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PubMedDate not supplied

Changes in symptoms, blood pressure, glucose, hormones, and lipid levels according to weight and body fat distribution in climacteric women.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate how symptoms, blood pressure, glucose, hormones and lipid levels are modified in climacteric women according to obesity and body fat distribution. METHODS: One hundred and thirteen women were studied and divided initially according to body mass index (BMI), and afterward to waist-hip ratio (WHR). Climacteric symptoms, blood pressure, fasting and post-breakfast glucose, hormone and lipid levels were analyzed. Statistical analysis was done by the chi square and Mann-Whitney U tests, and the relation of BMI and WHR with several variables was assessed by linear regression analysis. RESULTS: When dividing patients according to BMI, the only differences were found in age, number of diabetic and hypertensive patients, and values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, which were greater in the obese group. When dividing according to WHR it was found that high-density lipoproteins were lower in those with upper segment body fat distribution. Subgroup analysis showed that chronic diseases are frequently found in obese women, while android body fat distribution has an additive effect on obesity in some of these variables. CONCLUSION: Chronic diseases are more frequently found in obese women, but most of the metabolic alterations are modified by body fat distribution in the upper segment.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Relationships between biochemical abnormalities and anthropometric indices of overweight, adiposity and body fat distribution in Japanese elementary school children.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the anthropometric indices linked to the biochemical risk factors for atherosclerosis in Japanese obese elementary school children, ages ranging from 6 to 12 years. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of obese children based on fasting blood samples. SETTING: Outpatient clinic of University Hospital. SUBJECTS: 65 consecutive patients with simple obesity (38 boys and 27 girls), and age-matched controls, 184 boys and 205 girls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Percent obesity and body mass index as indices of being overweight; percent body fat and the sum of four skinfold thicknesses as indices of adiposity; waist-to-hip circumference ratio and waist-to-thigh circumference ratio as indices of body fat distribution. The anthropometric indices were standardized by calculating standard deviation scores based on data from control children. RESULTS: In the obese boys, all six anthropometric indices studied correlated closely with serum biochemical indices, and strong correlations were observed among the indices of overweight, adiposity and body fat distribution. In contrast, only the indices of body fat distribution, not those of overweight or of adiposity, were correlated with serum biochemical indices in the obese girls. No relationship was found between the indices of body fat distribution and the other anthropometric indices in the obese girls. Thus, the profile of the obese girls differed from that of their male counterparts. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that body fat distribution is related to certain biochemical complications of childhood obesity, and that androgyny in fat patterns induces metabolic derangements in children.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1993

Tissue-specific lipoprotein lipase: relationships to body composition and body fat distribution in normal weight humans.

Twenty-six normal weight subjects (22 female, 4 male) were studied to determine the relationships of fasting levels of lipoprotein lipase in gluteal adipose tissue (ATLPL) and skeletal muscle (SMLPL) to body composition and body fat distribution. No relationship was found between fasting gluteal ATLPL and percent (%) body fat. There was, however, an inverse relationship between fasting SMLPL (from the vastus lateralis) and %body fat (p=0.005). A strong inverse correlation was also seen between fasting ATLPL and waist/hip ratio (p=0.0006), a measurement of body fat distribution. These relationships existed with or without the male subjects included. The tissue-specific relationships of lipoprotein lipase to body composition and body fat distribution could relate to the development of obesity or the maintenance of normal body weight by the effects of the lipase on the partitioning of lipoprotein triglyceride fatty acids.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1987

Relationship of body fat distribution to metabolic complications in obese prepubertal girls.

