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PubMed1998

[Effect on the microbicidal efficacy of formaldehyde, glutardialdehyde, peracetic acid, chloramine T (N-chloro-4-toluenesulfonamide), m-cresol, ethanol and benzyldimethyldodecacylammonium bromide by blood (model experiments for chemical disinfection of instruments)].

In a preceding paper (Zbl. Hyg. 191 [1991] 457-477) we reported on the dependence of the microbicidal efficacy of active agents of the disinfection of instruments on the amount of coagulated blood adhering to the instruments. In the present investigation, we were interested in the dependence of the microbicidal effects on the amount of blood in the solutions of the active agents. Test areas of 2 cm2 were contaminated with 50 and 100 microliters coagulating blood, respectively, containing cells of Staphylococcus aureus as test germ. The solutions of the microbicidal agents were contaminated with heparinized blood up to a concentration of 4% immediately before starting the disinfection and 24 hours before, respectively. After a period of action lasting 1 hour at 20 degrees C, the relative number of test germs capable of multiplying (N/N0) was determined. The concentration of the microbicidal substances reducing the relative number of test germs capable to multiply to 10(-4) served for estimating the dependence of the microbicidal efficacy of the agents on the blood content of the solutions. The experimental results depended on the thickness of the layer of coagulated blood. The dependence of the efficacy of the microbicidal substances on the blood content of the solutions was the higher the thinner the blood layer was. At a thickness of the layer of the coagulated blood of 0.25 mm, a blood content of the solution of 4%, and applying it immediately after adding the blood, the concentration of glutardialdehyde had to be 1.6 times that without blood to reach the same microbicidal efficacy. When applying the solution 24 hours after adding the blood, the concentration of glutardialdehyde had to be 4.2 times that without blood. The quaternary ammonium compound reacted faster with the blood than did glutardialdehyde; the respective factors were 2.6 and 4.5. The concentration factors of chloramine T were 3.3 and 3.8. Under the conditions of the test, peracetic acid exhibited small concentration factors: 1.3 and 1.6. The microbicidal efficacy of ethanol, formaldehyde and m-cresol soap solution was not or only slightly altered by the amount of blood in the solution of the microbicidal agent.

Benzalkonium Compounds↗
PubMed1982

The hygienic treatment of turkey eggs by dipping in an antibiotic and disinfectant solution.

At the hatchery, in order to reduce bacterial infections in one-day-old chicks, turkey eggs are routinely dipped by the direct pressure difference method into a solution consisting of: (formula; see text) This dipping process was studied in more detail and the experiments allowed of drawing the following conclusions: 1. After 8 hours of use on three consecutive days the tylosin concentration had hardly decreased, the concentration of ampicillin dropped to approximately 65% and the concentration of quaternary ammonium compounds to 33%. 2. Bacteria were isolated from the fluid only at the time of final sampling (Bacillus subtilis). All other bacteriological investigations of the dipping solution showed negative results. 3. The treatment did not appear to influence hatchability. 4. The mortality in the first week of life of poults from treated eggs was significantly lower than of poults from untreated eggs.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1976

Spore membrane(s) as the site of damage within heated Clostridium perfringens spores.

Clostridium perfringens spores were injured by ultrahigh-temperature treatment at 105 C for 5 min. Injury was manifested as an increased sensitivity to polymyxin and neomycin. Since many of the survivors could not germinate normally the ultrahigh-temperature-treated spores were sensitized to and germinated by lysozyme. Polymyxin reportedly acts upon the cell membrane. Neomycin may inhibit protein synthesis and has surface-active properties. Injured spores were increasingly sensitive to known surface-active agents, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium deoxycholate, and Roccal, a quaternary ammonium compound. Injured spores sensitive to polymyxin and neomycin also were osmotically fragile and died during outgrowth in a liquid medium unless the medium was supplemented with 20% sucrose, 10% dextran, or 10% polyvinylpyrrolidone. The results suggested that a spore structure destined to become cell membrane or cell wall was the site of injury. Repair of injury during outgrowth in the presence of protein, deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid and cell wall synthesis inhibitors was consistent with this hypothesis.

