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PubMed2006

Fructose administration increases intraoperative core temperature by augmenting both metabolic rate and the vasoconstriction threshold.

BACKGROUND: The authors tested the hypothesis that intravenous fructose ameliorates intraoperative hypothermia both by increasing metabolic rate and the vasoconstriction threshold (triggering core temperature). METHODS: Forty patients scheduled to undergo open abdominal surgery were divided into two equal groups and randomly assigned to intravenous fructose infusion (0.5 g . kg(-1) . h(-1) for 4 h, starting 3 h before induction of anesthesia and continuing for 4 h) or an equal volume of saline. Each treatment group was subdivided: Esophageal core temperature, thermoregulatory vasoconstriction, and plasma concentrations were determined in half, and oxygen consumption was determined in the remainder. Patients were monitored for 3 h after induction of anesthesia. RESULTS: Patient characteristics, anesthetic management, and circulatory data were similar in the four groups. Mean final core temperature (3 h after induction of anesthesia) was 35.7 degrees +/- 0.4 degrees C (mean +/- SD) in the fructose group and 35.1 degrees +/- 0.4 degrees C in the saline group (P = 0.001). The vasoconstriction threshold was greater in the fructose group (36.2 degrees +/- 0.3 degrees C) than in the saline group (35.6 degrees +/- 0.3 degrees C; P < 0.001). Oxygen consumption immediately before anesthesia induction in the fructose group (214 +/- 18 ml/min) was significantly greater than in the saline group (181 +/- 8 ml/min; P < 0.001). Oxygen consumption was 4.0 l greater in the fructose patients during 3 h of anesthesia; the predicted difference in mean body temperature based only on the difference in metabolic rates was thus only 0.4 degrees C. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and angiotensin II concentrations and plasma renin activity were similar in each treatment group. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative fructose infusion helped to maintain normothermia by augmenting both metabolic heat production and increasing the vasoconstriction threshold.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Natural family planning: suitability of the CUE method for defining the time of ovulation.

The purpose of this study was to compare the CUE method for family planning with the Ovulation Detection Method for defining the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle. We evaluated 42 cycles from 10 women in Monterrey, Mexico, who were monitored by basal body temperatures, urinary LH, pelvic ultrasound, and the CUE monitor. The fertile phase of the cycle was adequately defined in all cycles using the CUE method, and in 35 cycles (83.3%) by the Ovulation Method. Using our protocol, the period of recommended abstinence with the CUE method is 9 days and with the Ovulation Method 11 days. The CUE method accurately defines the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle, thus improving the predictability of ovulation for women who use natural methods of birth control.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

An assessment of the thermogenic effects of fluoxetine in obese subjects.

Fluoxetine is an antidepressant drug with weight reducing properties. To assess whether fluoxetine has an ability to promote diet induced thermogenesis (DIT), 30 obese subjects (BMI 30-45 kg/m2) underwent a double blind, randomized, cross-over trial of 60 mg fluoxetine versus placebo. A two week single blind, run-in period on placebo was incorporated into the study to allow for placebo responders. The first stage of the study lasted for 14 days followed by a six week cross-over wash-out phase and concluded with the second 14 day stage of the study. An estimate of resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured by continuous indirect calorimetry using the ventilated hood technique. Metabolic measurements were performed on six occasions, immediately before the first tablet was taken in the first stage, 24 hours after the first tablet was consumed and on the last day of the first stage; these three recordings were repeated on the second stage of the study. On each occasion a control reading of RMR was taken for 30 minutes then DIT was measured for 90 minutes following a lemon and glucose drink (1 g/kg body weight). Whilst a significant weight reduction (1.16 kg, P less than 0.05) occurred in the active stage, no such effect was achieved in the placebo phase. No differences were found between the two stages with regard to RMR, total DIT, peak DIT and time taken to reach peak DIT. We conclude that fluoxetine does not stimulate metabolism and that the weight reduction after 14 days therapy is due to other mechanisms.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The utility of a home urinary LH immunoassay in timing the postcoital test.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether a urinary LH immunoassay improves timing of the postcoital test compared to traditional timing methods in normally ovulating women. METHODS: Subjects included 37 infertile couples evaluated in a tertiary care setting. A randomized, prospective trial was performed of two methods of postcoital test timing: urinary LH assay or the traditional timing by cycle-averaging and/or review of basal body temperature graphs. RESULTS: Similar serum estradiol, progesterone, LH, number of motile sperm per high-power field, cervical mucus scores, and postcoital test scores were identified in both groups. CONCLUSION: Urinary LH immunoassays do not appear to improve timing of the postcoital test as compared with traditional timing methods.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Doubling times of human chorionic gonadotropin increase in early viable intrauterine pregnancies.

