water: A promising structural biomarker for cognitive decline in aging and mild cognitive impairment.

Diffusion MRI derived free-water (FW) metrics show promise in predicting cognitive impairment and decline in aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). FW is sensitive to subtle changes in brain microstructure, so it is possible these measures may be more sensitive than traditional structural neuroimaging biomarkers. In this study, we examined the associations among FW metrics (measured in the hippocampus and two AD signature meta-ROIs) with cognitive performance, and compared FW findings to those from more traditional neuroimaging biomarkers of AD. We leveraged data from a longitudinal cohort (nparticipants = 296, nobservations = 870, age at baseline: 73 ± 7 years, 40% mild cognitive impairment [MCI]) of older adults who underwent serial neuropsychological assessment (episodic memory, information processing speed, executive function, language, and visuospatial skills) and brain MRI over a maximum of four time points, including baseline (n = 284), 18-month (n = 246), 3-year (n = 215), and 5-year (n = 125) visits. The mean follow-up period was 2.8 ± 1.3 years. Structural MRI was used to quantify hippocampal volume, in addition to Schwarz and McEvoy AD Signatures. FW and FW-corrected fractional anisotropy (FAFWcorr) were quantified in the hippocampus (hippocampal FW) and the AD signature areas (SchwarzFW, McEvoyFW) from diffusion-weighted (dMRI) images using bi-tensor modeling (FW elimination and mapping method). Linear regression assessed the association of each biomarker with baseline cognitive performance. Additionally, linear mixed-effects regression assessed the association between baseline biomarker values and longitudinal cognitive performance. A subsequent competitive model analysis was conducted on both baseline and longitudinal data to determine how much additional variance in cognitive performance was explained by each biomarker compared to the covariate only model, which included age, sex, race/ethnicity, apolipoprotein-ε4 status, cognitive status, and modified Framingham Stroke Risk Profile scores. All analyses were corrected for multiple comparisons using an FDR procedure. Cross-sectional results indicate that hippocampal volume, hippocampal FW, Schwarz and McEvoy AD Signatures, and the SchwarzFW and McEvoyFW metrics are all significantly associated with memory performance. Baseline competitive model analyses showed that the McEvoy AD Signature and SchwarzFW explain the most unique variance beyond covariates for memory (ΔRadj 2 = 3.47 ± 1.65%) and executive function (ΔRadj 2 = 2.43 ± 1.63%), respectively. Longitudinal models revealed that hippocampal FW explained substantial unique variance for memory performance (ΔRadj 2 = 8.13 ± 1.25%), and outperformed all other biomarkers examined in predicting memory decline (pFDR = 1.95 x 10-11). This study shows that hippocampal FW is a sensitive biomarker for cognitive impairment and decline, and provides strong evidence for further exploration of this measure in aging and AD.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD)↗
PubMed1997

Association of subjective memory complaints with subsequent cognitive decline in community-dwelling elderly individuals with baseline cognitive impairment.

OBJECTIVE: The validity of subjective memory complaints has been questioned by clinical studies that have shown little relationship between memory complaints and objective memory performance. These studies often have been cross-sectional in design, have excluded individuals with cognitive impairment, or have lacked a comparison group. The authors conducted a study that attempted to avoid these limitations. METHOD: Memory complaints of 364 nondemented, community-dwelling elderly individuals were recorded as present or absent at the baseline evaluation. After 1 year, 169 subjects were reevaluated. Standardized neurologic and neuropsychological evaluations were used at each assessment to classify subjects as normal or cognitively impaired. RESULTS: At baseline, 31% of the normal subjects and 47% of those with cognitive impairment had memory complaints. Subjects with memory complaints had higher Hamilton depression scale scores than subjects without memory complaints but equivalent scores on a measure of total recall. At follow-up, multivariate analyses showed that subjects with baseline memory complaints had significantly greater decline in memory and cognition than subjects without memory complaints. Secondary analyses showed this effect to be confined to subjects with baseline cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS: Memory complaints may lack validity in subjects with normal cognition, but in nondemented individuals with cognitive impairment, memory complaints may predict subsequent cognitive decline.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Cognitive tempo and cognitive level relationships among mentally retarded children.

The purpose of this investigation was to ascertain predictive relationships between and within cognitive tempo and cognitive level characteristics of 33 moderately retarded junior high school children. The Matching Familiar Figures Test was used to establish cognitive tempo characteristics and the Essential Math and Language Skills Inventory was used to determine cognitive level characteristics. A multiple regression analysis indicated no significant predictive relationship from elements of cognitive tempo to elements of cognitive level. Elements of cognitive level, however, could predict elements of cognitive tempo. Implications for future research were discussed. Cross-validation on a larger sample is required.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Cognitive dysfunction among the elderly evaluated by the cognitive abilities screening instrument (CASI)].

The Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI) was developed by Japanese and American researchers, including the authors, to examine cognitive functions, based on previous neuropsychological tests, such as Hasegawa's Dementia Scale and the MMSE. From the Adult Health Study (AHS) population of the Radiation Effects Research Foundation, 2052 men and women aged 60 or over and living in Hiroshima were evaluated for their cognitive functions using the CASI. Dementia was diagnosed in 93 and 1,959 were considered not to suffer from dementia based on the DSM-III-R criteria using neurological examination and the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) completed by caregivers. Multivariate regression analysis not only indicated that total score was higher with lower age and higher education but that the slope of its decrease is steeper with higher age and fewer years of education. The slope of score decrease with increase of age was steeper for women than for men. Furthermore, CASI items were categorized by domains of cognitive function. Multivariate regression analysis for each cognitive domain showed clear effects of age and level of education. The effect of age for the nondementia subjects was large in cognitive domains dealing with temporal orientation, short-term memory, and list-generating fluency. The most useful cognitive domains for diagnosing dementia were temporal orientation, short-term memory, and list-generating fluency, as was indicated by high sensitivity and specificity.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

[Cognition for visual perception of a student apprentice of dental hygiene to the presence of a parent beside the dental chair for dental treatment. The study of cognitive style and personality traits].

