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PubMed2004

[Transpedicular biopsy of thoracolumbar spine].

INTRODUCTION: Despite advanced diagnostic methods, biopsy of vertebral body remains to be a very important step in treatment of spinal pathologies. Aim of the study was to present experience with mini-open transpedicular biopsy of the vertebral bodies of the thoracolumbar spine in the circumstances of present trend of CT guided needle biopsy preference. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Standard surgical technique was used in obtaining samples in a group of 38 patients during 1996-2001. Indication for biopsy was to identify the etiology of pathological findings on plain films, CT scans or MRI. 21 patients were men and 17 women average age was 59 years (26-76). In 16 cases the biopsy was performed during posterior or combined approach, when spine was stabilized and decompressed, in 22 cases biopsy was done alone from minimal 3-5cm long midline incision, these patients were followed up for 3-6 years. All biopsies were performed in general anesthesia with average duration of 29 minutes. 5 patients were re-biopsied after CT guided needle biopsy performed in another institution, which resulted in inadequate sample collection. Biopsies were performed by 155 mm long trocar with outer diameter of 4.5mm, inner diameter of 3,5mm, providing adequate sample of tissue. RESULTS: The pathology was identified in all cases, second examination of the sample had to be done in one case (97.4%). Average duration of the procedure (29 min) and low radiation exposure (0.1-0.3 min) was reached. DISCUSSION: Although the technique is more invasive than percutaneous, it was not associated with any substantial morbidity, we did not experience any neurological or other complications. As other authors, who deal with spinal neoplasms, we consider the possibility of radical biopsy tract excision during following posterior surgery as very important. CONCLUSION: Based on our results we consider the mini-open fluoroskopic guided transpedicular biopsy with a 3.5-mm inner diameter trocar as safe and effective method of vertebral biopsy. Minimally invasive but still an open approach is advocated to obtain a representative tissue sample.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Postoperative spindle-cell nodule of urinary bladder with unusual intracytoplasmic inclusions.

Postoperative spindle-cell nodule of the urinary bladder (or in the absence of previous surgical procedure, inflammatory pseudotumor) is a reactive process of unknown etiology mimicking a sarcoma. Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were noted inside the atypical spindle cells on Diff-Quik stained smears in a recent case of this entity. Although fluorescence was noted in the inclusion bodies with monoclonal antibodies against the major outer membrane protein of the Chlamydia species, the exact nature of these inclusion bodies remains unknown.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1995

Re-examination of spermatogenesis of Multicotyle purvisi (Platyhelminthes, Aspidogastrea).

Examination of spermatogenesis in Multicotyle purvisi revealed that the process follows the classical pattern previously described for many parasitic platyhelminths, especially other Aspidogastrea and Digenea. Free flagella (with an intercentriolar body between the basal bodies and with striated flagellar rootlets) and a median cytoplasmic process grow from a zone of differentiation. The flagella then fuse with the process in a proximo-distal direction and nucleus and mitochondrion grow out into the elongating spermatid. Spermatids are pinched off at the base, and rootlets and intercentriolar body remain behind in the residual cytoplasm. It is suggested that the aberrant processes described in an earlier report constitute a pathological condition or a response to stress. Changes in the intercentriolar body during spermiogenesis are documented and for the first time in a platyhelminth it is demonstrated that rootlets and intercentriolar bodies are discarded and left behind in the residual cytoplasm.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Lateral contacts and interactions of horizontal cell dendrites in the retina of the larval tiger salamander.

1. The contacts of horizontal cell dendrites with processes of other second order neurones were studied at the level of the electron microscope in serial sections of the salamander retina. Intracellular recordings of the responses to light of horizontal and bipolar cells were used to investigate the possible significance of some of the morphological findings.2. Horizontal cell dendrites make close membrane appositions (gap junctions) with one another and are post-synaptic to bipolar cell dendrites at presumed chemical synapses. On the other hand, there is no clear evidence that horizontal cell dendrites are presynaptic to any other neuronal processes at the outer plexiform layer, so that the output connexions of horizontal cell bodies remain a matter of speculation.3. It is suggested that the bipolar cell input and the gap junctions between dendrites contribute, respectively, depolarizing and hyperpolarizing components to the responses of horizontal cell bodies to surround illumination. In addition, the facilitatory effect of central illumination on the surround response of horizontal cell bodies may result, although perhaps only partly, from observed properties of the surround response of bipolar cells.4. In the course of these observations, bipolar cells were found to be presynaptic at the outer plexiform layer not only to horizontal cell dendrites, but also to other bipolar cells, horizontal cell axon terminals and certain processes belonging to an as yet unidentified neurone.