The purpose of this study is to assess the relative effects of body fat distribution and obesity "per se" on serum glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance. Seventeen obese and nine nonobese control prepubertal girls were studied. Biceps, triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac skinfold thickness were measured. Percentage of body fat (% BF) and total body fat (TBF) were calculated. Body fat distribution was assessed by analyzing the central (suprailiac, subscapular)/peripheral (biceps, triceps) ratios. Oral glucose tolerance test was performed. Serum glucose and insulin were measured and insulinogenic index (insulin/glucose) was calculated. Body fat anthropometric data and body fat distribution indexes were significantly higher (p less than 0.001) in the obese group. The obese population presented significantly elevated values of glucose, insulin, and insulinogenic indexes (p less than 0.01-p less than 0.001). In the obese group, insulin showed significant positive correlations (p less than 0.05-p less than 0.001) with biceps, subscapular, and suprailiac skinfolds, % BF and TBF, whereas the insulinogenic index had positive correlations with suprailiac skinfold and TBF (p less than 0.05). Obese girls showed positive correlations between the body fat distribution indexes and insulin or insulinogenic indexes (p less than 0.05-p less than 0.001). In prepubertal girls obesity is of the centripetal (central) type. This pattern has an important role in determining the alterations in the glucose-insulin homeostasis that characterize the childhood nutritional obesity.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2001

Influence of body fat distribution on oxygen uptake and pulmonary performance in morbidly obese females during exercise.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of fat distribution on aerobic and ventilatory response to exercise testing in morbidly obese (MO) females. METHODOLOGY: The study population consisted of 164 MO females, 55% (n = 90) with upper body or abdominal adiposity (UBD), as defined by waist-hip circumference ratio (WHR) > or = 0.80, and 45% (n = 74) with lower body fat distribution (LBD) (WHR < 0.80). An incremental exercise testing on cycle ergometer was performed to determine the effect of exercise on oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), minute ventilation (VE), tidal volume (VT), respiratory rate (fb) and heart rate (HR). RESULTS: Upper body adiposity individuals had significantly higher VO2 and VCO2 than LBD subjects (P < 0.05) from 0 watt (W) of pedalling up to their anaerobic threshold (AT) and maximal exercise. VE was significantly higher in UBD subjects compared with LBD subjects, from 20 W during exercise up to AT and peak work levels (P < 0.05). Upper body adiposity group also had a significantly higher fb than the LBD group at rest, after each workload and at AT and peak exercise work rates (P < 0.05). VT was lower in UBD subjects at free pedalling and up to AT and peak workload with significant difference at 60 and 80 W (P < 0.05). The anaerobic threshold, expressed as work rate, was significantly lower in the UBD subjects (P < 0.05) and peak workload achieved did not differ significantly between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Upper body adiposity subjects had higher oxygen requirement, more rapid and shallow breathing, higher ventilatory demand, but lower anaerobic threshold than the LBD individuals during progressive exercise. It suggests that the cardiopulmonary endurance to exercise in MO patients with upper body fat distribution is lower than in those with lower body fat distribution.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1990

Associations between regional body fat distribution, fasting plasma free fatty acid levels and glucose tolerance in premenopausal women.

The associations between total adiposity, body fat distribution measured by computed tomography (CT) and estimated by the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), regional fat cell morphology, fasting plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels and glucose tolerance were studied in a sample of 37 premenopausal women aged 35.3 +/- 4.6 years (mean +/- s.d.). Body fat mass, CT-derived abdominal and femoral fat areas, as well as the abdominal fat cell weight were all significantly associated with fasting plasma FFA levels (0.34 less than r less than 0.49, 0.005 less than P less than 0.05), and with the glucose and insulin areas during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (0.36 less than r less than 0.70, 0.0001 less than P less than 0.05). No associations were found between the WHR, the femoral fat cell weight and fasting plasma FFA levels or glucose area during the OGTT. However, the WHR and the femoral fat cell weight were positively associated with insulin area. Plasma FFA levels were positively correlated with the glucose area during the OGTT, whereas no association was found between plasma FFA levels and the insulin area. Covariance analysis indicated that this effect of plasma FFA levels on the magnitude of glucose response to OGTT was independent from that of total adiposity or regional body fat distribution variables. These results emphasize the importance of plasma FFA levels as a correlate of glucose tolerance and suggest that the associations previously reported between obesity, regional body fat distribution, fat cell size and glucose tolerance are, at least partly, mediated by variations in plasma FFA levels.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2003

Relationship of upper body fat distribution to higher regional lean mass and bone mineral density.

