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PubMed1997

Fibrosis in the subacromial bursa and outcome after acromioplasty.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The subacromial bursa tends to undergo proliferative or degenerative changes in patients with impingement syndrome. The aim of the study was to quantify the degree of fibrosis in the subacromial bursa in context with the outcome after acromioplasty. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-one patients with impingement syndrome underwent acromioplasty, and in each case biopsies from the subacromial bursa were taken. Fibrosis in the subacromial bursa was assessed histologically with van Gieson staining technique, and a three-graded scale was used. Five normal shoulders from an autopsy series served as controls. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Ten patients had severe fibrosis, eight had moderate fibrosis and one patient had no fibrosis at all. All normal controls had no fibrosis. The postoperative outcome seemed to be more favourable in patients with severe fibrosis (7 out of 10) contrary to patients with moderate fibrosis of whom only three out of eight were graded as a success. The outcome of acromioplasty in patients with impingement was clearly dependent on the degree of fibrosis in the subacromial bursa.

Acromioclavicular Joint↗
PubMed1985

The presence of lymphatic stomata in the ovarian bursa of the golden hamster.

The histology and function of the lymphatic system in the ovarian bursa of the golden hamster were examined at each day of the estrous cycle. The lymphatic passage from the ovarian bursa to a para-aortic lymph node was stained black by india ink injected into the bursal cavity. This suggests that bursal fluid drains from the cavity via lymphatic vessels. Lymphatic stomata connecting the bursal cavity with the lymphatic lumen were consistently present throughout the cycle. However, the stomata were more frequently observed in the bursae on day 1 than on day 4 of the cycle. Also, they were more frequently observed in the bursa injected with 5 microliters of chick erythrocytes than in the contralateral (not injected) bursa in hamsters on day 4 of the cycle. These results suggest that the stomata are openings the patency of which varies in response to changes in the bursal cavity. There were regions where the lymphatic lumen was separated from the bursal cavity only by lymphatic endothelial cells. These regions were present throughout the estrous cycle. They may be patent stomata; dehiscence of junctions between the endothelial cells may give rise to stomata or widen the stomata orifices that are already present.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Evaluation of the bursa infracardiaca in the pathogenesis of sliding hiatal hernia (author's transl)].

For the first time, the capillary space-bursa infracardiaca-which is present in human evolution, is investigated and described in reference to the pathogenesis of sliding hiatal hernia. This bursa at the right dorsal wall of the esophagus can obliterate, persist or even communicate with the bursa omentalis. It supports the cranially sliding movement of the gastroesophageal junction and reduces the slope posture of the plane of esophageal entry into the stomach. Extensive sliding movement permits the fat of omentum minus to develop a lipoma between the bursa and esophageal wall. With regard to the known specific muscle architecture of esophagus (Stelzner, 1968) the upward tilting of the plane of entry is followed by the opening of the cardia and by reflux. The bursa enlarges the postural change of the plane of entry. It can be considered as a disposing factor in the development of sliding hiatal hernia. This is evaluated by a lot of observations and with regard to former experiments.

Esophagus↗
PubMed2007

Endoscopic assessment and treatment of lesions of the deep digital flexor tendon in the navicular bursae of 20 lame horses.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Clinical lesions of the deep digital flexor tendon and navicular bone are being reported with increasing frequency. However, the role of direct visualisation by navicular bursoscopy in the diagnosis and management of such injuries has not been explored. HYPOTHESIS: Navicular bursoscopy: 1) corroborates information obtained from other, noninvasive imaging modalities; 2) allows direct visualisation of lesions unidentified by other diagnostic modalities; 3) provides further information on morphology of lesions; and 4) permits minimally invasive surgical access to lesions. METHODS: The case records of all horses that underwent diagnostic navicular bursoscopy for the investigation of lameness admitted to 2 referral clinics (the Royal Veterinary College and Reynolds House Referrals) were evaluated retrospectively. Follow-up information was obtained by telephone questionnaire. RESULTS: Twenty-three bursae were examined endoscopically in 20 horses. Tears of the deep digital flexor tendon were seen in all horses (22 bursae). In 8 bursae, cartilage lesions were also present and in one bursa this was the only abnormal finding. Computed tomography and low field magnetic resonance imaging predicted tendon lesions in most cases, but failed to identify cartilage damage. Greater than 6 month follow-up information was available for 15 animals of which 11 were sound and 9 had returned to preoperative levels of performance. CONCLUSION: Lameness localised to the foot may result from tears of the deep digital flexor tendon and/or navicular fibrocartilage loss. Navicular bursoscopy allows comprehensive evaluation of these changes and also permits appropriate lesion management. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: The diagnostic information obtained from and therapeutic options offered by bursoscopy justify its use in horses with clinical findings localising lameness to the navicular bursa.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

The morphology of the starling (Sturnus vulgaris) bursa of Fabricius: a scanning and light microscope study.