Ambystoma↗
PubMed2004

Navigating in a virtual three-dimensional maze: how do egocentric and allocentric reference frames interact?

Spatial navigation in the presence of gravity restricts one's displacement to two-dimensional (2D) planes. Therefore, self-motion only includes translations and yaw rotations. In contrast, in weightlessness, one can translate and turn in any direction. In the first experiment, we compared the ability to memorize a virtual three-dimensional (3D) maze after passive exploration in three self-motion conditions, each using a different set of rotations for turning. Subjects indicated which pathway they traversed among four successive corridors presented from an outside perspective. Results showed that exploring in the terrestrial condition (including only yaw rotations, the viewer's virtual body remaining upright) allowed better recognition of the corridor than in the weightless condition (which included pitch and yaw rotations according to the turns), particularly for more complex 3D structures. The more frequently the viewer-defined (egocentric) and the global environment (allocentric) verticals were aligned during exploration, the more easily subjects could memorize the 3D maze, suggesting that simplifying the relationship between the egocentric and allocentric reference frames facilitates spatial updating. Nevertheless, with practice, performance in the weightless condition improved whereas in the natural terrestrial condition performance remained at its initial maximum, indicating that the cognitive processes involved were innate for this particular condition. The second experiment revealed that single rotations in the terrestrial condition must be performed around the body axis in order to obtain optimal spatial updating performance, and that the latter is independent of the conflict with gravity that might favor this condition when one is actually upright. This suggests that although humans can memorize 3D-structured environments their innate neurocognitive functions appear to be specialized for natural 2D navigation.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The relationship between different subcutaneous adipose tissue layers, fat mass and leptin in obese children and adolescents.

We studied the relationships of subcutaneous adipose tissue layers (SAT-layers), body fat mass (FM) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) with leptin in obese children and adolescents. Twenty-nine obese children and adolescents (12 boys: age: 11.3 +/- 3.7 yr; body mass index [BMI]: 28.5 +/- 4) and 17 girls (age: 12.2 +/- 2.2 yr; BMI: 29.8 +/- 4.7) (mean +/- SD) were studied. FM was estimated by bioelectrical impedance. SAT-layers were determined at 15 different body sites from 1-neck to 15-calf by the Lipometer optical device. Leptin and insulin were determined by RIA. Maturity was associated with a greater thickness of certain SAT-layers from the upper body and with a lower thickness of SAT-layers from the abdominal region and lower extremities. Significant correlations were found for all estimates of adiposity and leptin (all p<0.001). Waist and hip circumferences were not correlated to leptin after adjustment for FM. SAT-layers from the upper body were significantly and positively correlated to leptin. Multiple regression analysis revealed FM as a main contributor to the variation in leptin (R2=0.53, p<0.0001). FM together with SAT-layers 5-front chest and 13-rear thigh explained 72% of the variation in leptin (p<0.0001). In a body fat distribution model, hip circumference together with SAT-layers 4-upper back and 2-triceps explained 75% of the variation in leptin (p< 0.0001). The results suggest that SAT-layers and their topography are main determinants for leptin in obese children and adolescents. Maturity in obese children is associated with higher values of upper body SAT-layers and lower values of abdominal and lower extremities SAT-layers. Whether leptin is under the control of certain subcutaneous adipose tissue depots from the upper body remains to be elucidated by longitudinal studies.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Three-dimensional printing of porous ceramic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.

This article reports a new process chain for custom-made three-dimensional (3D) porous ceramic scaffolds for bone replacement with fully interconnected channel network for the repair of osseous defects from trauma or disease. Rapid prototyping and especially 3D printing is well suited to generate complex-shaped porous ceramic matrices directly from powder materials. Anatomical information obtained from a patient can be used to design the implant for a target defect. In the 3D printing technique, a box filled with ceramic powder is printed with a polymer-based binder solution layer by layer. Powder is bonded in wetted regions. Unglued powder can be removed and a ceramic green body remains. We use a modified hydroxyapatite (HA) powder for the fabrication of 3D printed scaffolds due to the safety of HA as biocompatible implantable material and efficacy for bone regeneration. The printed ceramic green bodies are consolidated at a temperature of 1250 degrees C in a high temperature furnace in ambient air. The polymeric binder is pyrolysed during sintering. The resulting scaffolds can be used in tissue engineering of bone implants using patient-derived cells that are seeded onto the scaffolds. This article describes the process chain, beginning from data preparation to 3D printing tests and finally sintering of the scaffold. Prototypes were successfully manufactured and characterized. It was demonstrated that it is possible to manufacture parts with inner channels with a dimension down to 450 microm and wall structures with a thickness down to 330 microm. The mechanical strength of dense test parts is up to 22 MPa.

