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PubMedDate not supplied

[HUMAN BALANTYDIASIS IN HUARAZ: REPORT OF FIVE CASES]

In order to know the clinical behavior of Human Balantidiasis, five symptomatic cases are reported (three from hospital and two from private practice), observed from December 1993 to December 1996 in the city of Huaraz (3,100 Mt above sea level). All patients were from Ancash, being their mean age 57,2 years old (3-85); 4/5 were male, and 3/5 were farmers. They bred pigs, lived in a rural environment and had no access to drinking water nor to sewage at home. The mean length of this disease was 22,8 days (10-60). Clinical symptoms were dysenteric diarrhea and abdominal pain accompanied by fever, pallor, asthenia, weight loss and dehydration. All five cases presented the parasite in the feces: one as a cyst, two as trophozolte, and the other two, both shapes. Two patients suffered serious complications: The first one had intestinal perforation, peritonitis and died, and the other one presented bronchopneumonia, low digestive hemorrhage and sepsis. Treatment included tetracycline, metronidazole and large spectrum antibiotic, if required. When we observe a patient with hemorrhagic or chronic severe diarrhea in Huaraz, who comes from the rural area and is a breeder of pigs, we must consider a diagnosis based on Human Balantidiasis.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Balantidium coli pneumonia in an immunocompromised patient.

A fatal case is reported of Balantidium coli pneumonia in a 71-y-old woman suffering from anal cancer. The diagnosis was made by the discovery of motile trophozoites in a wet mount from bronchial secretions. The usual habitat of the parasite is the colon; lung balantidiasis is very rare.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

The formation of primary and secondary lysosomes in Balantidium coli, Ciliata.

Trophozoites, vegetative forms of Balantidum coli isolated from pigs affected by acute and asymptomatic balantidiasis were studied. Lysosomes and food vacuoles were revealed by cytochemical detection of lysosomal marker, acid phosphatase. The cytoplasm of all the B. coli trophozoites examined was found to contain numerous structures which differed widely in shape, size and location in the cells. One of them was located among the rough endoplasmic reticulum membranes and another one in the vicinity of endosomes. Those structures were regarded as the primary lysosomes. The two types of vesicular structures most probably represent two stages of the primary lysosome formation. Trophozoites were also found to contain secondary lysosomes which are formed by fusion of several primary lysosomes with phagosomes. The ultrathin sections of B. coli trohozoites showed the presence of two types of phagosomes. They were divided, based on their contents, into auto- and heterophagosomes.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed2003

Pulmonary Balantidium coli infection in a leukemic patient.

A 59-year-old woman suffering from chronic lymphocytic leukemia developed pulmonary lesions; bronchoalveolar lavage was performed for possible systemic fungal infection. However, direct microscopic analysis revealed ciliated protozoa identified as Balantidium coli. B. coli is the only known pathogenic ciliate, and is usually associated with intestinal infection in areas associated with pig rearing. On very rare occasions the organisms may invade extra-intestinal organs, in this case the lungs of an immunocompromised patient. This case is unusual as balantidiasis is rare in Europe, the patient had no obvious contact with pigs, and there was no history of diarrhea prior to pulmonary colonization. Metronidazole was rapidly administered, and the condition improved after 24-48 hr.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Nitroheterocyclic drugs with broad spectrum activity.

The group of biologically active nitroheterocyclic compounds includes various 5- and 2-nitroimidazoles and 5-nitrofurans, which can be used as therapeutic agents against a variety of protozoan and bacterial (anaerobic) infections of humans and animals. The current status in the the treatment of giardiasis, trichomoniasis, balantidiasis, histomoniasis, and amebiasis (including infections due to opportunistic amebas) is presented. The most relevant drugs (benznidazole, furazolidone, metronidazole, misonidazole, nifurtimox, nimorazole, nitazoxanide, ornidazole, secnidazole, and tinidazole) are characterized with regard to their chemical, chemotherapeutic, toxicological, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacological properties, including the mechanism of action and resistance in certain parasitic protozoa.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Massive development of amebas in the large intestine. Fedor Aleksandrovich Lesh (Lösch).

