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PubMed1989

Alteration of neutrophil function associated with coccidiosis in cattle: influence of decoquinate and dexamethasone.

Twenty Holstein steers subclinically infected with coccidia were allotted to 2 groups of 10 steers each. One group received a diet containing 0.5 mg of decoquinate/kg of body weight. After 25 days on the diet, there was no difference between the groups in lymphocyte blastogenic responsiveness to mitogens; however, there were differences in neutrophil function. Lymphocytes from steers of the decoquinate-fed group had decreased random migration under agarose, enhanced cytochrome C reduction, and enhanced iodination activity. Other measures of neutrophil function evaluated (chemotactic index, Staphylococcus aureus ingestion, and antibody-dependent and -independent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) were not affected. After 30 days of decoquinate feeding, half of the cattle in each group received 5 daily IM injections of dexamethasone (0.04 mg/kg of body weight). The dexamethasone-treated steers from the group that did not have decoquinate in the diet developed clinical coccidiosis, whereas the decoquinate-treated steers remained clinically normal. Lymphocyte and neutrophil function were again evaluated for a 3-day period beginning 4 days after dexamethasone treatment was halted. Neutrophils from the steers that developed clinical coccidiosis after dexamethasone administration had significantly (P less than 0.05) inhibited random migration under agarose, cytochrome C reduction, and iodination activity, but significantly (P less than 0.01) enhanced S aureus ingestion. The feeding of decoquinate prevented the inhibition of neutrophil cytochrome C reduction and lessened the inhibition of neutrophil iodination in the dexamethasone-treated group. Dexamethasone treatment was associated with an inhibition of lymphocyte blastogenic responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin in principals as well as controls.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Is coccidiosis in mature cattle an exception?].

An outbreak of coccidiosis in a group of forty Jersey cattle is reported. This group formed part of a population of 200 dairy cattle. Severe infection by Dictyocaulus viviparus occurred prior to this outbreak of coccidiosis. The two clinical pictures were confined to the group of Jerseys, which animals had been imported from Denmark during the previous autumn and winter (1983-1984).

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Analysis of losses due to subclinical small intestinal coccidiosis caused by Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria maxima under field conditions].

Subclinical coccidiosis of broiler chickens caused by Eimeria (E.) acervulina and E. maxima results in a negative effect on feed conversion and retardation of growth. In the present report investigations in 80 broiler flocks are described in which the relationship between age of infection and economic effects were analysed under field conditions. Under these conditions, infections with E. acervulina and E. maxima were found to have a negative effect on growth and feed conversion, that this negative effect persists and accumulates for approximately three weeks following infection, and is subsequently completely or partly compensated for by increased growth rates. In the present study it was established that the losses due to subclinical coccidiosis of the small intestine in the 80 flocks investigated amounted to 6.4 cents per chicken under conditions occurring in the Netherlands. Ionophorous coccidiostats did not prevent infection with E. acervulina and E. maxima but did prevent infections with E. brunetti, E. necatrix and E. tenella.

Aging↗
PubMed1987

Coccidiosis in sheep and goats.

Coccidiosis is one of the most important diseases of sheep and goats in the United States because of its effect of productivity, especially in the growing of lambs and kids. Control of coccidiosis is dependent on management techniques to reduce overcrowding, fecal contamination and stress, and on proper use of effective coccidiostats, such as lasalocid and decoquinate, to prevent clinical disease. The sheep and goat industries need two unrelated effective coccidiostats approved for use in these species.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[Etiopathogenesis and epizootiology of coccidiosis in rabbits].

Studies were carried out on the etiology and epizootiology of rabbit coccidiosis. Three experimental groups of rabbits were infected with intestinal, liver, and mixed intestinal and liver coccidia. The shedding of oocysts and the clinical course of the disease were followed up, with description of the morphologic changes and the results of the biochemical examinations of the blood. A total of eight species of coccidia were established in all cases--Eimeria magna, E. intestinalis, E. piriformis, E. media, E. exigua, E. irresidua, E. perforans, and E. stidae. Predominating were E. magna, E. perforans, and E. irresidua. Results showed that all age groups of rabbits were susceptible to the coccidial infection, mostly the weaned bunnies and young ones aged 2-3 months. It is admitted that under the present conditions of this country's rabbit raising coccidiosis is a disease of a seasonal character. Biochemical investigations of blood taken from experimentally infected rabbits revealed that the changes in the activity of GOT and alkaline phosphatase and in the amount of bilirubin were most pronounced.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Prevention and control of coccidiosis in goats with decoquinate.

