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PubMedDate not supplied

Surgical correction of adult neglected clubfoot: three case histories.

Surgical correction of the neglected, and severely deformed clubfoot in the adult is necessary to achieve plantigrade, pain free, and cosmetically acceptable feet. Also, it is important that the patient is able to wear shoes and participate in a more active and normal life. Three adult immigrants with neglected clubfoot underwent surgical correction for the first time. Posterior medial plantar soft tissue release and a double arthrodesis involving calcaneal cuboid wedge resection with talonavicular fusion have been effective in removing rearfoot varus, providing minimal shortening, and restoring the foot to a normal plantigrade position.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Treatment of severe and neglected clubfoot with a double zigzag incision: outcome of 21 feet in 15 patients followed up between 1 and 5 years.

Patients presenting late for treatment of clubfoot deformity are still common in many parts of the world. These feet are often rigid and severely deformed. Surgical correction is the prevailing option to attain a plantigrade foot, and the extent of correction required predisposes to wound-healing problems. We present the results of treatment of 15 patients (21 feet) with severe, untreated congenital talipes equino varus, who underwent operations using a double zigzag incision as a single-stage procedure. These patients ranged in age from 6 months to 4 years and presented late, having received no treatment or inadequate treatment since birth. The desired end point of the study was a fully corrected foot with a wound that would heal primarily without complications. The etiology was isolated congenital talipes equino varus in 11 patients and arthrogryposis multiplex congenita in 4 patients. Eleven patients were boys and 4 were girls; 6 patients underwent bilateral procedures. The patients were graded preoperatively and postoperatively using the Dimeglio classification, with 10 feet classified preoperatively as grade 3 and 11 graded as grade 4. Desired correction was achieved in all feet, and all wounds healed uneventfully with no complications. This single-stage technique is very safe and cost-effective and is an easy alternative to standard techniques for dealing with late-presenting untreated severe clubfoot deformities.

Arthrogryposis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Treatment of relapsed idiopathic clubfoot by complete subtalar release combined with the Ilizarov method.

This study presents the clinical and radiographic outcomes of 6 feet (4 patients) with relapsed idiopathic clubfoot that were treated with a combination of subtalar release and the Ilizarov method. The mean patient age at the time of the surgery was 7.4 years (range, 4.5-10.5 years), and the mean follow-up was 5.1 years (range, 2.0-7.3 years). All cases achieved a plantigrade foot, better walking ability, and parental satisfaction with the result. Ankle joint range of motion increased from a mean of 17 degrees (range, 10-30 degrees) preoperatively to 45 degrees (range, 35-65 degrees) at final follow-up. The talocalcaneal angle improved from a mean of 26 degrees (range, 15-34 degrees) preoperatively to 55 degrees (range, 47-65 degrees) at follow-up. The mean tibiocalcaneal angle improved from 95 degrees (range, 87-115 degrees) preoperatively to 80 degrees (77-83 degrees) at follow-up, whereas the talometatarsal angle improved from a preoperative mean of -19 degrees (range, -35 to -10 degrees) to 3.5 degrees (range, -5 to 7 degrees) at follow-up. Recurrence was observed in only 1 foot with forefoot adductus, caused by a pin tract infection and early fixator removal. These cases suggest the Ilizarov method combined with subtalar release are beneficial for the treatment of relapsed idiopathic clubfoot.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Treatment of congenital clubfoot with the Ponseti method].

AIM: The primary therapy for congenital clubfoot is non-surgical involving manipulation and serial casting. With traditional casting, relatively large numbers of feet require extensive surgery to achieve full correction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the Ponseti method. METHODS: Between 1.1.2004 und 31.12.2005, 29 patients with 41 clubfeet were treated with the Ponseti method. Only patients without any prior treatment were included. Classification followed Pirani's score. The number of casts to full correction, tenotomies, number of posteromedial releases, dorsi-, plantarflexion and hindfoot position were documented. The follow-up time was 1-9 months, the average follow-up time was 9.1 months. RESULTS: 39 clubfeet were successfully treated with the Ponseti method. The average Pirani score was 4.9. Percutaneous tenotomies were necessary in 34 of the clubfeet. Average dorsiflexion was 19 degrees and plantarflexion 42 degrees . After failed Ponseti treatment 2 feet were treated with a posteromedial release. CONCLUSION: With the Ponseti method the need for extensive corrective surgery is greatly reduced. We recommend the Ponseti method as standard therapy in clubfoot management.

Casts, Surgical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Arterial blood flow in congenital idiopathic clubfoot].

