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PubMed2000

Effects on the growth of carrots (Daucus carota L.), cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) and onion (Allium cepa L.) of restricting the ability of the plants to intercept resources.

The objective of this paper is to assess the size and penetration of edge effects in carrot, cabbage and onion field crops and the extent to which these edge effects are modified by the presence of aerial or soil competition between the crop rows. In all three crops, large weight differences developed between the plants in the edge rows and those in the central rows. There was no indication of plant weight fluctuating between large and small values with each successive row in from the edge, as suggested by others. In carrot and onion, edge effects were greatly reduced by the presence of either white reflective aerial partitions or soil partitions, indicating that these species competed for both light and soil resources in UK field conditions. In cabbage, the mere presence of clear aerial partitions between rows reduced edge effects and there was little effect of soil partitions. This indicates the predominance of shoot over root competition in this species. The differences between species are possibly related to the architectural flexibility of their shoots. These results suggest that, within crops, carrot and onion plants compete for light over a distance of about 20 cm in each direction and for below-ground resources over a distance of about 50 cm in each direction. For cabbage, interactions between plants appeared to be dominated by the requirement for sufficient space to deploy the shoots for efficient light interception.

Brassica↗

PubMed2000

cDNA cloning and expression of an aminoalcoholphosphotransferase isoform in Chinese cabbage.

Aminoalcoholphosphotransferase (AAPT) catalyzes the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine from diacylglycerol plus a CDP-aminoalcohol such as CDP-choline or CDP-ethanolamine. Previously we reported the cloning of a cDNA encoding this enzyme from Chinese cabbage roots, and suggested the presence of possible isoforms [Min et al. (1997) J. Plant Biol. 40: 234]. We now report the cDNA cloning and expression analysis of a second AAPT from Chinese cabbage. This AAPT cDNA, AAPT2, contains an open reading frame of 1,170 bp coding for a protein of 389 amino acids. It shares 95% identity and 96% similarity with Chinese cabbage AAPT1 at the deduced amino acid level. The results from reverse transcriptase-PCR indicate that expression of AAPT2 is regulated temporally and up-regulated by low temperature.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1968

Intermediate reactions of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria from cabbage.

Respiratory control ratios between 2.0 and 9.0 were obtained by comparison of the respiratory rates of cabbage mitochondria in the presence and in the absence of individual components of the system used to provide ADP and by comparing the rates before and after exhaustion of added ADP. These results indicate that respiration in cabbage mitochondria is controlled by the availability of ADP, which serves as the phosphate acceptor. Pentachlorophenol (PCP), 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), gramicidin and oleic acid inhibited phosphorylation to a greater extent than respiration in the cabbage mitochondria, but these reagents did not stimulate respiration in the absence of a phosphate acceptor. Respiration was stimulated by DNP only in the presence of added ATP.2,4-Dinitrophenol, pentachlorophenol, dicumarol and gramicidin did not stimulate ATPase activity either in the presence or absence of added Mg(2+). Oleic acid stimulated ATPase activity in the presence of added Mg(2+), but did not stimulate respiration even in the presence of added ATP. The ATP-(32)Pi exchange rate was increased many fold in the presence of added Mg(2+). Oleic acid and 2,4-dinitrophenol inhibited the exchange almost completely.

Mitochondria↗

PubMed1969

The respiratory chain of plant mitochondria. II. Oxidative phosphorylation in skunk cabbage mitochondria.

Mitochondria were prepared from the spadices of skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) whose respiratory rate with succinate and malate showed 15% to 30% sensitivity to cyanide inhibition, and which showed respiratory control by added ADP. The observed respiratory control ratios ranged from 1.1 to 1.4. The change in pH of the mitochondrial suspension was recorded simultaneously with oxygen uptake: alkalinization of the medium, expected for phosphorylation of ADP, coincided with the period of acceleration in oxygen uptake caused by addition of an ADP aliquot. The ADP/O ratios obtained were 1.3 for succinate and 1.9 for malate. In the presence of 0.3 mm cyanide, the ADP/O ratio for succinate was zero, while that for malate was 0.7. These results are consistent with the existence of an alternate oxidase which interacts with the flavoprotein and pyridine nucleotide components of the respiratory chain and which, in the presence of cyanide, allows the first phosphorylation site to function with an efficiency of about 70%. In the absence of respiratory inhibitors, the efficiency of each phosphorylation site is also about 70%. This result implies that diversion of reducing equivalents through the alternate oxidase, thereby bypassing the 2 phosphorylation sites associated with the cytochrome components of these mitochondria, occurs to a negligible extent during the oxidative phosphorylation of ADP or State 3. Addition of ADP or uncoupler to skunk cabbage mitochondria respiring in the controlled state or State 4, results in reduction of cytochrome c and the oxidation of the cytochromes b, ubiquinone and pyridine nucleotide. A site of interaction of ADP with the respiratory chain between cytochromes b and cytochrome c is thereby identified by means of the crossover theorem. Flavoprotein measured by fluorescence is also oxidized upon addition of ADP or uncoupler, but flavoprotein measured by optical absorbance changes becomes more reduced under these conditions. Depletion of the mitochondria by pretreatment with ADP and uncoupler prevents reduction of most of the fluorescent flavoprotein by succinate. These results indicate that skunk cabbage mitochondria contain both high and low potential flavo-proteins characterized by different fluorescence/absorbance ratios similar to those demonstrated to be part of the respiratory chain in mitochondria from animal tissues.