We investigated the relationship of upper body fat distribution to regional bone mineral density (BMD). Subjects were 361 regularly menstruating premenopausal women with right-side dominance. Age, height, and weight were recorded. Regional (arms, L2-L4 of the lumbar spine, and legs) BMD, regional (arms, trunk, and legs) lean mass, and the ratio of trunk fat mass to leg fat mass amount (trunk-leg fat ratio) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Body fat distribution was assessed by trunk-leg fat ratio. Trunk-leg fat ratio was positively correlated with regional BMD ( r = 0.120-0.216; P < 0.05- P < 0.001) and regional lean mass ( r = 0.162-0.229; P < 0.01- P < 0.001). Regional lean mass was more positively correlated with regional BMD ( r = 0.319-0.475; P < 0.001). These relationships remained significant after adjusting for age and height. However, correlation of trunk-leg fat ratio with regional BMD disappeared after additionally adjusting for regional lean mass. In premenopausal women, upper body fat distribution is associated with higher regional BMD via greater regional lean mass irrespective of age and height.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1999

The association of body fat distribution with lifestyle and reproductive factors in women aged 45-54 in Kinmen County, Republic of China.

This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Kinmen County, R.O.C. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors that influence Chinese women's body fat distribution, including demographic, lifestyle, reproductive, and anthropometric variables. Participants were 1310 women aged 45-54 years. We measured waist/hip ratio (WHR), age, education level, occupation, alcohol consumption, diet, physical exercise, smoking, age at menarche, parity, menopausal status, age at menopause, and obesity (body mass index, BMI). Lower BMI, premenopausal status, and higher education level were primary correlated factors of gynecoid pattern body fat distribution. Higher BMI and postmenopausal status were the main correlated factors of android pattern body fat distribution. Lifestyle factors did not show any significant association with body fat distribution. As in Western countries, overall obesity and menopausal status are the determinants of body fat distribution. Controlling overall obesity is the key factor that can be addressed in public education programs to reduce the risk of high WHR, which plays an important role in the development of some chronic diseases.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1989

Relationship of body fat distribution to metabolic complications in obese prepubertal boys: gender related differences.

Our purpose was to assess the relationship of obesity and body fat distribution to serum glucose values, insulin concentration and insulin resistance in obese prepubertal boys. Thirteen obese and 15 control prepubertal boys were studied. Biceps, triceps, subscapular and suprailiac skin fold thicknesses were measured. Percentage of body fat and total body fat were calculated. Body fat distribution was assessed by analyzing the central (supra-iliac, subscapular)/peripheral (biceps, triceps) ratios. During an oral glucose tolerance test, serum glucose and insulin were measured and insulin/glucose was calculated. Body fat data and body fat distribution indices were significantly higher in the obese group. The obese population presented significantly elevated values of insulin and insulin/glucose. In the obese group insulin showed significant correlations with percentage of body fat, total body fat and subscapular skin fold thickness, whereas insulin/glucose had significant positive correlations with percentage of body fat, total body fat and supra-iliac skin fold thickness. In obese boys significant positive correlations were also shown by subscapular/supra-iliac with insulin and insulin/glucose, and by subscapular/triceps with insulin. In prepubertal boys obesity is centripetal and an upper central body fat distribution seems to be first associated with an abnormal glucose-insulin homeostasis.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1997