A doppler ultrasound study investigated vascularity in congenital idiopathic clubfeet (talipes equinovarus, (TEV) pretreated only by casting and physiotherapy. The studies were performed on 40 TEV (27 patients) aged 4-72 months (average 15.1). In 12 unilateral cases of TEV, the opposite normal foot and 74 normal feet of 37 healthy children aged 3-35 months (average 8.7) were used as controls. Dorsalis pedis (DP), posterior tibial (PT), and peroneal (P) pulses were recorded by an unidirectional 8 MHZ continuous wave technique. At rest, DP pulses and PT pulses were present in all investigated TEVs. P pulse was absent in only one case of TEV. In the group of controls DP pulse was absent in one case and P pulse was absent in an other case of normal foot with contralateral TEV. All the other pulses in normal feet were present at physiological location. We propose that a vascular etiology for the origin of congenital idiopathic clubfoot, as reported in literature, is unlikely. The influence of postnatal casting in TEV on the vascular arterial condition is slight or even absent. Doppler assessment is readily available, noninvasive, and a reproducible mean of monitoring vascular integrity in clubfeet. Relating to vascular complications after surgery, perhaps caused by a preextant arterial anomaly, doppler assessment is indicated routinely in syndromes of multiple malformations with clubfoot deformity before surgical treatment. In congenital idiopathic clubfeet it is not necessary as a routine check.

Arteries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Combined caudal and general anesthesia in clubfoot surgery].

In a retrospective study we analysed the effect of caudal epidural anesthesia combined with general anesthesia on requirement for intraoperative narcotics and postoperative analgesics in children undergoing surgical release of congenital clubfoot. In 20 children (mean age at day of surgery 4,7 months) general anesthesia was supplemented by caudal epidural anesthesia, controls (20 children, mean age 4,3 months) received general anesthesia only. Compared to controls, the amount of narcotics was significantly reduced in the caudal epidural group (1,1 Vol% compared to 1,6 Vol% Isofluran). As well the use of analgesics in the postoperative phase was decreased from 112,5 mg to 56,3 mg Paracetamol. The children in the caudal epidural group recovered from anesthesia more comfortably. No complications occurred in either group. Our results show, that general anesthesia combined with caudal epidural anesthesia is more suitable for surgical release of congenital clubfoot than the exclusive use of general anesthesia.

Analgesics↗
PubMed1997

Congenital clubfoot. Month of conception.

The medical records of 330 children who were born with uncomplicated congenital clubfoot were reviewed retrospectively. To determine their months of conception, the duration of gestation was extrapolated and those which were less than 40 weeks were noted. The years of conception for the studied children were from 1956 to 1994. Months of the year were ascribed angle values and the distribution of conceptions per month were grouped in radial manner. Using a circular analysis for variance a lack of uniform circular distribution was found for the grouped months of conception. There is a significant seasonal variation in the data. The mean month of conception was June. This finding is at variance with the peak months of conception for the population of the United States for the years 1989 through 1993. The theory that congenital clubfoot is caused by an intrauterine Enterovirus may be supported by this data. The summer and fall peak of Enterovirus infections in temperate climates coincide with the stage of embryologic development (> 8 weeks) which would allow an anterior horn cell lesion to lead to a deformity such as congenital club foot.

Clubfoot↗
PubMed2002

Significance of talar distortion for ankle mobility in idiopathic clubfoot.

The abnormal bony feature found most consistently in clubfeet is talar distortion. The significance of the talar distortion for mobility of the tibiotalar joint was investigated. Twenty-seven congenital clubfeet in 19 patients were examined at a minimal followup of 20 years. In all patients Turco's posteromedial release was done because of idiopathic clubfoot. Radiographic assessment of the feet included measurement of the talocalcaneal angle and index, and the tibiocalcaneal angle. The degree of talar flattening was estimated by the ratio of the curvature of the talar dome to the length of the talar bone (radius to length ratio). Three-dimensional gait analysis was done to assess the dynamic range of ankle motion. The static range of motion was measured with a goniometer. The degree of talar flattening correlated significantly with the dynamic range of ankle motion but not with the static mobility. For assessment of idiopathic clubfoot, evaluation of talar flattening should be done because of its significance for dynamic ankle mobility.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anterior tibial tendon transfer in residual dynamic clubfoot deformity.