Two starlings, a male and female, were sampled from the nest in 1980 and 1981. Scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy revealed the bursa of Fabricius to be similar in these two nestlings. In the center of the elongated bursa is a wide central canal from which blind secondary canals branch. The luminal surface of the central canal is smooth and lacks the plicae characteristically observed in the chicken's bursa. The central and secondary canals contain a mixture of epithelial cells: mucin-producing goblet cells and epithelial cells with deeply stained granules. The former cells are present in the chicken's bursa while the latter cells are not. These epithelial cells lack the florid microvilli observed in the chicken's interfollicular epithelium. The secondary canals are lined by bursal follicles which are divided into a cortex and medulla by epithelial cells. The epithelial cells of the corticomedullary border form an arch which partly encloses lymphocytes. A row of lymphoblasts commonly line the archlike epithelial cells. Follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) appears at the apex of the bursal follicle. Unlike the chicken, one may observe tingible-body macrophages associating with the FAE. A prominent terminal web is located beneath the apical surface of the FAE.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Bursa lymphocytes and IgM-containing cells in chicken embryos bursectomized at 52-64 hours of incubation.

A technique of surgical removal of the bursal primordium ("bursectomy") of chicken embryos at stage 17, approximately 52-64 hours and 29-32 somites, is described. The survival rate of bursectomized (Bx) embryos approached a level of 50% on the 21st day. About 20% of correctly Bx embryos exhibited malformations of the anal sphincter and the large intestine. Using a rabbit anti-bursacyte serum, which did not react with thymocytes, the specific bursa-derived cell (Bu) marker was detected on the surface of bursa, spleen, bone marrow and thymus lymphocytes. Early embryonic bursectomy caused a moderate depletion of Bu marker-bearing and IgM-containing cells. It has been postulated that embryonic Bu cells can be recruited from sites other than the bursa and in the absence of the bursa.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Committed precursors of B and T lymphocytes in chick embryo bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and bone marrow.

Lymphocyte precursors in bursa of Fabricius, thymus and bone marrow (BM) of chick embryos were studied at different stages of incubation over 12-21 days, and for their state of commitment to B or T cell lines of development. Cell suspensions were fractionated on albumin gradients to remove nonlymphoid cells and incubated in vitro with bursopoietin, a specific inducer of B cells, or crude chicken thymus extract, a specific inducer of T cells, or ubiquitin, a nonspecific inducer. Precursors were identified by increases in numbers of cells bearing surface alloantigens as determined by immunofluorescence, either Bu-1 (specific to B cells) or Th-1 (specific to T cells). Precursors inducible to Bu-1+ cells were found in bursal cells and BM cells from all age groups but not in thymic cells. Precursors inducible to Th-1+ cells were found in thymic preparations and BM cells at all ages, but in significant numbers in bursa on day 12 only. Because B and T precursors were never found together in bursa or thymus, or only in very unequal amounts, it was concluded that precursors in these organs were not multipotential but were separately committed to one or other line of development. This argument did not apply to BM cells, for which other evidence was obtained. Bu-1+ cells were specifically induced in BM cells with bursopoietin and then removed by complement-dependent cytolysis wih anti-Bu-1 antiserum. When the remaining cells were incubated with ubiquitin, only Th-1+ cells were induced, showing that Bu-1 and Th-1 precursors were separately committed. Surface IgM was never induced on either bursal or BM lymphocytes. The Ia (or B-L) antigen was inducible on 12- to 21-day bursal cells, but could not be generated on BM cells until day 14 onwards. The pattern of occurrence of committed lymphocyte precursors in the developing chick embryo suggests that these cells are released into the circulation from both central lymphoid organs at their respective times of high lymphopoietic activity, and accumulate in the BM at least up to the time of hatching. Moreover, the presence of committed B precursors in bursa and committed T precursors in thymus at times and in quantities appropriate to the known features of avian lymphopoiesis leads us to conclude that in vitro induction is analogous to a true stage of in vivo B and T cell differentiation.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Emigration of B cells from chicken bursa of Fabricius.

The extent of emigration of cells from the bursa of Fabricius to the periphery was estimated. Per anum application of fluorescein isothiocyanate to label bursal cells in situ was used. Migrant cells can be visualized on frozen sections or cell suspensions of peripheral organs by their fluorescence. The data show that at 2-3 weeks after hatching about 5% of bursal cells leave the bursa per day. Since the bursal cells divide rapidly, this indicates that the vast majority (95%) of bursal cells die in situ. Cells that leave the bursa are surface IgM positive and go first to peripheral blood and later into B cell areas of spleen, thymus and cecal tonsils. The results are also discussed on the basis of their implication for the generation of antibody diversity in the chicken bursa.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

B cell emigration directly from the cortex of lymphoid follicles in the bursa of Fabricius.

In the peripheral blood (PBL) of juvenile chickens three populations of B cells have previously been distinguished based on life-span and origin of cells within each population. In this report we show that the largest PBL B cell subset, population 1 B cells, which are short-lived cells corresponding to about 60% of PBL B cells and the vast majority of bursal emigrants, exit from the bursa directly from the follicular cortex. This conclusion is based on the specific labeling of rapidly dividing cortical lymphocytes with bromodeoxyuridine, followed by their detection in the periphery prior to the appearance of bromodeoxyuridine labeled cells in the bursa medulla. Furthermore, the rate of emigration of cortical lymphocytes, 1.00 +/- 0.1% of PBL B cells per hour, is indistinguishable from the emigration rate of B cells from the bursa as a whole. The anatomical organization of the bursa has evolved to focus gut-derived antigens from the bursal lumen into the lymphoid follicles. The emigration of cortical bursal cells is discussed in relation to the exposure of bursal lymphocytes to extrinsic antigen.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Iliopsoas bursa of the rheumatoid hip joint. A case report and review of the literature.