Possible association of body-fat distribution with preeclampsia.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether preeclampsia is associated with body-fat distribution. METHODS: Twenty-two patients with preeclampsia (mean age: 31.9 +/- 6.0 years) and 126 controls without preeclampsia (mean age: 30.9 +/- 5.2 years) were enrolled in this study. We compared baseline characteristics and 4 body-fat indices measured by DEXA on Day 5 postpartum. The possible correlation between the variables and the development of preeclampsia was evaluated by multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The body-fat ratio, the upper-half body-fat amount, upper-half-body body-fat amount ratio, and upper-/lower-half-body body-fat amounts ratio on Day 5 postpartum were significantly higher in the preeclampsia group. However, the upper-/lower-half-body body-fat amount ratio was best correlated with preeclampsia among variables in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Upper-body-fat distribution might be associated with the development of preeclampsia.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1996

Adiposity and regional body fat distribution in physically active young and middle-aged women.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that age does not directly influence body composition or regional body fat distribution throughout middle age in women. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SUBJECTS: Thirty female endurance athletes of similar competitive ranking ranging in age from 23-56 years. MEASUREMENTS: Body composition (hydrodensitometry and skinfolds) and regional body fat distribution (waist and hip circumference and tricep, subscapular, suprailiac, abdomen and thigh skinfolds); maximal oxygen uptake. RESULTS: In contrast to the age-related increases in total and regional body fat levels and decreases in fat-free mass in the general population of women, there were no significant trends for changes in body composition or regional body fat distribution in our cross-section of highly physically active subjects with age. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that age-related increases in total body fat and decreases in fat-free mass may be a result of reduced chronic physical activity levels with age rather than an inevitable consequence of the aging process.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1990

Genetic and behavioral influences on body fat distribution.

Genetic and environmental influences on four measures of body fat distribution - subscapular/triceps ratio (STR), waist/hip ratio (WHR), and regression-adjusted subscapular skinfold and waist circumference indices - were examined in 265 pairs of white male twins, ages 59 to 70 years, who participated in the third examination of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Twin Study. Skinfold indices of fat distribution were not highly correlated with indices based on body circumferences (r = 0.26-0.37 for the four possible correlations). After adjustment for overall obesity, the heritability of the adjusted subscapular skinfold index was substantial (h2 = 0.60, P less than 0.001), as were estimates for both subscapular and tricep skinfolds individually. By contrast, heritability of the STR was low and of borderline statistical significance (h2 = 0.24, P = 0.06). Heritability for the WHR (h2 = 0.31, P = 0.07) was also low. Although higher estimates were observed for the adjusted waist circumference index (h2 = 0.46, P = 0.02) and for the component circumferences, these were not clearly due to genetic influences. Among behavioral influences, cigarette smoking was strongly related to the WHR and adjusted waist circumference index (P less than 0.0001). A crude measure of total physical activity was weakly, inversely related to WHR (P = 0.06), and slightly more strongly related to the adjusted waist circumference index (P = 0.01). Skinfold indices were unrelated to either behavior. We conclude that: (1) skinfold indices measure a different dimension of fat distribution than circumference indices; (2) there is evidence for a genetic influence on subcutaneous fat distribution, but less evidence for such an influence on the WHR; (3) behavioral factors appear to be more important in determining the WHR than subcutaneous fat patterning.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1992

Body fat mass, body fat distribution, and pubertal development: a longitudinal study of physical and hormonal sexual maturation of girls.