Decoquinate was evaluated as a coccidiostat in domestic goats. Fifty goats less than 4 months of age were assigned to 5 groups (pens) of 10 goats each and were treated for 87 days with 0 (control), 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, or 4.0 mg of decoquinate in feed/kg of body weight. Goats were inoculated orally weight. Goats were inoculated orally with 30,000 oocysts, mainly Eimeria christenseni (74%) and E ninakohlyakimovae (20%) on day 19. Nontreated goats developed profuse watery diarrhea and tenesmus and gained weight poorly; 2 died. Treated goats did not develop clinical coccidiosis and gained significantly more weight (P less than 0.05), regardless of the dose used. Treated goats also had significantly fewer (P less than 0.05) oocysts in feces than did nontreated controls. Oocyst numbers were inversely related to dose; a more rapid decrease in oocyst numbers occurred as the dose was increased. At the doses used, decoquinate was safe in goats and was an effective drug for the prevention of clinical coccidiosis.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed1985

Control of Isospora suis-induced coccidiosis on a swine farm.

Results of a program designed to control neonatal porcine coccidiosis on a total confinement, farrow-to-finish swine farm are reported. The control program consisted of washing, phenol disinfection, and steam cleaning of farrowing houses and treatment of sows with amprolium HCl before and after farrowing. Before initiation of the control program, 88.9% of the sows examined in the farrowing house were negative for coccidian oocysts, 9.9% were positive for Eimeria spp, and 1.2% were positive for Isospora suis. Most pigs nursing on sows before initiation of the control program had diarrhea at 5 to 10 days of age, which led to dehydration and weight loss. Morbidity was high, and mortality was moderate. Composite fecal samples from these litters were all positive (100%) for I suis. After initiation of the control program, 99.6% of the sows examined in the farrowing house were negative for coccidian oocysts and 0.4% were positive for Eimeria spp. Clinical signs of coccidiosis were rarely present in nursing pigs examined after the control program was initiated; however, I suis was still present in 19.8% of the composite fecal samples from pigs examined. An association between oocyst production in sows and I suis infections in pigs was not found in the present study. Oocysts of Eimeria spp were not found in the feces from the pigs.

Amprolium↗
PubMed1973

The effect of dietary crude protein level on intestinal and cecal coccidiosis in chicken.

The effect of interaction of crude protein level in the diet and coccidiosis of the cecum and small intestine of chicks was investigated. A total of 390 day-old chicks were divided in 36 groups of ten and six groups of five chicks each. Twelve groups of ten and two groups of six chicks each were fed one of the three diets based on dietary crude protein level (16%, 20% and 24%). All diets contained an equal energy concentration. The chicks were on the appropriate diet for 15 days prior to infection. Each group was then subjected to one of the three treatments (a) control, (b) a single dose infection with 100,000 oocysts of Eimeria acervulina and (c) a single dose infection with 10,000 oocysts of Eimeria tenella. On the eighth day post infection all surviving E. tenella infected chicks and two replicates per dietary treatment of control and E. acervulina infected chicks were killed. An increase in dietary crude protein led to a linear (P<0.01) increase in daily gains and feed efficiency but did not affect feed consumption of chicks during one to 15 days pre-infection. Coccidiosis caused a reduction in daily gain, feed consumption and efficiency of feed utilization, the effect being more severe in E. tenella infection. The effect of dietary crude protein was protective against weight reduction. Chicks infected with E. tenella fed 24% crude protein had a higher (P<0.01) mortality rate than those fed on 16% or 20% crude protein level. The oocyst production by E. acervulina infected chicks was also higher (P<0.01) at the 24% crude protein level. The E. acervulina infected chicks exhibited compensatory growth during the eight to 14 days post infection. The compensatory growth was superior at the higher crude protein levels. The mechanism of compensatory growth is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Ovine coccidiosis: effect of the antibiotic monensin against Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae and other naturally occurring coccidia of sheep.