Fedor Aleksandrovich Lesh (Lösch) 1840-1903. Although Lösch was a distinguished Russian physician, little has been written about him in English. A graduate of the Medico-chirurgical Academy in St. Petersburg (1863), he defended a doctoral thesis on pulmonary embolism and infarction in 1866, and became an assistant professor of medicine in 1871. From 1872 to 1885 he was a lecturer on diagnosis at the Women's Medical College and a consultant to the Nikolayev Military Hospital. In 1885 he became Professor of Diagnostic Medicine at Kiev University where he remained until his retirement in 1897. In 1870, Lösch found Balantidium coli in the stools of two patients and made a detailed study of the clinical aspects of balantidiasis. In the same year he described in detail Giardia lamblia and Blastocystis hominis. Altogether, he published some 20 papers on the diagnostic and clinical aspects of various diseases, with special emphasis on the microscopic aspects of coprology. It was in 1875 (exactly 100 years ago) that Lösch, in this monumental paper, reported the clinical aspects of recurrent intestinal amebiasis, identified and described its cause, Entamoeba histolytica, and produced the disease in an experimental animal. This work on amebiasis was completed while he was assistant professor at St. Petersburg, on the wards of Prof. E. Eichwald. Clinicians will cherish the description of the patient's symptoms; protozoologists must be delighted by the description of the parasite and its motility; experimentalists will be nervous about his luck in infecting one of three dogs; and iconoclasts must derive satisfaction from Lösch's caution in not automatically assigning a direct causal relationship between the presence of the parasite and the disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Parasitic infections in organ transplantation.

More than 340 parasitic species infect more than 3 billion people worldwide with varying morbidity and mortality. The Tropics constitute the main reservoir of infection with the highest clinical impact, owing to favorable ecological factors. Acquisition of infection, clinical severity, and outcome of a parasitic disease depend on innate and acquired host immunity as well as the parasite's own immune response against the host when infection is established. Organ transplant recipients may acquire significant parasitic disease in 3 ways: transmission with the graft, de novo infection, or activation of dormant infection as a consequence of immunosuppression. Malaria, Trypanosoma, Toxoplasma, and Leishmania are the principal parasites that may be transmitted with bone marrow, kidney, or liver homografts, and microsporidia with xenotransplants. De novo infection with malaria and kala-azar may occur in immunocompromised travelers visiting in endemic areas, while immunocompromised natives are subject to superinfection with different strains of endemic parasites, reinfection with schistosomiasis, or rarely, with primary infections such as acanthamoeba. The list of parasites that may be reactivated in the immunocompromised host includes giardiasis, balantidiasis, strongyloidiasis, capillariasis, malaria, Chagas' disease, and kalaazar. The broad clinical syndromes of parasitic infection in transplant recipients include prolonged pyrexia, lower gastrointestinal symptoms, bronchopneumonia, and meningoencephalitis. Specific syndromes include the hematologic manifestations of malaria, myocarditis in Chagas' disease, acute renal failure in malaria and leishmaniasis, and the typical skin lesions of Chagas' and cutaneous leishmaniasis. Many antiparasitic drugs have the potential for gastrointestinal, hepatic, renal, and hematologic toxicity, and may interact with the metabolism of immunosuppressive agents. It is recommended that transplant clinicians have a high index of suspicion of parasitic infections as an important transmission threat, as well as a potential cause of significant posttransplant morbidity.

Humans↗
PubMed1986

Free radical metabolism of antiparasitic agents.