Benzalkonium Compounds↗
PubMed1990

Antiplaque activity of some antimicrobial agents using a simple in vitro method.

Some antimicrobial compounds were tested for their antiplaque activity by a simple method involving measurement of the weight of Streptococcus sobrinus plaque on a glass surface. Chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride, and n-tetradecylamine reduced the weight of plaque produced by S. sobrinus in vitro; some N-palmityl and palmitoyl derivatives of polymethylenediamines were also found to possess antiplaque activity. The results suggest that an antiplaque effect does not necessarily depend on high bactericidal activity.

Amines↗
PubMed1986

Susceptibility of porin- and lipopolysaccharide-deficient strains of Escherichia coli to some antiseptics and disinfectants.

The sensitivities of some outer membrane protein (Omp) and/or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-defective mutants of Escherichia coli to chlorhexidine and some quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) were examined. Wild-type strains, with no defect in Omp or LPS were the most resistant to QACs, whereas LPS-deficient strains were the most sensitive. As expected, QAC resistance could not be related to the presence or absence of any specific porin(s). Chlorhexidine was highly active against all strains, inhibitory concentrations lying within the narrow range of 1 and 2 mg l-1.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1974

Resistotyping of Proteus mirabilis and a comparison with other methods of typing.

Resistotyping of P. mirabilis using 10 compounds is reported. The method was tested for reproducibility and specificity and results were compared with those obtained by serological, bacteriophage, and proticine typing methods and the Dienes test. The possible relationship between resistance to the chemicals used in the test and antibiotics was also studied.The method was found to be simple, reproducible, show good specificity, and compare favourably with other typing methods. No linkage between resistance to the chemicals and antibiotic resistance was detected.

Acetates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from alkylammonium amidobenzoate.

Quaternary ammonium compounds are water-soluble antimicrobials which are widely used in disinfectants, sterilizers, skin cleansers and antiseptic creams. One quaternary ammonium compound, alkylammonium amidobenzoate (Osmaron B) has for decades been used in udder ointments. Here we present a ship technician with occupationally induced sensitization to alkylammonium amidobenzoate. The diagnosis was reached only when it emerged, after careful questioning, that the patient was exposed to a substance peculiar to his workplace but not to his occupation and was then patch tested for it. It turned out that an udder ointment had been used at the patient's workplace as a hand ointment. Patch testing was positive to the patient's hand ointment, and Osmaron B at 0.1-0.01% in petrolatum. Other sensitizing quaternary ammonium compounds, namely benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, benzoxonium chloride, N-benzyl-N,N-dihydroxyethyl-N-cocosalkyl-ammonium chloride, cetalkonium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride, cetrimonium bromide, chloroallylhexaminium chloride, dequalinium chloride, domiphen bromide, methylbenzethonium chloride and 2,3-epoxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride are reviewed briefly. The importance of patch testing to all materials in use by the patient is emphasized. It is also important to select non-allergenic hand creams for use at work places.

Benzoates↗
PubMed2005

Disinfectants' effect on mercury release from amalgam.