Sixteen female and 16 male lambs were used in 4 groups to determine the effect of monensin on naturally occurring and experimentally induced coccidiosis. Determinations of numbers of oocysts discharged, quantities of feces discharged, feed consumption, and weight gain were made for female and male lambs in each group. The effect of experimentally induced and naturally occurring coccidiosis on the performance of each group was compared. Nonmedicated lambs, experimentally inoculated with Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae, gained the least weight. Lambs naturally infected with coccidia gained next best and inoculated lambs, in 2 groups medicated with 10 or 20 ppm of monensin in the feed, gained best. The average net gain for the 4 groups was 7.8, 9.7, 13.7, and 13.7 kg. The medicated lambs required less feed/kilogram of weight gain than did the nonmedicated lambs. In general, female lambs were more severely affected by the coccidia, consumed more feed, produced more fecal material, and gained less weight than did male lambs.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1984

Bovine coccidiosis: protective effects of low-level infection and coccidiostat treatments in calves.

Twenty coccidia-free Holstein bull calves were allotted to groups to study effects of treatment with lasalocid and decoquinate on subsequent resistance to coccidiosis (Eimeria spp infections). Calves fed medicated rations of either drug at dosages of 50 mg/kg of feed (approx 1.2 mg/kg of body weight) had significantly fewer oocysts (P less than 0.01) than did nontreated controls regardless of other procedures used. Treated calves premunized with 2,000 oocysts/day for 5 days and later challenge inoculated with 200,000 oocysts did not develop diarrhea, unless the drugs were withdrawn from feed. Animals premunized (2,000 oocysts/day for 5 days) in absence of drug were no more resistant to the challenge inoculation than nonpremunized animals. These results indicated that lasalocid and decoquinate were efficacious coccidiostats and protected calves as long as they were administered. Cessation of drug treatment usually resulted in appearance of oocysts in feces and diarrhea. Premunization alone cannot be expected to prevent coccidiosis when animals are exposed to large numbers of oocysts.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Changes in RNA biosynthesis in the liver of chicks with coccidiosis].

The RNA fraction and the intensity of their turnover in chick liver during experimental coccidiosis was studied. A marked (about 60%) increase of intensity of mRNA turnover with no changes in its amount was found. It was shown that pre-rRNA biosynthesis was significantly enhanced and, due to it, the amount of both pre-rRNA and mature 18S rRNA was increased while the level of 28S rRNA was unchanged. The relations between the observed changes of RNA biosynthesis and protein biosynthesis in liver in coccidiosis as well as the role of these changes in pathological process studied are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of an improved floor pen model for severe coccidiosis.

An improved model was evaluated for determining the efficacy of salinomycin (or other anticoccidials) against severe coccidiosis in floor-pen-reared broiler chickens. Broilers were isolated in wire-floored starting batteries until they were 14 days old, then placed in floor pens and exposed to Eimeria spp. from two sources: litter heavily contaminated with three to eight cycles of coccidia-infected seeder birds, and feed contaminated with oocysts. This procedure resulted in an average mortality rate of 49.3% due to coccidiosis, and evidence of disease was present in all unmedicated birds examined. High lesion scores, depressed weight gains, and poor feed conversion were also observed. Salinomycin, 60 ppm, was efficacious against various mixed species infections in this model.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

A brief review of bovine coccidiosis in Western Canada.

Coccidiosis of beef cattle, in both its enteric and nervous forms, seen in feedlots in Western Canada is discussed. Cases of coccidiosis accompanied by nervous signs, occasionally up to 30% of those affected enterically, are most common during the coldest winter months. The pathogenesis of the nervous form of the disease is unknown. Clinical management of disease outbreaks using various chemotherapeutics is described. The importance of using anticoccidial drugs before the onset of clinical signs in cattle in contact with sick animals is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Lasalocid and monensin in finishing diets for early weaned lambs with naturally occurring coccidiosis.