With a view to knowing how the dental hygienist looks at and makes cognition of a mother who is kept standing by her child just receiving his dental treatment, cognition from visual perception was examined, by dental hygienist apprentice. Possible difference in scene cognition process according to different cognition style of these subjects was also analyzed from the elements of eye-movement. On the basis of the results of a YG character test performed together, cognition styles and personality traits were examined additionally. The results obtained were as follows: 1. From the number of total scanned sites upon the observation of test movie, 9 and 6 subjects having reflective cognition style and impulsive cognition style, respectively could be divided out of all 43 subjects. 2. When the mother's countenance turned from calmness to uneasiness, the reflective style-group showed increased gaze at the mother's face. 3. When the mother's countenance turned from calmness to uneasiness, the impulsive style-group showed especially increased gaze at the child's face, with a tendency to gazing obviously biased toward his face. 4. The reflective style-group tended to have visual scanning strategies by which it observes each of the sites under test movie, while always contrasting them. 5. The impulsive style-group tended to have visual scanning strategies by which it observes one of the sites under test movie and then the other. 6. Compared with the reflective style-group, the impulsive style-group showed personality traits such as less depression, low general activity and weak initiative. 7. The above results revealed that a subject having impulsive cognition style found a difficulty in taking a wide view of the situation in which its mother is just present in the treating room and was easily put under visual influence of any change in its mother's countenance.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Cognitive assessment in the acute care setting: reliability and validity of the Levels of Cognitive Functioning Assessment Scale (LOCFAS).

Nurses have responsibility for accurate assessment of cognitive functioning for traumatic brain injured (TBI) patients early in the posttrauma period to enhance rehabilitation with appropriate care planning. To meet this need the Levels of Cognitive Functioning Assessment Scale (LOCFAS) was adapted from the Rancho Los Amigo Levels of Cognitive Functioning instrument. One validity and three reliability studies were conducted using videotapes of five TBI patients at different levels of cognitive functioning. Interrater and intrarater reliability was assessed using coefficient kappa. With raters experienced in assessing cognitive functioning, agreement among cognitive levels was 1.00 with a mean agreement of .997 (SD = .006) for individual items. With inexperienced raters in cognitive assessment, mean agreement for levels was .839 (SD = .120) and for individual items, .830 (SD = .052) Intrarater reliability, after a two-week interval, yielded a mean agreement of .860 (SD = .088) for levels. Criterion-related validity of the LOCFAS was demonstrated by correlating it with the Rancho Los Amigos Levels of Cognitive Functioning scale. The resultant Pearson r correlation was .929. Implications for nursing practice and nursing education are discussed.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1999

Subjective cognitive complaints, affective distress, and objective cognitive performance in Persian Gulf War veterans.

We examined subjective cognitive complaints, affective distress, and cognitive performance in Persian Gulf veterans who reported illness and cognitive complaints. We predicted a stronger relationship between subjective cognitive complaints and affective distress than between subjective cognitive complaints and objective cognitive performance. This prediction was confirmed in a sample of 100 veterans. The results suggest that cognitive impairment should not be diagnosed in this population without objective confirmation with cognitive testing.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Older adults with epilepsy demonstrate cognitive impairments compared with patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment.

Little is known about the cognitive effects of chronic epilepsy in older adults. To better characterize cognitive impairment in seniors with epilepsy, we compared cognitive performance of 26 seniors with epilepsy with that of 26 well-matched patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 26 well-matched healthy older adults. Participants completed neuropsychological testing with the Dementia Rating Scale (DRS), Logical Memory, and CFL Word Fluency. There were no significant demographic group differences, although seniors with epilepsy had higher self-reported depression. Seniors with epilepsy performed below controls on virtually all neuropsychological tests, and performed below patients with MCI on DRS Total score, Initiation/Perseveration, and CFL Fluency. Seniors with epilepsy on antiepileptic drug (AED) polytherapy had the most severe cognitive deficits, whereas seniors with epilepsy on AED monotherapy were comparable to cholinesterase inhibitor-naïve patients with MCI. This study emphasizes the clinical importance of cognitive impairment in seniors with epilepsy and highlights the need for future studies addressing causes and treatment of cognitive impairment.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

Cognitive experimental approaches to investigating impaired cognition in schizophrenia: a paradigm shift.

There has been a growing interest in cognitive deficits in schizophrenia in recent years. The use of traditional clinical neuropsychological measures of cognition in schizophrenia has the advantages of normative data and standardized administration, and remains the standard for cognitive assessment in clinical practice. However for the investigation of cognition in schizophrenia these methods have critical limitations in their ability to measure specific cognitive processes. In this paper we discuss solutions to these interpretive and measurement issues that can be provided by measures derived from experimental cognitive psychology. We suggest that the use of these measures will increasingly become the preferred approach to the investigation of the nature, neurobiology and genetics of impaired cognition in schizophrenia in the coming years.

Cognition Disorders↗