BACKGROUND: Mercury environmental discharge is under increased scrutiny by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Dental amalgam should be processed properly to prevent an additional environmental burden. Some processing agencies require that submitted amalgam be noninfectious. Investigations have demonstrated that oxidizing disinfectants mobilize mercury from amalgam into solution and add mercury to the environmental burden if it is disposed of improperly. The authors conducted a study to evaluate the effect of representative disinfectants on amalgam mercury release. METHODS: The authors sized a high-copper spherical amalgam alloy to match that typically found in dental unit suction traps. They exposed 20 grams of the alloy to several disinfectant solutions and evaluated the filtered supernatant solution for mercury content. RESULTS: Chlorine disinfectant materials discharged the most mercury ions, followed by bromide, iodophor, peroxide/peracetic acid and phenolic disinfectants. The quaternary ammonium compound did not discharge mercury ions above the detection limit (0.2 parts per billion) into solution. CONCLUSIONS: A quaternary ammonium compound did not mobilize mercury ions into solution when used as a disinfectant agent for amalgam. Chlorine disinfectants mobilized mercury ions the most, followed by bromide, iodophor, peroxide/peracetic acid and phenolic disinfectants. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Dentists are obligated to be good environmental stewards and should follow practices that reduce environmental mercury release. Dental personnel should be aware that oxidizing disinfectants mobilize mercury ions into solution, which will be added to the environment if they are processed improperly. If required by processing, dental personnel should consider the different oxidizing effects of commonly used disinfectants.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed2004

[Efficacy of biocides against hospital isolates of Staphylococcus sensitive and resistant to methicillin, in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the response to the action of different antiseptics and disinfectants usually used in Argentinian hospitals of hospital staphylococci sensitive and resistant to methicillin. To test the effectiveness of the biocides by measuring their effective bactericidal concentrations, and to determine whether there is any correlation between biocide resistance and methicillin resistance in this bacterial population. METHODS: The action of seven biocides was tested against 25 strains of nosocomial Staphylococcus spp. sensitive and resistant to methicillin, and in Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538. Hospital strains were obtained from April, 2000 to May, 2002, from clinical samples (blood culture, urine culture, catheter tip or abscess) from male and female inpatients and outpatients at two tertiary hospitals. After isolation, antibiotic sensitivity was tested with the agar diffusion method of Kirby and Bauer. The action of hospital biocides on the strains was studied with the Kelsey-Sykes test, which establishes the effective bactericide concentrations of these compounds. RESULTS: The results showed that the response of strains sensitive and resistant to methicillin varied in comparison to the collection strain. Chlorhexidine digluconate, povidone iodine, weak tincture of iodine and alkaline glutaraldehyde were effective against most strains, regardless of whether they were sensitive or resistant to methicillin. CONCLUSIONS: We found no indication of a relationship between resistance to methicillin and resistance to biocides. Our study shows that further research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of chemical agents against microorganisms that have been exposed to antibiotic therapies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Epidemiology and reasons for microbial resistance to biocides].

In the last years the significance of microbial resistance to biocides like toxic heavy metal ions, aldehydes, phenoles, and cationic surface active agents has increased. However the genetical and functional mechanisms of the resistance to most of these compounds are still unknown. Till now it was possible to demonstrate a plasmid resistance in only some bacterial strains which were resistant to heavy metal ions, hexachlorophene, formaldehyde, benzalkoniumchloride, and chlorhexidine. In mercuric resistant Staphylococcus aureus and formaldehyde resistant E. coli strains the resistance genes are now well characterized. These strains are able to produce enzymes which degradade the disinfectant. The resistance to cationic surface active agents seems to depend on a modification of the bacterial cell wall. This is concluded from former investigations with benzalkoniumchloride resistant Pseudomonas strains, where it was possible to demonstrate different lipid contents in the cell wall from resistant and sensitive strains.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed1988

Effect of detergents on pathogenicity plasmids of escherichias.

The study dealth with effects of cationic detergents miramistin (alkylamidopropyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride), catamine AB (alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride) and the anionic compound sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) on the elimination from E. coli cells of plasmids determining the Hly, Ent and, indirectly, Col, F, and R markers of pathogenicity as well as their transfer upon conjugation. At subbacteriostatic concentrations, miramistin and catamine AB were found to suppress the transfer of Hly, Ent, F, and R plasmids during conjugation when applied to the donor, recipient or added to the conjugation medium without, however, eliminating plasmids. This is due to the disruption by detergents of F, J pili and other surface cell structures resulting in diminished ability to conjugate. Anionic SDS eliminated F and R plasmids without affecting Hly, Ent and Col.