Mitochondria↗

PubMed1978

Inhibition of epicuticular wax deposition on cabbage by ethofumesate.

The weight of epicuticular wax on the surface of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata ;Market Prize') leaves was reduced by soil treatments of ethofumesate (2-ethoxy-2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-5-benzofuranyl methanesulfonate) and EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate). Separation of epicuticular wax into major components by gas-liquid chromatography indicated that ethofumesate decreased the deposition of n-nonocosane and n-nonocosan-15-one on cabbage leaves but increased the deposition of a minor component, the long chain waxy esters. EPTC was less inhibitory to n-nonocosan-15-one deposition than was ethofumesate. EPTC did not increase long chain waxy ester deposition. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that ethofumesate almost totally eliminated the epicuticular wax on cabbage leaves while EPTC only diminished it. Cuticular transpiration was increased by ethofumesate but not by EPTC. Ethofumesate appears to be a more potent inhibitor of epicuticular wax deposition than EPTC.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1976

Microbial studies on shelf life of cabbage and coleslaw.

The microbiology of a common commercial type of coleslaw was investigated with the objective of extending its shelf life at refrigerator temperature by delaying microbiological spoilage. Cabbage, its principal ingredient, had a total bacterial count of about 10/g. Microbial growth in cabbage was prevented by storage at 1 C but not at 10 C or above. In coleslaw, the cabbage flora died and was replaced by the flora of the cultured sour cream contained in the dressing. At 14 C, the total count increased and the coleslaw deteriorated organoleptically. At 7 C, bacterial growth was suppressed but organoleptic deterioration occurred as rapidly as at 14 C. Thus, the deterioration was caused primarily by the physiological breakdown of plant tissue rather than by microorganisms, as was the original premise.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1962

Fermentation of the Yugoslavian pickled cabbage.

In Yugoslavia, cabbage is preserved by fermentation using a variety of methods. Bacteriological study of these fermentations has shown that the relative influence of the various lactic acid producing bacteria varies somewhat with the method of preservation. The heterofermenters, Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Lactobacillus brevis, exert a greater effect when cabbage is shredded than when the whole heads are packed in salt brine. Whole heads of cabbage preserved by fermentation in salt brine are a good source of ascorbic acid and provide a flavorful food.

Brassica↗

PubMed1995

A comparison of chilled cabbage leaves and chilled gelpaks in reducing breast engorgement.

This study compared the effectiveness of chilled green cabbage leaves and chilled gelpaks in reducing breast engorgement in postpartum mothers. Thirty-four lactating women with breast engorgement used chilled cabbage leaves on one breast and chilled gelpaks on the other for up to eight hours. Their pain levels were established pre-treatment and compared post-treatment for both conditions. There was no difference in the post-treatment ratings for the two treatments. Mothers reported a statistically significant drop in pain with both treatments; 68 percent obtained relief within one to two hours. The majority of mothers preferred the cabbage leaves.

Brassica↗

PubMed1997

Stimulation of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 productivity by the oral administration of cabbage juice to rats.

The effect of orally administering cabbage juice on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) productivity was studied in resident peritoneal macrophages from normal and hepatoma-bearing rats. The productivity of TNF and IL-1 was stimulated by gastric intubation of cabbage juice in the normal state, but not in the hepatoma-bearing state where the production of these cytokines had already been stimulated. From these results, cabbage may contain some effective component(s) that can be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract to stimulate the production of TNF and IL-1.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2006

[RNA fingerprinting of the differential expression fragments related to cytoplasmic male sterility in Chinese cabbage].