Early weaned male crossbred lambs (n = 90) with an average weight of 14 kg were used in 6 groups to evaluate the efficacy of monensin (22 mg/g of feed) and lasalocid (12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg of feed) on naturally occurring coccidiosis. Average 24-hour oocyst output at the start of the experiment ranged from 5.7 x 10(6) to 156.7 x 10(6) for monensin-treated and 100-mg lasalocid-treated groups, respectively. Monensin and lasalocid were effective against Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae of E ahsata. To day 103, body weight gains were similar for the 4 groups fed lasalocid (336 g/day) and averaged 6% higher (P greater than 0.05) than did gains in control and monensin-treated lambs. Feed efficacy averaged 9% higher (P less than 0.05) for lambs fed 25, 50, and 100 mg of lasalocid/kg of feed and 7% higher (P greater than 0.05) for lambs fed monensin and 12.5 mg of lasalocid/kg of feed. There were no treatment effects on digestibility, although lasalocid tended to increase (P greater than 0.05) crude protein digestibility (values were higher on day 76 than on day 28). Lasalocid and monensin were potent manipulators of rumen fermentation. Increasing the amount of lasalocid in the feed was associated with successive increases (P less than 0.05) in molar proportions of propionic acid and decreases (P less than 0.05) in acetic acid. Lasalocid and monensin controlled naturally occurring coccidiosis and improved performance in early weaned lambs (45 days old) under feedlot conditions.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Epizootic of coccidiosis in free-flying lesser scaup.

A coccidiosis epizootic has occurred in lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) at Bluestem Reservoir in eastern Nebraska during the spring in each of three recent years: 1976-1978. Losses peaked during the period from mid-March through April. As much as 29% of the peak population of scaup using the reservoir died. Necropsies of 72 of the nearly 1390 scaup that died revealed destruction and sloughing of the intestinal mucosa and associated hemorrhaging. Fibrinonecrotic cores were frequently found in the intestinal lumens. Scrapings from the intestinal mucosal contained massive numbers of oocysts of the coccidian Eimeria aythyae. This is the first report of recurrent epizootics of coccidiosis in freeflying waterfowl.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Intractable diarrhea of infancy due to intestinal coccidiosis.

Intestinal coccidiosis in a 6-mo-old infant terminated fatally after 30 wk of continuous total parenteral nutrition, and proved refractory to treatment with antibiotics, hydrocortisone, and antimetabolic agents. Intestinal biopsies obtained at laparotomy revealed flattened mucosa infiltrated with coccidia at various stages of the parasites' life cycle. The course was characterized by severe diarrhea due to a cholera-like hypersecretion of intraluminal fluid. This case suggests that intestinal coccidiosis may be included among the small number of conditions responsible for authentic "intractable diarrhea of infancy."

Coccidiosis↗
PubMed1978

[Pathogenic study of turkey coccidiosis due to Eimeria adenoeides (author's transl)].

Male turkeys were infected with Eimeria adenoeides at approximately 15 or more days old. They received either a single inoculation or daily infections comprising a constant dose of oocytsts. The observed decrease in growth was largely due to a lower than normal intake of food. A comparison of single and multiple infections showed that the duration of the observed symptoms hardly differed in either case. Changes in certain blood parameters which occured during the course of the disease were similar to the changes seen in chickens with caecal coccidiosis. The persistence of these changes following repeated infections revealed the action of a parasite on digestive function which is not found in chickens infected with E. tenella. Modifications of the caecal bacterial flora were also observed (an increase in the populations of enterobacterial and anaerobes) during the course of the development of the parasitic disorder. Repeated infections prolonged the duration of this phenomenon. The similarity of those variations to those observed in the chicken with caecal coccidiosis suggests a fundamental role of some bacteria in the expression of the pathogenic potential of E. adenoeides.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Innate and acquired immunity vs. anticoccidial medication in managing coccidiosis in turkeys.

Turkeys 2, 6, or 10 weeks old that had been reared free of coccidial infection were susceptibe to infection with Eimeria meleagrimitis, E. adenoeides, and E. gallopavonis. The 6- or 10-week-old birds were more resistant to infection than the 2-week-old birds (no deaths from coccidiosis vs. 100% mortality). Lesion scores were lower in 10-week-old birds than in 6-week-old birds, but significantly greater weight losses occurred in the older birds. Turkeys reared in floor pens contaminated experimentally with coccidia were immune to homologous challenge at 10 weeks old, with only slight (numerical) reduction of weight gains following challenge with 50,000 oocysts/bird of each species. These results demonstrated some degree of innate resistance associated with age, although not enough to protect against heavy challenge. The resistance of birds reared in floor pens was due largely to acquired immunity resulting from infection with coccidia. Amprolium (125 ppm), monensin (100 ppm), or Polystat (250 ppm) protected the turkeys against experimental infections in floor pens, as measured by weight gains, feed efficiency, death due to coccidiosis, and lesion scores.

Age Factors↗