Benzalkonium Compounds↗
PubMed1998

The Staphylococcus qacH gene product: a new member of the SMR family encoding multidrug resistance.

The prevalence of disinfectant-resistant food-related microorganisms is of concern to the food industry. The Staphylococcus saprophyticus strain ST2H6 isolated from a poultry processing plant contained a 2.4-kb plasmid (p2H6) harbouring qacH, which encodes resistance to disinfectants based on quaternary ammonium compounds. The complete p2H6 nucleotide sequence revealed an open reading frame encoding a putative protein of 107 amino acid residues with strong similarity to members of the small multidrug resistance protein family. QacH also conferred high-level ethidium bromide resistance and low-level proflavine resistance and thus differed phenotypically from the similar proteins Smr and QacG. Fluorimetry indicated that the high-level ethidium bromide resistance was due to improved efflux energised by the proton motive force. Site-directed mutagenesis substituting the Asp-24 residue with Glu-24 had no effect on resistance characteristics. An additional open reading frame on p2H6 encoded a putative protein with similarity to rolling circle replication proteins.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1982

Plaque control with chlorhexidine and D-301, a quaternary ammonium compound.

Eighteen female dental hygiene students took part in a double-blind, crossover clinical trial of equimolar (2.2 mmol) rinsing solutions of D-301, a quaternary ammonium compound and chlorhexidine digluconate, Rinsings were partly supervised, test periods were 7 days (5 days without oral hygiene) with a 1-week interval. Plaque formation was significantly reduced by both test solutions versus the control; on not precleaned tooth surfaces plaque formation was equally inhibited by the chlorhexidine and D-301 mouthrinses. On precleaned surfaces D-301 significantly inhibited plaque formation compared with the control rinse, but was less effective than chlorhexidine. There was no significant change in the PBI, a measure of gingival inflammation, during any of the test period. Staining of teeth and tongue was judged as equal after chlorhexidine and D-301 use. Reports of taste and gastric disturbances were minimal but more frequent during the D-301 test period.

Benzalkonium Compounds↗
PubMed2001

Changes in fatty acid composition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442 induced by growth conditions: consequences of resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds.

The effects of changes in the fatty acid composition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa induced by growth conditions on its resistance to two quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) were investigated. The temperature and growth phase were the most influential parameters affecting the fatty acid composition of this bacterium. Furthermore, the formation of saturated fatty acids and cyclopropane fatty acids was stimulated by increasing the temperature, whereas the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids fell. The degree of saturation and the proportion of cyclopropane fatty acids increased in the course of the exponential and stationary phases. These modifications mostly concerned the inner membrane of the bacterium. Resistance of P. aeruginosa to both QAC tested was not significantly influenced by temperature and growth phase variations. Thus, resistance to the two QAC did not seem to be dependent on modifications of the fatty acid composition of the inner membrane.

Benzalkonium Compounds↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Quaternary ammonium compound toxicity in chickens.

Two commercial White Leghorn flocks of 41,000 and 57,000 25-week-old hens experienced death losses of 676 and 1,089 birds in a week. Six birds from each flock were presented for necropsy to the Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory at Purdue University with a clinical history of excessive deaths, unsatisfactory production, and dehydration. Gross lesions were present on the tongue and on oral and pharyngeal mucosa as uniformly pale or white areas with interspersed multifocal sites of ulceration. Other changes were cyanotic, shriveled combs and wattles and ruptured ovarian follicles with concurrent egg yolk peritonitis. Microscopic examination revealed large areas of coagulative necrosis with multifocal epithelial ulceration of the oral and pharyngeal mucosae. There was an intense inflammatory, heterophilic response at the periphery of affected areas. Alterations in the abdominal viscera were limited to egg yolk peritonitis. The high death rate and oral lesions were attributed to accidental use of excessive levels of a quaternary ammonium disinfectant in the drinking water.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Microbial bioassays to assess the toxicity of solid-associated contaminants.