Bone Substitutes↗
PubMed2006

Identification of process-localized mRNAs from cultured rodent hippocampal neurons.

The regulated translation of localized mRNAs in neurons provides a mechanism for spatially restricting gene expression in a synapse-specific manner. To identify the population of mRNAs present in distal neuronal processes of rodent hippocampal neurons, we grew neurons on polycarbonate filters etched with 3 microm pores. Although the neuronal cell bodies remained on the top surface of the filters, dendrites, axons, and glial processes penetrated through the pores to grow along the bottom surface of the membrane where they could be mechanically separated from cell bodies. Quantitative PCR and immunochemical analyses of the process preparation revealed that it was remarkably free of somatic contamination. Microarray analysis of RNA isolated from the processes identified over 100 potentially localized mRNAs. In situ hybridization studies of 19 of these transcripts confirmed that all 19 were present in dendrites, validating the utility of this approach for identifying dendritically localized transcripts. Many of the identified mRNAs encoded components of the translational machinery and several were associated with the RNA-binding protein Staufen. These findings indicate that there is a rich repertoire of mRNAs whose translation can be locally regulated and support the emerging idea that local protein synthesis serves to boost the translational capacity of synapses.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Extraction of intraocular magnetic foreign body using intraocular earth magnet].

PURPOSE: To determine the effects of extraction of intraocular magnetic foreign body with intraocular earth magnet (IOEM). METHOD: From 1992 to 1994, 22 cases with intraocular foreign body were treated with self-made intraocular earth magnet (IOEM): 2 patients with foreign body remained on lens, 7 on posterior segment of global wall, 12 lodged in the post pole of retina and 1 on the surface of optic disk. These patients were operated under microscope. The foreign bodies on the posterior segment were removed by using IOEM combined with pars plana vitrectomy. RESULT: The foreign bodies of these 22 patients were successfully removed with one operation respectively. The minimum volume of the foreign bodies was 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 mm3. The maximum volume of the foreign bodies was 5 x 2 x 1.5 mm3. The average maximum diameter of the foreign bodies was 2.47 +/- 1.2 mm. CONCLUSION: Intraocular earth magnet (IOEM) is a permanent magnetic instrument with moderate magnetic power. Direct observation and detachment of the foreign body with ocular tissue are necessary during the remowal of the forreign body. This instrument is suitable for intraocular microsurgery, can be handled easily, used for extraction of foreign bodies in anterior chamber, on turbid lens and in vitreous body, in removing foreign bodies in vitreous chamber with obvious injured retina and on posterior segment, the surface of retina, and can also be applied toextract foreign bodies on optic disk as well asforeign bodies partly oldged on global wall.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Fasciola hepatica: the effect of the microfilament inhibitor cytochalasin B on the ultrastructure of the adult fluke.

The effect of the microfilament inhibitor cytochalasin B (10 and 100 micrograms/ml) on the ultrastructure of adult Fasciola hepatica was determined in vitro by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM) using both intact flukes and tissue-slice material. SEM revealed that initial swelling of the tegument led to surface blebbing and limited areas of sloughing after 24 h treatment at 100 micrograms/ml. In the tegumental syncytium, basal accumulations of secretory bodies (especially T2s) were evident in the earlier time periods but declined with longer incubations, until few secretory bodies remained in the syncytium overall. Blebbing of the apical plasma membrane and occasional areas of breakdown and sloughing of the tegument were observed over longer periods of treatment at 100 micrograms/ml. In the tegumental cell bodies, the Golgi complexes gradually decreased in size and activity, and few secretory bodies were produced. In the later time periods, the cells assumed abnormal shapes, the cytoplasm shrinking in towards the nucleus. In the vitelline follicles, a random dispersion of shell protein globules was evident within the intermediate-type cells, rather than their being organized into distinct shell globule clusters. Disruption of this process was more severe at the higher concentration of 100 micrograms/ml and again was more evident in tissue-slice material. In the latter, after prolonged (12 h) exposure to cytochalasin B, the intermediate and mature vitelline cells were filled with loosely packed and expanded shell globule clusters, containing few shell protein globules. The mature vitelline cells continued to lay down "yolk" globules and glycogen deposits. Disruption of the network of processes from the nurse cells was evident at the higher concentration of cytochalasin. Spaces began to appear between the vitelline cells and grew larger with progressively longer incubation periods, and the cells themselves assumed abnormal shapes. A number of binucleate stem cells were observed in tissue-slice material at the longest incubation period (12 h).