Although the doubling time of serum human chorionic gonadotropin has been assumed to be constant in early viable intrauterine pregnancy (prior to 6 to 7 weeks after menses), the range has varied between 1.4 and 3.5 days in the literature. To evaluate this variability of the doubling time, the mean doubling times at different ranges of human chorionic gonadotropin concentrations were determined in 49 normal pregnancies, and the doubling times at different intervals of gestation from both the day of the basal body temperature shift and the last menstrual period. The data obtained from the three different methods indicate that the doubling time of human chorionic gonadotropin is not constant but rather increases with increasing human chorionic gonadotropin concentration or gestational age. In addition, statistical analysis of the semilogarithmic plots of serum human chorionic gonadotropin concentrations indicated that the exponential rate of increase of serum human chorionic gonadotropin significantly decreases with gestational age. Since serum human chorionic gonadotropin doubling times increase and the exponential rate decreases with gestational age, estimates of normal values should be established for small sampling ranges and/or short intervals of gestation.

Chorionic Gonadotropin↗
PubMed2002

Changes with age in the level and duration of fertility in the menstrual cycle.

BACKGROUND: Most analyses of age-related changes in fertility cannot separate effects due to reduced frequency of sexual intercourse from effects directly related to ageing. Information on intercourse collected daily through each menstrual cycle provides the data for estimating day-specific probabilities of pregnancy for specific days relative to ovulation, and these estimates allow unconfounded analysis of ageing effects. METHODS: A total of 782 healthy couples using natural family planning methods contributed prospective data on 5860 menstrual cycles. Day of ovulation was based on basal body temperature measurements. Estimates of day-specific probabilities of pregnancy and the length of the fertile window were compared across age groups. RESULTS: Nearly all pregnancies occurred within a 6 day fertile window. There was no evidence for a shorter fertile window in older men or women. On average, the day-specific probabilities of pregnancy declined with age for women from the late 20s onward, with probabilities of pregnancy twice as high for women aged 19-26 years compared with women aged 35-39 years. Controlling for age of the woman, fertility was significantly reduced for men aged >35 years. CONCLUSIONS: Women's fertility begins to decline in the late 20s with substantial decreases by the late 30s. Fertility for men is less affected by age, but shows significant decline by the late 30s.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Changes in nociceptive flexion reflex threshold across the menstrual cycle in healthy women.

OBJECTIVE: We assessed the influence of changes in steroid hormones across the menstrual cycle on the spinal nociceptive reflex. METHOD: We studied in 14 healthy women during the follicular and luteal phase the nociceptive flexion reflex (RIII reflex), an objective neurophysiological method that allows exploring possible abnormal functioning of the pain-control system. The basal body temperature (BBT) was used to evaluate the different phases of the ovarian cycle. The menstrual distress questionnaire (MDQ) was also applied for monitoring somatic and psychological symptoms during the cycle. RESULTS: During the luteal phase, the threshold of the RIII reflex (Tr) and the psychophysical threshold for pain (Tp) were both significantly reduced compared with the follicular phase. Moreover, the reflex threshold in the luteal phase was negatively correlated to the total MDQ score of the recording day. CONCLUSIONS: A higher sensitivity to pain stimuli was observed during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, which probably results from a reduction in the inhibitory descending control on spinal nociceptive flexion reflex. Complex neuromodulatory interactions of ovarian steroids with other systems of neurotransmission (especially serotonergic) may account for these observations.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

The adjustment of basal body temperature measurements to allow for time of waking.

During one menstrual cycle, each of eleven volunteer student nurses at Northwick Park Hospital recorded their vaginal temperature on waking and noted the clock time. Waking times varied between 0530 hours and 1100 hours. Regression analysis revealed significant linear relation between temperature and time of waking, with a slope of 0.086 degrees C/hour (SE, 0.009 degrees C/hr) in the postmenstrual (hypothermal) phase. A rounded adjustment factor of 0.1 degrees C/hour is shown to improve the interpretability of basal body temperature (BBT) charts in a group of seven women regularly using natural family planning methods. The adjustment factor is simple to apply and only involves counting one square on a BBT chart for each hour that the waking time differs from normal.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed1981

[A study on luteal function during consecutive cycles (author's transl)].