In order to investigate the differential expression of the genes related to cytoplasmic male sterility in Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. Penkinsis), a modified RNA fingerprinting technique was developed to compare the difference in the total RNA from flower bud of Chinese cabbage among cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) lines, maintainer lines and F1 hybrids. Four stably differential fragments S47-412, S93-622, S176-343 and S199-904 were amplified, cloned and sequenced with primers selected from 186 random primers. Based on the nucleotide sequence of the four differential fragments, four pairs of specific primers were designed to validate the differential fragments. The validation showed S47-412 and S93-622 were false positives and S176-343 and S199-904 were confirmed by PCR with the specific primers. Sequence analysis revealed that both of two differential fragments had strong homology with the nucleotide sequence of orf224/atp6 site of Polima CMS and the nucleotide sequence of S176-343 and S199-904 had a superposed region. All these indicate that the two fragments probably have strong relationship with cytoplasmic male sterility in Chinese cabbage.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2001

Evaluation of action thresholds and spinosad for lepidopteran pest management in Minnesota cabbage.

Action thresholds, based on the percentage of plants infested, for the lepidopteran pest complex in fresh-market cabbage Brassica oleracea variety capitata were evaluated in 1996 and 1997 in southern Minnesota. Three lepidopteran pests are common in Minnesota, including the imported cabbageworm, Pieris (=Artogeia) rapae (L.), diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), and the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner). Most of the thresholds tested included all three pests. However, because T. ni is often the most consistent and damaging pest in Minnesota, two thresholds were based solely on the percentage of plants infested with T. ni eggs and larvae. Action thresholds were also evaluated for their compatibility with a recently labeled biologically based insecticide, spinosad, and a conventional pyrethroid, permethrin. Although all three lepidopteran pests were present in both years of the study, P. rapae provided most of the pest pressure in 1996, and T. ni was most abundant in 1997. Compared with the 0% larval infestation treatment (approximately weekly sprays from early heading to harvest), all action thresholds resulted in less insecticide use (17- 80%), while maintaining high levels of marketability. Despite variable pest pressure between years, one of the thresholds based solely on T. ni (10% of plants infested with eggs or larvae) performed as well as each of the thresholds based on all three species combined. For both years, and compared with a weekly spray schedule from early heading to harvest (average of 5.5 sprays per year), use of the 10% T. ni egg or larval threshold resulted in an average of 36.5% (3.5 sprays) and 65% (2.0 sprays) fewer applications of spinosad and permethrin, respectively, with no significant loss in marketability. The results indicate that a variety of incidence-based action thresholds can be used to ensure the production of high-quality cabbage in the midwestern United States with only minimal applications of spinosad or permethrin.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Nonwoven fiber barriers for control of cabbage maggot and onion maggot (Diptera: Anthomyiidae).

We investigated the use of nonwoven fiber barriers for control of cabbage maggot, Delia radicum (L.), and onion maggot, D. antiqua (Meigen). The barriers consist of arrangements of minute fibers loosely intertwined in "web" form. Results from a greenhouse experiment showed that manually applied graphite fibers placed at the base of broccoli plants reduced the number of D. radicum eggs by 64-98%, and that efficacy increased with greater fiber density. Using a melt extrusion process, we devised a method for on-site creation of nonwoven fibers of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA). In field trials with broccoli and onion plants, EVA fibers significantly reduced the number of cabbage and onion maggots infesting plants. Fiber barriers provided comparable control to standard insecticide applications. The addition of blue, yellow, red, or black pigments, as well as optical brighteners that absorb UV light did not enhance fiber efficacy. Incorporation of capsaicin olfactory repellent to EVA also did not enhance fiber efficacy. Nonwoven fiber barriers may offer an alternative to insecticides for control of cabbage maggot and onion maggot and possibly other insect pests. Additional research is needed to improve the application process and to identify economically feasible and biodegradable compounds for fibers.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

RAPD analysis of seed purity in a commercial hybrid cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) cultivar.

The use of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers for evaluating seed purity in a commercial F1-hybrid cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) cultivar is demonstrated. Genomic DNA isolated from single ungerminated seed was found to be suitable for RAPD analysis. DNA from F1-hybrid and its parental lines was subjected to RAPD screening with 36 random decamer arbitrary primers. A total of 241 scorable products were observed with 54 (22%) being polymorphic. The RAPD data showed that the parental lines of this commercial cabbage cultivar were not very closely related. Two primers were chosen for purity testing of the F1-hybrid seeds. The sib (inbred seed; seed from self-pollination of parental lines) contamination results obtained by RAPD analysis were comparable to the commonly used grow-out trial and isozyme analysis, hence showing that RAPD analysis can be used for seed purity testing of commercial hybrid cabbage seeds.

Brassica↗

PubMed2002

BAN103, a pollen-preferential gene, from Chinese cabbage and its promoter activity.