The rate at which girls progress through the stages of puberty in relation to body fat mass and body fat distribution and its relation to their hormonal profiles was studied. Sixty-eight schoolgirls participated in a longitudinal study during 3 yr. The girls were divided into subgroups with increasing skinfold thicknesses and waist-hip ratio. They were also grouped depending on Tanner's breast development classification (M2 and M3). The age at M2 was only marginally correlated with the menarcheal age, but the age at M2 and the time interval from that age to menarche was negatively correlated. Age at the onset of puberty was not related to body fat mass or distribution. The rate of pubertal development after pubertal stage M3 was negatively related to the body fat mass. Age at M2 was only correlated with estrone (E1), while the rate of pubertal development was associated with higher FSH, E1, estradiol (E2), the fraction of E2 that was not bound to sex-hormone-binding globulin (non-sex-hormone-binding globulin bound E2) and androstenedione plasma levels at the onset of puberty. Body fat distribution, rather than body fat mass was related to the total and the non-sex-hormone-binding globulin bound plasma levels of E2 and testosterone at the onset of puberty. Changes in body fat distribution in early female puberty were chiefly related to the waist circumferences. We found no evidence that body fat mass or body fat distribution triggers the onset of puberty. Body fat distribution was related to early pubertal endocrine activity. Body fat mass was negatively related to the rate of pubertal development toward menarche, but no clear indications for an endocrine-related process is found. We conclude that onset of puberty and menarche are not parallel pubertal events, and that early pubertal plasma E1, E2 and androstenedione levels are predictors for the rate of pubertal development toward menarche. We propose that the control of the onset of puberty and maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis, with regard to negative feedback control, are at least partially independent. This induces on the average a "catch up" pubertal maturation in girls with a late onset of puberty.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Body fat distribution, plasma lipids, and lipoproteins.

The relation of body fat distribution as measured by the ratio of waist to hip circumferences (WHR) to plasma levels of lipids and lipoproteins was studied in 713 men and 520 women who were employed by two Milwaukee companies. Quetelet index (kg/m2), waist girth, hip girth, and WHR were each positively related to levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, apolipoprotein B, and the ratio of total to high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. In addition, the anthropometric measures were inversely associated with levels of HDL cholesterol. (Controlling for age, alcohol intake, exercise level, current smoking status, and oral contraceptive use only slightly reduced the strength of the correlations.) In addition, WHR and Quetelet Index were independently related to lipid and lipoprotein levels, and the magnitudes of the associations were roughly equivalent. For example, the mean (covariate-adjusted) triglyceride level among men in the upper tertile of the Quetelet Index was 37 mg/dl higher than for men in the lower tertile of the Quetelet Index; the corresponding difference according to WHR tertiles (upper to lower) was 39 mg/dl (p less than 0.01 for both effects). These findings indicate that in healthy men and women a less favorable lipid and lipoprotein profile is associated with elevated levels of both Quetelet Index and WHR.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

The effects of physical exercise on body fat distribution and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women.

OBJECTIVE: The present cross-sectional study investigated the effects of physical exercise on body fat distribution and bone mineral density (BMD). METHODS: Subjects were 57 postmenopausal women (mean age, 60.5+/-6.4 years) who had exercised regularly for at least 2 years. Controls were 130 age-matched sedentary women. Age, years since menopause (YSM), height, weight, and body mass index (BMI, wt./ht.(2)) were recorded. Total fat mass, percentage of body fat, trunk fat mass, leg fat mass, the ratio of trunk fat mass to leg fat mass (trunk-leg fat ratio), total body lean mass, percentage of body lean, and lumbar spine BMD (L2-L4) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics and leg fat mass did not differ between the two groups. Total fat mass, percentage of body fat, trunk fat mass, and trunk-leg fat ratio were lower (P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively), while total body lean mass, percentage of body lean mass, and lumbar spine BMD were higher in exercising women (P<0.05, P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). Performing physical exercise was inversely correlated with trunk-leg fat ratio (standardized regression coefficient=-0.178, P<0.01), but positively correlated with BMD (0. 203, P<0.01) irrespective of age, height, YSM, and total fat mass. CONCLUSION: Physical exercise has beneficial effects on body fat distribution and BMD in postmenopausal women. Reduction of upper body fat distribution with physical exercise may be more attributable to the decrease in trunk fat mass.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1995

Modernization of lifestyle, body fat content and body fat distribution: a comparison of Igloolik Inuit and Volochanka nGanasan.