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Dynamics and clinical effects of nonferrous metals in the human body.

Pollution from toxic metal fumes and dusts occurs in many industrial situations. Exposed workers may experience occupational diseases directly related to poisoning from metallic elements. Studies have shown that the major route of absorption of metals is by inhalation. Once absorbed, distribution to various tissues and excretion from the body differ between metals. Multiphasic retention times have been described for many metals with a proportion of the body burden being eliminated very slowly. Biological half-lives range across many years. Whilst blood or urine levels of metals may reflect current exposure, once exposure ceases these levels may not be good indicators of remaining body burden. Acute and chronic health effects occur after exposure. A wide range of chronic disease including many respiratory diseases (emphysema, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, fibrosis and asthma), together with neurological, haematological, hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects, has been reported.

Absorption↗
PubMed1983

Responses to continuous and intermittent exercise in healthy and insulin-dependent diabetic children.

The hormonal (growth hormone, glucagon, cortisol) and metabolic (glucose, ketone bodies) responses to 30 min of continuous vs 30 min of intermittent exercise were evaluated in five male children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and five healthy male children. Each subject performed both types of exercise. In the healthy children, growth hormone levels rose, and glucose, glucagon, cortisol, and ketone bodies remained unchanged during both continuous and intermittent exercise. In the IDDM subjects, the mean reductions in glucose concentration were 99 mg% and 84 mg% during continuous and intermittent exercise, respectively. The levels of cortisol and ketone bodies in the IDDM subjects were significantly (P less than 0.05) elevated above the values obtained in the healthy subjects irrespective of the type of exercise. The mean concentrations of growth hormone, glucagon, cortisol, and ketone bodies were not significantly different between continuous and intermittent exercise. The study concludes that in healthy children the hormonal and metabolic responses to a continuous and an intermittent exercise protocol are similar. In the IDDM subjects, however, both forms of physical activity are associated with a decline in plasma glucose and no significant differences in hormonal and metabolic responses.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMed2000

Empirical evidence for differential organ reductions during trans-oceanic bird flight.

Since the early 1960s it has been held that migrating birds deposit and use only fat as fuel during migratory flight, with the non-fat portion of the body remaining homeostatic. Recent evidence from field studies has shown large changes in organ sizes in fuelling birds, and theory on fuel use suggests protein may be a necessary fuel during flight. However, an absence of information on the body condition of migrants before and after a long flight has hampered understanding of the dynamics of organs during sustained flight. We studied body condition in a medium-sized shorebird, the great knot (Calidris tenuirostris), before and after a flight of 5400 km from Australia to China during northward migration. Not only did these birds show the expected large reduction in fat content after migration, there was also a decrease in lean tissue mass, with significant decreases in seven organs. The reduction in functional components is reflected in a lowering of the basal metabolic rate by 42% [corrected]. Recent flight models have tried to separate the 'flexible' part of the body from the constant portion. Our results suggest that apart from brains and lungs no organs are homeostatic during long-distance flight. Such organ reductions may be a crucial adaptation for long-distance flight in birds.

Animals↗
PubMed2007

Eye, head, and body coordination during large gaze shifts in rhesus monkeys: movement kinematics and the influence of posture.

Coordinated movements of the eye, head, and body are used to redirect the axis of gaze between objects of interest. However, previous studies of eye-head gaze shifts in head-unrestrained primates generally assumed the contribution of body movement to be negligible. Here we characterized eye-head-body coordination during horizontal gaze shifts made by trained rhesus monkeys to visual targets while they sat upright in a standard primate chair and assumed a more natural sitting posture in a custom-designed chair. In both postures, gaze shifts were characterized by the sequential onset of eye, head, and body movements, which could be described by predictable relationships. Body motion made a small but significant contribution to gaze shifts that were > or =40 degrees in amplitude. Furthermore, as gaze shift amplitude increased (40-120 degrees ), body contribution and velocity increased systematically. In contrast, peak eye and head velocities plateaued at velocities of approximately 250-300 degrees /s, and the rotation of the eye-in-orbit and head-on-body remained well within the physical limits of ocular and neck motility during large gaze shifts, saturating at approximately 35 and 60 degrees , respectively. Gaze shifts initiated with the eye more contralateral in the orbit were accompanied by smaller body as well as head movement amplitudes and velocities were greater when monkeys were seated in the more natural body posture. Taken together, our findings show that body movement makes a predictable contribution to gaze shifts that is systematically influenced by factors such as orbital position and posture. We conclude that body movements are part of a coordinated series of motor events that are used to voluntarily reorient gaze and that these movements can be significant even in a typical laboratory setting. Our results emphasize the need for caution in the interpretation of data from neurophysiological studies of the control of saccadic eye movements and/or eye-head gaze shifts because single neurons can code motor commands to move the body as well as the head and eyes.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The effect of experimental glaucoma and optic nerve transection on amacrine cells in the rat retina.