Residual forefoot adduction and supination deformities with functional problems and difficulty with shoe wear may occur during the course of management of the congenital clubfoot. Between 1975 and 1988, 55 patients with 71 feet who had residual dynamic clubfoot deformity underwent anterior tibial tendon transfer. There were 42 full anterior tibial tendon transfers (FTs) and 29 split anterior tibial tendon transfers (STs). The average age of the patient at the time of the procedure was 6 years. The age at surgery for FT was 5.3 years compared with 7.1 years in ST. The clinical appearance of the feet improved in both groups, according to Garceau's criteria. The range-of-motion improvement was noted in dorsiflexion and eversion. There was an increase of eversion strength of both groups by 1.5 grades. The radiographic improvement was noted in both forefoot adduction and supination. Although the FT group had a little better statistical data than did the ST group, the ST group had better preservation of inversion function.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Patient-based outcomes after clubfoot surgery.

Despite decades of experience in the area of clubfoot repair, considerable uncertainty remains regarding indications, surgical technique, and long-term results of treatment. Much of this uncertainty is due to the lack of a standardized and valid method for assessing postoperative outcomes of clubfoot repair. The current study used various end points to compare traditional and patient-based outcome measures and to develop a disease-specific instrument that is both meaningful to the patient and statistically valid. A cohort of 46 patients was identified, and several types of outcomes data were collected, including traditional end points of outcome (range of motion and radiographic criteria, qualitative patient-based data) and a previously validated instrument measuring pediatric functional status (FSIIr). At an average follow-up of 45 months, radiographic measures and range of motion were comparable to values published in previous studies. Postoperative functional status, as measured by the FSIIr, did not differ from that of age-matched controls. Psychometric analysis of these data allowed us to generate a 10-item disease-specific instrument (DSI), which conveyed patient-based attitudes toward outcome.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Talo-calcaneal relationship in clubfoot.

Talo-calcaneal angles were measured on anteroposterior, stress dorsiflexion, and plantarflexion lateral radiographs of 75 normal feet and 145 clubfeet. The talus and calcaneum from 15 normal fetal limbs were dissected without disturbing the subtalar capsule. Anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of these specimens were also obtained. The long axes of the ossific nuclei and the long axes of the cartilaginous anlagen of the bones were marked, and the talo-calcaneal angles were measured. The talo-calcaneal angles were lower in clubfeet than in normal feet, but there was considerable overlap in the ranges of normal and clubfeet for all the angles measured. The lateral talo-calcaneal angles in normal feet were higher in dorsiflexion than in plantarflexion, whereas the converse was true in clubfeet. The talo-calcaneal angles measured from the axes of the ossific nuclei of the fetal specimens were higher than those measured from the axes of the cartilaginous anlagen. Using logistic regression analysis, a mathematical model was made to predict the probability of correction of clubfeet. A lateral talo-calcaneal angle difference (between the stress dorsiflexion and plantarflexion angles) of 20 degrees suggests that there is a 93% probability that the hindfoot deformity of clubfoot has been adequately corrected. A talo-calcaneal angle of 30 degrees or a talo-calcaneal index of 40 degrees does not ensure correction of clubfoot. A decrease of the talo-calcaneal angle by up to 10 degrees occurs as the child grows because of the alteration of the shape of the ossific nucleus of the talus that occurs normally with growth.

Cadaver↗
PubMed2002

Percutaneous fixation in clubfoot surgery: a radiographic and gait study.

Twenty patients with Type II clubfeet were evaluated an average of 3.1 years after complete surgical soft tissue release. A pinned group had fixation of the talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joints and a non-pinned group had no fixation. The control group consisted of 10 children without foot ailments. Radiographic measurements of talocalcaneal and talus-first metatarsal angles and frequencies of dorsal and medial navicular subluxation were not different for the two treatment groups. Foot progression angle was not significantly different for the two treatment groups, but was significantly different between all clubfoot patients (3.6 degrees of in-toeing) and the control group (5.0 degrees of out-toeing). Tourniquet time was significantly greater for the pinned than for the non-pinned group, but the duration of surgery was similar. Similar radiographic and gait measurement findings suggest that clubfoot surgery with and without percutaneous fixation have comparable outcomes.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2004

Calcaneus gait following treatment for clubfoot: preliminary results of surgical correction.