OBJECTIVE: To compare two circumpolar populations at different stages in adoption of a modern lifestyle with respect to body fat content, fat distribution, blood lipids and blood pressures. DESIGN: Cross-sectional comparison between Inuit and nGanasan. SUBJECTS: 141 male and 107 female Inuit (aged 17-49 years) living in the modern settlement of Igloolik (69 degrees 40'N, 81 degrees W) and 38 male and 39 female nGanasan living a more traditional lifestyle in Volochanka (71 degrees N, 94 degrees E). MEASUREMENT: Triceps, subscapular and suprailiac skinfold thicknesses, chest and waist circumferences, blood pressures, plasma total cholesterol, plasma HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. RESULTS: Igloolik Inuit now have similar subcutaneous fat readings to their urban counterparts, average values increasing with age from 10 to 16 mm in males, and from 15 to 29 mm in females. In Volochanka, the men retain low readings (6-8 mm), but the women (13-25 mm) almost match their Inuit counterparts. Individual skinfolds, chest and waist circumferences all show substantial correlations with blood pressure (nGanasan > Inuit). The subscapular/triceps ratio is also high (Igloolik, 1.55 to 1.74 in men, 1.06 to 1.15 in women; Volochanka, 1.45 to 1.70 in men and 1.20 to 1.70 in women), but this ratio is only weakly correlated with plasma lipids and blood pressures. CONCLUSIONS: Internal fat deposition may reduce correlations between skinfolds and other cardiac risk factors. Nevertheless, the Inuit have accumulated fat in adopting a modern, sedentary lifestyle, with adverse implications for their future health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Indices of body fat distribution in Spanish children aged 4.0 to 14.9 years.

BACKGROUND: Reference values for the main indices of body fat distribution in children are not available. METHODS: The study population comprised 1638 Caucasian children and adolescents: 848 boys and 790 girls, with ages ranging from 4.0 to 14.9 years, and living in the central part of Spain (Provincia de Zaragoza). The waist-to-hip circumference ratio and the triceps-to-subscapular skinfold thickness ratio were measured. RESULTS: In boys, mean waist-to-hip circumference ratio ranges from 0.834, at 13.5 years, to 0.896 at 4.5 years. In girls, waist-to-hip circumference ratio ranges from 0.756, at 14.5 years, to 0.877, at 4.5 years. We observed a decrease of waist-to-hip circumference ratio with age, especially in girls. In boys, triceps-to-subscapular skinfold thickness ratio ranges from 1.360, at age 14.5, to 1.704, at age 5.5. In girls, triceps-to-subscapular skinfold thickness ratio ranges from 1.468, at age 13.5, to 1.727, at age 9.5. We observed a decrease with age only in boys. CONCLUSIONS: We present reference values for the main indices of body fat distribution, which could be useful in clinical practice. However, research is needed that will compare these indices with data on body fat distribution obtained by a gold standard method, such as computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, body fat distribution and insulin in obese men.

Sex steroid hormones may be involved in determining body fat distribution in men. Recent evidence suggests that insulin may be an important regulator of sex hormones metabolism in men. Few data, however, are available on the relationship of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-SO4), a major secretory product of the adrenal gland, to regional distribution of body fat or to insulin levels in men. We therefore examined the association of DHEA-SO4, total testosterone and free testosterone to waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and to subscapular-to-triceps ratio (STR) in 34 obese, otherwise healthy men. In addition, we examined the relation between these sex steroid hormones and insulin response to an oral glucose tolerance test. DHEA-SO4 was significantly positively related to STR and significantly negatively related to insulin area. These associations remained significant after adjustment for age and obesity. Using multiple linear regression, DHEA-SO4 was independently related to both STR and insulin area. Without claiming any causality in the observed associations, we conclude that, in obese men, high DHEA-SO4 levels are related to centralized adiposity, while low DHEA-SO4 levels are related to hyperinsulinemia.

Adipose Tissue↗