In recent years it has been apparent that many of the known antiparasitic drugs produce free radicals. Intracellular reduction followed by autooxidation yielding O.-2 and H2O2 has been suggested as the mode of action of nifurtimox on Trypanosoma cruzi and as the basis of its toxicity in mammals. On the other hand, free radical intermediates that do not generate oxygen-reduction products under physiological conditions have been found in the metabolic pathways of other antiparasitic nitro compounds (benznidazole, metronidazole, and other 5-nitroimidazoles) used in the treatment of diseases such as Chagas' disease, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, balantidiasis, amebiasis, and schistosomiasis. In these cases, as well as in the case of niridazole (used in the treatment of schistosomiasis), covalent binding or other interactions of the intermediates of nitroreduction with parasite macromolecules are possibly involved in their toxicity. Redox cycling of these compounds under aerobic conditions appears to be a detoxification reaction by inhibiting net reduction of the drugs.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

A new guinea pig mutant with abnormal hair production and immunodeficiency.

Hairless guinea pigs were born in a closed colony of Hartley guinea pigs. At birth, hairless guinea pigs were smaller than littermates, had wrinkled skin and stunted vibrissae. The most striking abnormality histologically was distension of the upper portion of the pilary canal with thickening of the epidermis. Hairlessness resulted from production of abnormal hair shafts. Preliminary work indicated that in addition to hairlessness, the guinea pigs were athymic or hypothymic. Initial immunologic studies showed that the guinea pigs also were agammaglobulinemic. Animals that survived the weaning period died of infections that are usually associated with immunodeficiencies, such as systemic cytomegalovirus, systemic balantidiasis and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Colo-rectal biopsy in inflammatory bowel disease.

The term inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is viewed as all-inclusive, covering the full panoply of intestinal disorders in which inflammatory changes are a prominent feature, including those of infectious, toxic, and intrinsic origin as well as the idiopathic entities ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. This chapter describes and discusses those aspects of colo-rectal biopsy in IBD which can help pathologists make optimal interpretations. The areas covered are: 1) methods used to prepare biopsy specimens for study, 2) normal histologic findings and common artefacts, 3) basic pathologic changes occurring in IBD, 4) a general approach to differential diagnosis in IBD, and 5) discussion of the various individual forms of IBD. The importance of full and reliable information exchange between the endoscopist and pathologist is stressed. Special attention is given to features in biopsy specimens which help in differentiating between ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Other entities discussed are bacterial dysenteries; gonococcal proctitis; tuberculosis; Whipple's disease; amebiasis; balantidiasis; schistosomiasis; cryptosporidiosis; lymphopathia venereum; cytomegalovirus infection; histoplasmosis; antibiotic colitis; IBD due to cytotoxic drugs (5-FU), heavy metals, and foodstuffs; irradiation colitis; ischemic colitis; solitary ulcer syndrome; diverticulitis; and colitis secondary to obstruction. The term pseudomembranous enterocolitis is also considered.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1984

[Post-mortem evaluation in endemic pemphigus foliaceus and pemphigus vulgaris].

Eighteen autopsies were performed in patients with pemphigus that died during treatment between 1961 and 1981. Eight of these patients had endemic pemphigus foliaceus and ten had pemphigus vulgaris. The pemphigus vulgaris patients were receiving only corticosteroids while some of those with pemphigus vulgaris also received immunosuppressors. Side effects from the medication were a major contributing factor in the death of 7 of the 8 pemphigus foliaceus patients and in 8 of the 10 cases of pemphigus vulgaris. The causa mortis to which the medication contributed to was strongyloidiasis in 4 patients, disseminated septicemia in 3 patients, bronchial pneumonia in 3 patients, miliary tuberculosis in 2 patients, massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage, pulmonary infarct and balantidiasis with strongyloidiasis in 1 patient each. The authors stress the need for careful investigation of strongyloidiasis and eradication by treatment not only when starting but also during therapy with large doses of corticosteroids and cytotoxic agents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Parasite related diarrhoeas. WHO Scientific Working Group.

This article reviews available knowledge on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, immunology, diagnosis, and therapy of parasite-related diarrhoeas of public health importance, primarily amoebiasis, giardiasis, trichuriasis, strongyloidiasis, balantidiasis, coccidioses, schistosomiasis, and capillariasis. Research priorities are recommended in each of these fields with the aim of developing better means of prevention and treatment.

Diarrhea↗