Calcaneus gait is a known complication of surgical treatment of clubfoot, and is characterized by weak triceps surae strength combined with limited ankle plantarflexion at terminal stance, preventing adequate power generation. We evaluated the results of attempted reconstruction of this functional disturbance in 13 symptomatic patients (17 feet) using kinematic and kinetic analysis at a minimum of 1 year postoperatively. Three types of procedures were performed: group 1 (n=7) received calcaneal osteotomy alone; group 2 (n=6) received calcaneal osteotomy or hindfoot fusion combined with tendon transfers to the heel; and group 3 (n=4) received tendon transfers only. Kinematic results showed that none of the procedures was effective in increasing plantarflexion at toe-off. Kinetic analysis showed that plantarflexion power of group 1 and 2 feet actually worsened following surgery, while in group 3 there was mild improvement. Patients in group 3 were 5 years younger on average than those in groups 1 and 2, suggesting that if any objective benefit from surgery is to be gained, reconstruction should be performed prior to age 6 years. We conclude that calcaneus gait as a complication of clubfoot surgery is far better avoided than salvaged by attempted reconstruction, which in this series was ineffective.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

A novel orthosis for the treatment of clubfoot.

We introduce a novel orthosis used with serial manipulations for the treatment of 14 congenital clubfeet (six boys and three girls). The average age at the time of initial treatment was 3.5 months (range, 2-6 months). The average length of treatment was 4.9 months (range, 3-7 months). All patients traveled at least 480 kilometres for their clinic visits. According to the clubfoot classification of Dimeglio et al., 12 clubfeet (85%) were severe and two clubfeet (15%) were moderate. At the end of treatment, all clubfeet were improved by at least one level of grading. Although all clubfeet went on to operative treatment, the initial non-operative treatment did improve the clubfeet. We propose the use of our technique for the non-operative treatment of patients presenting beyond the newborn period with clubfoot, who are restricted in traveling over long distances.

Clubfoot↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Demographics of idiopathic clubfoot: is there a seasonal variation?

A seasonal variation in the incidence of idiopathic clubfoot has been reported. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a seasonal variation existed in the authors' population. The medical records of 245 children who presented with idiopathic clubfoot were reviewed. Expected month of birth, month of conception, and season of birth were determined. National Vital Statistics Reports for Births: Final Data for 2001 provided comparison data. The authors' group differed from the national data, with a male predominance and a greater percentage of mothers less than 25 years old at delivery, but was similar in regard to infants born preterm, cesarean delivery, and low birthweight. Analysis failed to identify a monthly or seasonal variation in the authors' population.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Patient-based outcomes following clubfoot surgery: a 16-year follow-up study.

The ongoing controversy regarding the appropriate treatment of clubfoot has resulted in much variability in practice patterns, making the assessment of long-term outcomes a difficult one. Recently, new patient-based measures of outcomes have allowed for improved methods of assessing health outcomes in children. The purpose of this study was to follow up on a cohort of adolescents who underwent surgical repair at the authors' institution. Traditional (radiographs) and patient-based measures were obtained from 24 patients. The Child Health Questionnaire showed that the quality of life of these patients was relatively high after surgery, and these scores were comparable to those of age-matched young athletes with healthy feet. The disease-specific instrument, which was also administered, showed similar results. The role of radiographic measures was limited, as they did not reflect patient-based outcomes after clubfoot surgery. Both generic and disease-specific measures should be used as primary endpoints in evaluating treatment results in this area.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of postoperative early ankle motion exercise using hinged ankle-foot orthoses in clubfoot.

The authors proposed early application of hinged ankle-foot orthoses for improving postoperative range of ankle motion after the complete subtalar release operation for clubfoot. Forty-eight patients (74 feet) with clubfoot were divided into two groups: group A patients (20 feet) were immobilized in plaster casts for 6 weeks after surgery, followed by non-hinged ankle-foot orthoses, and group B patients (54 feet) were immobilized in plaster casts for 4 weeks after surgery, followed by hinged ankle-foot orthoses. The range of ankle plantarflexion in group B showed a significant improvement compared with group A at 3 months and 1, 2, and 3 years after surgery. There was no statistical difference between the groups in the range of dorsiflexion except at 3 months of follow-up. The postoperative talo-calcaneal index was well maintained in both groups. Early range-of-motion exercises using the hinged ankle-foot orthoses achieved good ankle function, especially in plantarflexion, with no loss of radiologic correction.

Ankle↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Three-dimensional hindfoot motion in adolescents with surgically treated unilateral clubfoot.

Advances in imaging and computerized analyses have enabled three-dimensional bone motion in the treated clubfoot to be measured precisely. Three-dimensional translations and rotations of the talus, calcaneus, navicular, and cuboid of surgically treated clubfeet were less in magnitude and sometimes different in direction (or without motion in a specific plane) compared with the contralateral normal feet. Surgical techniques used for clubfoot treatment do not restore normal hindfoot bone motion when examined with high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging, computer reconstruction, and image analysis techniques. These data advance the knowledge of hindfoot bone motion and establish a new and quantitative objective.

Adolescent↗