Due to the effects that sediment or soil matrices have on the bioavailability of compounds, it has been difficult to screen toxicity of solid-associated contaminants. The majority of microbial assays for testing toxicity of soils and sediments have been performed on water or solvent extracts. These procedures lead to a fractionation of the toxicity, which may underestimate or overestimate exposure routes and consequently potential adverse environmental effects. Recently, a solid-phase Microtox assay which eliminates the need for soil extracts and utilizes whole sediments or soils has been developed. This report describes a toxicity testing procedure using the inhibition of dehydrogenase enzyme activity of Bacillus cereus as test parameter. Studies with soil samples and a synthetic sediment spiked with organic contaminants and copper indicate the higher sensitivity of both solid-phase bioassays compared to water extract testing. A comparison of the results demonstrates that the B. cereus contact test is more sensitive for copper than the Photobacterium phosphoreum solid-phase test.

Bacillus cereus↗
PubMed2006

Release characteristics of anionic drug compounds from liquid crystalline gels. Part II. The effects of ion pairing and buffering on the passive delivery of anionic drugs across non-rate-limiting membranes.

This is the second in a series of papers that report on the release and transport of a range of anionic drugs (diclofenac, salicylic acid) from liquid crystalline gels and ultimately on their use in transdermal delivery. The previous paper [Fitzpatrick, D., Corish, J., 2005. Release characteristics of anionic drug compounds from liquid crystalline gels for transdermal delivery. Part I. Passive release across non-rate limiting membranes. Int. J. Pharm. 301, 226-236] investigated passive release profiles across a non-rate-limiting membrane: here we report on the search for a suitable model enhancer (benzyl dimethyldodecyl ammonium bromide) for the transdermal delivery of anionic compounds. The results presented reveal a significant role for ion pairing and for buffering, analogous to those found in the investigations of cationic species (salbutamol) by Nolan, L.M.A., Corish, J., Corrigan, O.I., Fitzpatrick, D., 2003. Iontophoretic and chemical enhancement of drug delivery. Part I. Across artificial membranes. Int. J. Pharm. 12, 41-55. The method of vehicle preparation is also investigated. It is shown that ion pairing of the drug with the enhancer decreases the amount of drug available for transport from the liquid crystalline gels into aqueous receptor media. This decrease is directly related to the ratio of the concentration of drug to that of the enhancer. Buffering the vehicle inhibits the ion-pair formation to some extent. Vehicle preparation was also found to influence the degree of ion-pair association. The inclusion of a similarly charged enhancer (oleic acid) to the drug was found not to impede the diffusion of the drug from the gels.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1999

Specific variations of fatty acid composition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442 induced by quaternary ammonium compounds and relation with resistance to bactericidal activity.

The role of membrane fatty acid composition in the resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442 to the bactericidal activity of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs) was investigated. The strain was grown in a medium with increasing concentrations of a QAC, benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium chloride (C14) and two non-QACs, sodium dichloroisocyanurate and tri-sodium phosphate. In the presence of C14 only, the strain was able to grow in concentrations higher than the minimal inhibitory concentration. As the strain adapted to C14, resistance to bactericidal activity of the same biocide increased. For the non-QACs, no change was noted when cells were grown in the presence of biocides. The C14-adapted cells showed variations in membrane fatty acid composition. A hierarchical clustering analysis was used to compare all fatty acid compositions of cultures in the presence, or not, of the three biocides used here and another QAC studied previously. The clusters obtained underlined specific variations of membrane fatty acids in response to the presence of QACs. Furthermore, with a simple linear regression analysis, a relationship was shown between the membrane fatty acids and the resistance developed by the strain against the bactericidal activity of C14.

Adaptation, Physiological↗