UNLABELLED: It is conceivable that luteal function is varied with different menstrual cycles. A study was therefore undertaken to investigate for changes in luteal function during consecutive menstrual cycles. METHODS: From those women receiving ambulatory treatment at the hospital 30 displaying a biphasic basal body temperature (BBT) curve were chosen for the study. BBT records were obtained from each of these women for at least 3 consecutive cycles and a total of 194 cycles thus rendered available were evaluated for the pattern of BBT, the duration of high phase (DHP), high phase score (HPS) and planimetric luteal index (PLI). Twenty of these 30 women were subjected further to endometrial dating at the 7th-8th day of high phase with simultaneous determinations of serum estradiol (E2), progesterone (P) and prolactin (PRL) during 2 consecutive cycles. RESULTS: The incidences of abnormal values of the parameters for at least one of the consecutive cycles studied were: DHP; 13.3% pattern; 50-100%, HPS; 40.0%, PLI; 13.3%, E2; 25%, P; 25%, PRL; 30%, endometrial dating; 65%. These results indicate a considerable variability of luteal function.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed1993

Effects of ephedrine/xanthines on thermogenesis and cold tolerance.

This paper reviews the use of ephedrine (E) and xanthines (X) to improve thermogenesis and cold tolerance. Recent experiments in cold-exposed subjects have shown that the beneficial effects of ingesting an E/caffeine (C) capsule on metabolic rate (M), heat debt, deep body core temperature (Tre) (P < 0.05) is entirely comparable to that observed with an E/C/theophylline (T) capsule. Although T has been reported to reduce the drop in Tre in several studies, these improvements are difficult to explain in the absence of changes in M. A theobromine-based commercial sports bar (Cold Buster) has been similarly shown to reduce the drop in Tre. However, such a claim could not be confirmed in our lab, even in two studies performed under different environmental conditions. Despite an increase in M in some studies, C had no effect on Tre in the cold. It is concluded that E/X represent, at the moment, the best pharmacological agents to enhance cold thermogenesis and to delay the onset of hypothermia in humans.

Basal Metabolism↗
PubMed1990

Late luteal administration of the antiprogesterone RU486 in normal women: effects on the menstrual cycle events and fertility control in a long-term study.

Twelve regularly cycling women, with contraindications to other methods of contraception, received RU486 (Roussel UCLAF, Romainville, France), once a month as a method of fertility control. The study was designed for 18 consecutive cycles. Each patient recorded basal body temperature, detected urinary luteinizing hormone peak, and collected saliva samples during each luteal phase for progesterone (P) determinations. A single dose of RU486, 600 mg, was given on the day before the expected date of the menses and 8 days later in case of continuing pregnancy after the first dose. Blood samples were collected for estradiol, P, and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin analyses on these two occasions. The compliance was poor and the results of only 137 cycles were obtained. The menstrual cyclicity was not significantly modified during this long-term study. Of the 137 cycles, 22 pregnancies occurred (16%), and 4 (18.2%) were not interrupted by the second dose of RU486. Thus, because of the high failure rate, use of RU486 at the time of the natural P withdrawal cannot be advocated as a "once-a-month" contragestive agent.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Using complete breastfeeding and lactational amenorrhoea as birth spacing methods.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of lactational amenorrhoea and to determine the relationship between extended breastfeeding and the return of fertility. Breastfeeding pattern, basal body temperature, cervical mucus, salivary ferning, vaginal blood discharge, frequency of sexual intercourse, and the presence of ovulation in the first cycle after the resumption of menses with ultrasonography were evaluated in 40 women. All subjects completed the study with only one case of incomplete breastfeeding. No pregnancies were observed. The mean number of feeding sessions and mean interval between sessions decreased significantly (p <0.01) during the first six months postpartum (7.5 +/- 1.3 after 60 days postpartum vs. 5.7 +/- 2.1 after 180 days, and 3.6 +/- 0.8 vs. 5.1 +/- 0.9, respectively). Eight women (20%) menstruated before weaning, but none had an adequate thermal shift, while 32 (80%) had their first vaginal bleeding after weaning with 12 (37.5%) registering an adequate thermal shift. Both basal body temperature and salivary ferning proved to be suggestive of ovarian activity, while mucus characteristics were not reliable in identifying fertile periods. Our study showed that breastfeeding associated with lactational amenorrhoea proved to be a good method of postpartum fertility control. Since the importance of supplementation is still debated, it is recommended that a "complete" breastfeeding program be used.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Symmetry and ovulation in women.