PURPOSE: To detect alterations in amacrine cells associated with retinal ganglion cell (RGC) depletion caused by experimental optic nerve transection and glaucoma. METHODS: Intraocular pressure (IOP) was elevated unilaterally in 18 rats by translimbal trabecular laser treatment, and eyes were studied at 1 (n = 6), 2 (n = 5), and 3 (n = 7) months. Complete optic nerve transection was performed unilaterally in nine rats with survival for 1 (n = 4) and 3 (n = 5) months. Serial cryosections (five per eye) were immunohistochemically labeled with rabbit anti-gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and anti-glycine antibodies. Cells in the ganglion cell and inner nuclear layers that labeled for GABA or glycine were counted in a masked fashion under bright-field microscopy. Additional labeling with other RGC and amacrine antigens was also performed. RGC loss was quantified by axon counts. RESULTS: Amacrine cells identified by GABA and glycine labeling were not significantly affected by experimental glaucoma, with a mean decrease of 15% compared with bilaterally untreated control cells (557 +/- 186 neurons/mm [glaucoma] versus 653.9 +/- 114.4 neurons/mm [control] of retina; P = 0.15, t-test). There was no significant trend for amacrine cell counts to be lower in eyes with fewer RGCs (r = -0.39, P = 0.11). By contrast, there was highly significant loss of GABA and glycine staining 3 months after nerve transection, both in the treated and the fellow eyes (P < 0.0001, t-test). However, there was a substantial number of remaining amacrine cells in transected retinas, as indicated by labeling for calretinin and calbindin. CONCLUSIONS: Experimental glaucoma causes minimal change in amacrine cells and their expression of neurotransmitters. After nerve transection, neurotransmitter presence declines, but many amacrine cell bodies remain. Differences among optic nerve injury models, as well as effects on "untreated" fellow eyes, should be recognized.

Amacrine Cells↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Preserved esophagogastric manometric motility in patients after distal gastrectomy.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: A prospective study resolved whether commonly employed distal gastrectomies could influence the esophagogastric manometric measurements and the role of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in mediating motility after surgery. METHODOLOGY: Studied groups consisted of 20 patients following radical subtotal gastrectomy for gastric cancer, 20 patients after subtotal gastrectomy for duodenal ulcer and 20 controls. Fasting blood was obtained to measure serum vasoactive intestinal polypeptide levels. A pneumohydraulic infusion system measured esophagogastric motility parameters. RESULTS: Measured lower esophageal sphincter pressures in subjects of gastric cancer surgery, duodenal ulcer surgery and controls were 15.3 +/- 4.7, 13.1 +/- 5.3 and 12.6 +/- 5.0 mmHg, respectively (NS), while the sphincter lengths were 3.15 +/- 0.81, 3.22 +/- 0.79 and 2.86 +/- 0.85 cm, respectively (NS). In addition, other parameters including lower esophageal body remained unchanged. The serum vasoactive intestinal polypeptide levels of three groups were 24.1 +/- 10.8, 22.5 +/- 9.5 and 21.3 +/- 7.8 pg/ml, respectively (NS). CONCLUSIONS: Neither gastric cancer nor duodenal ulcer in distal stomach removal can alter the lower esophageal body and LES manometric motilities. Unchanged serum VIP levels after gastric surgery are likely one of the mechanisms preserving esophagogastric integrity.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Needle embolus causing cardiac puncture and chronic constrictive pericarditis.

We present a case in which a needle broke off during intravenous injection and embolized to the right heart. After cardiac perforation, the needle entered the pericardial space and ultimately caused chronic constrictive pericarditis, which presented as congestive heart failure. Pericardectomy and removal of the foreign body via a median sternotomy were successful. Early surgical removal of contaminated intrapericardial foreign bodies remains a safe and effective approach to preventing such complications.

Abscess↗