We isolated and characterized a pollen-preferential gene, BAN103, from Chinese cabbage and analyzed the activity of its promoter. The BAN103 cDNA and genomic clone that contained the full-length gene were sequenced. The BAN103 gene is a single copy in the Chinese cabbage genome, and divided into three exons by two introns. The deduced sequence of 68 amino acids showed a homology with the Brassica oleracea pollen coat protein, as well as several cold-induced proteins. BAN103 transcription was restricted in anthers, but not in pistils, sepals, or non-reproductive tissues. Its transcription is also regulated developmentally. It was first detected after microspore releasing; it increased until the pollen matured. The BAN103 gene promoter was fused with a GUS structural gene. This recombinant plasmid was transformed to Chinese cabbage and tobacco. The GUS expression was detected pollen-preferentially in transgenic tobacco plants. The pollen-preferential activity of this promoter was retained within 176 bp from the translation start codon. The GUS transcription and translation were not coincident in transgenic tobacco pollen. GUS transcripts appeared just after microspore release, and that translation started as the pollen began to dry in mature anthers.

Base Sequence↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Estrogenic effect of white head cabbage (Brassica aleraceae)].

An extract obtained from dessicated white cabbage with the help of chloroform and introduced subcutaneously or perorally to sexually immature mice in an equivalent corresponding to 5 g of the dry product for a space of 4--6 days displayed an extrogenic action. Long-term storage, souring, cooking of the cabbage result in a somewhat diminished estrogenic activity of the cabbage.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Liquid chromatographic determination of iprovalicarb in cabbage and soil.

A method was developed for the determination of iprovalicarb, a new carbamic acid-amino acid fungicide, by liquid chromatography with UV detection. The method uses a reversed-phase C18 column with lambdamax at 215 nm and methanol-water (72 + 25, v/v) as the mobile phase. Cabbage head and leaves fortified with iprovalicarb were extracted with acetone. Partitioning of the fungicide into dichloromethane was followed by column cleanup on neutral alumina. Fortified soil samples were extracted with acetonitrile, and the extract was subjected to column cleanup. The average recoveries of iprovalicarb from cabbage head, leaves, and soil were 86.50, 82.0, and 84.3%, respectively, for fortification levels of 1 and 2 microg/g for cabbage head and leaves and 2 and 4 microg/g for soil.

Ammonia↗

PubMed2004

[Component and content changes of volatiles from Chinese cabbage damaged by Plutella xylostella].

The study showed that Chinese cabbage, Brassica campestris could release a variety of volatiles, especially when infested by Plutella xylostella larvae. Among these volatiles, saturated hydrocarbon was dominant, aromatic hydrocarbon was the second, and unsaturated hydrocarbon, aldehyde, alcohol, ketone, acid and heteroaromatic compounds were existed with a small amount. Chinese cabbage damaged by Plutella xylostella larvae produced 3 times of volatiles in amount with more species than the control. The volatiles from control plants were mostly of small molecular weight, and those from Chinese cabbage damaged by Plutella xylostella were mostly of high molecular weight.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Investigation on the optimal term of one-fold insecticide application for decreasing onion thrips ( Thrips tabaci Lindeman, Thysanoptera, Thripidae) damage on early white cabbage.

An impact of the term of one-fold insecticide application to reduce the damage of the onion thrips in early white cabbage was established. During the growing season plants were treated with insecticide (abamectin) in three different terms (treatment 1: 9 June, treatment 2: 16 June, treatment 3: 23 June, and treatment 4: untreated). On the exterior leaves of cabbage heads, treated with the insecticide, statistically significantly lower mean index of damage was determined as compared to the untreated plants. No significant differences were found between three different terms of application. The majority of the economically important damages in all of the treatments was found between the 3rd and 6th exterior leaf in the head. The highest mean weight of heads (1517.3 g) and mean net weight of heads I = mean weight of heads - weight of damaged and removed leavesl (1166.3 g) were established in plants which were treated the last. These parameters were the lowest in untreated plants (1083.3 g / 805.6 g). The yield loss due to damaged leaves removal amounted from 22.9% (treatment 2) to 25.6% (treatment 4). Based on the results obtained in this research we concluded that yield loss due to onion thrips attack in plants with one-fold insecticide application is not substantially lower as in untreated plants (though statistically significant differences between them were established), because insecticide cannot reach the interior leaves in the head. Substantial differences in the total and net weight of heads between the treatments and especially between the treated and untreated plants are explained by the fact that feeding of numerous thrips populations in the heads and on the exterior cabbage leaves negatively affects plant physiology and yield. The highest average yield in plants which were treated the last indicates a possibility that insecticide also inhibits plant growth and development to a certain extent.

Animals↗