Women have cryptic ovulation, and self-observation methods of determining the timing of ovulation, such as monitoring cervical mucus symptoms or recording basal body temperature, are not reliable. It has recently become apparent that the symmetry of paired soft tissue traits, such as breast size and digit length, changes across the menstrual cycle. This paper presents evidence that symmetry in four paired soft tissue traits showed a marked increase on the day of ovulation. The difference (i.e. the asymmetry) between the size of the left and right trait in ears, 3rd, 4th and 5th digits was measured. The timing of ovulation was confirmed by real-time pelvic ultrasonography and trait measurements were made without knowledge of scan results. Asymmetry was lowest on the day of ovulation (day 0), decreasing by about 30% from day -1, and significant within-subjects changes occurred from days -2 to day -1, and day -1 to day 0. The practical and evolutionary implications of these findings are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Tibolone does not have a sustained measurable thermogenic effect in postmenopausal women.

BACKGROUND: Our purpose was to determine if tibolone in commonly used daily dosage (2.5 mg/day) would have a measurable thermogenic effect in women, which could be attributed to its progestogenic effect. METHODS: We enrolled twelve postmenopausal women in this study. Subjects were instructed to take their basal body temperatures for fifteen days before and for another fifteen days during tibolone usage. Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test were used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: Only in one subject did the basal body temperatures before and during tibolone usage have a significantly different distribution (p=0.048). Mean basal body temperatures before and during tibolone usage of the subjects were compared using Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test and the p value was found to be 0.158. CONCLUSION: The results of the statistical analysis of the basal body temperatures which were taken before and during tibolone usage in our group seem to indicate that tibolone does not have a sustained measurable thermogenic effect in postmenopausal women.

Anabolic Agents↗
PubMed1996

Endogenous circadian rhythm of basal pupil size in rabbits.

PURPOSE: The authors examined the circadian change of basal pupil size in light-dark entrained normal rabbits and in entrained rabbits with unilaterally decentralized ocular sympathetic nerves. The pattern of the circadian pupillary rhythm was compared with the circadian patterns of intraocular pressure (IOP) and body temperature in the same rabbits. METHODS: Adult male New Zealand albino rabbits were entrained to a daily 12-hour light-12-hour dark cycle. Using an infrared camera recording system, basal pupil sizes in seven entrained rabbits were videotaped under a constant dark environment at 1-hour intervals for 24 hours. Hourly IOP and rectal temperature in the same rabbits were measured separately under both the regular light-dark cycle and constant dark. In 10 entrained rabbits that underwent unilateral transection of the cervical sympathetic trunk, measurements of pupil size and IOP in constant dark were performed. RESULTS: In normal rabbits, a smaller basal pupil size in the subjective light phase and a consistently larger pupil size in the subjective dark phase were observed. Notably, pupil size increased sharply at the beginning of the subjective dark phase and peaked shortly. Circadian rhythms of IOP and body temperature were present under the regular light-dark cycle and in constant dark. As did pupillary enlargement, IOP rose sharply at the beginning of the subjective dark phase and peaked shortly thereafter. Body temperature, however, increased gradually and peaked in the late subjective dark phase. In rabbits with unilaterally decentralized ocular sympathetic nerves, the circadian rhythm of pupil size was present only in the intact eye. In addition, the circadian IOP elevation in the decentralized eye was reduced significantly. CONCLUSIONS: In light-dark entrained rabbits, basal pupil size changes in a circadian pattern and peaks at the beginning of the dark phase. The circadian pupillary rhythm disappears after ocular sympathetic decentralization. There are similar characteristics in the circadian rhythm of IOP. The increase of basal pupil size in the early dark phase is not related to the nocturnal increase of body temperature.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Study on the relationship between first ovulation and infant feeding in lactating postpartum women].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the first ovulation after delivery and to provide scientific data for contraception in lactating postpartum women. METHODS: From January 1996 to December 1998, 101 lactating women were continuously monitored of their ovulation by ultrasound, basal body temperature (BBT) measurement and cervical mucus examination. RESULTS: The evidences of first ovulation (follicle > 1.8 cm in diameter) were found by ultrasound in 53 (52.5%) women during 154 days after delivery on the average and there were 11 (10.9%, 11/101) subjects who had first ovulation during 4 months after delivery and 42 (41.6%, 42/101) subjects had, after 4 months. Significant positive correlation was found between the time of supplementary feeding and the time of the first menses (n = 100, r = 0.4764, P < 0.01) and first ovulation (n = 53, r = 0.5554, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: For postpartum mother it is suitable to begin with birth control method at the 4th month after delivery and to prolong the breast feeding is also a good method for birth control.

Adult↗