Presented is the case of a 63-year-old woman, with a 30-year history of rheumatoid arthritis, whose hip was completely destroyed and accompanied with enlargement of the iliopsoas bursa. Preoperative diagnosis was confirmed by computed tomography, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and arthrography. She was treated by resection of the iliopsoas bursa and total prosthetic replacement of the hip joint. The pathogenesis is uncertain. In the literature, enlargement of the iliopsoas bursa with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, pigmented villonodular synovitis, and synovial chondromatosis had been reported. Nevertheless, a correct preoperative diagnosis of the enlargement of the iliopsoas bursa is very difficult. MR imaging with enhanced Gadolinium-DTPA (Gd-DTPA) is proposed as the most useful examination for preoperative diagnosis.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
PubMed2006

Deep and superficial infrapatellar bursae: cadaveric investigation of regional anatomy using magnetic resonance after ultrasound-guided bursography.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the anatomy of the deep and superficial infrapatellar bursae using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and anatomic correlation in cadavers. DESIGN: MR imaging of the infrapatellar bursae of nine cadaveric knees was performed after ultrasound-guided bursography. The images were compared with those seen on anatomic sectioning. Histologic analysis was obtained in two specimens. RESULTS: The deep infrapatellar bursa (DIB) was visualized in all specimens (n=9) and the superficial infrapatellar bursa (SIB) in five specimens (55%). The mean dimensions of the DIB in the craniocaudal, mediolateral, and anteroposterior planes were respectively 25, 28.7, and 6 mm, and for SIB 19.5, 21.2 and 2.2 mm. A fat apron dividing the DIB was depicted in eight knees (89%). Lateral extension of the DIB beyond the patellar tendon was observed in 100% of cases. Cadaveric analysis depicted a thin septum in the SIB in four of five cases (80%). CONCLUSIONS: The DIB is generally present and extends beyond the lateral margin of the patellar tendon. A fat apron partially separating this structure is usual. The SIB is not an unusual finding and may have a septum separating its compartments.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Secondary osteochondromatosis in the subacromial bursa: a report of two cases and review of the literature.

Osteochondromatosis is classified into primary and secondary lesions; primary osteochondromatosis is a tumor-like lesion, whereas secondary lesions are due to such joint or bursal disorders as osteoarthritis and osteochondral fractures. There is no clinical distinction between these two conditions. Only the pathological findings of loose bodies and synovium can clearly distinguish between them. In this report, we present two patients with secondary osteochondromatosis in the subacromial bursa. Both had shoulder pain and were treated surgically. We discuss methods of differentiating between primary and secondary lesions and elucidate the pathogenesis of osteochondromatosis in the subacromial bursa by analyzing findings for 17 shoulders with this condition reported in the literature. We also present two more cases. We reviewed the 12 cases of osteochondromatosis in the literature for histopathological findings of loose bodies and the presence or absence of acromial osteophytes. Our findings suggest that osteochondromatosis of the subacromial bursa is secondary in most cases, and that osteocartilaginous fragments from acromial osteophytes can be shed into the subacromial bursa and grow into loose bodies.

Acromion↗
PubMed2002

Tuberculosis of the greater trochanteric bursa occurring 51 years after tuberculous nephritis.

We present a case of tuberculous greater trochanteric bursitis occurring 51 years after tuberculous nephritis in a 71-year-old man. Radiographs of the affected hip revealed focal osteolysis of the greater trochanter and calcification in the surrounding soft tissues. Contrast-enhanced CT scans and MRI revealed that the enlarged bursa extended into the femoral intermuscular spaces. Bacterial culture of the biopsied bursa grew Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Total excision of the infected bursa, combined with antituberculous therapy, was curative. Tuberculosis of the greater trochanteric bursa should be included in the differential diagnosis of chronic hip pain. New tuberculous musculoskeletal lesions can occur elsewhere in the body many years after primary tuberculous lesions have healed.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Effects of the TCDD congeners 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl and 3,3',4,4'-tetrachloroazoxybenzene on lymphoid development in the bursa of Fabricius of the chick embryo.

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and its congeners, such as 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) and 3,3',4,4'-tetrachloroazoxybenzene (TCAOB), act on targets in the immune system, probably by interacting with the Ah-receptor, causing a characteristic pattern of effects typified by inhibition of lymphoid development in the thymus. There are, however, also reports of effects on B cells. Birds have a well-defined site of B-lymphocyte development, the bursa of Fabricius, analogous to the thymus for T cells. Thus, we wanted to determine whether this organ is suitable for studying effects on B-cell development. TCB and TCAOB were administered by injection into the air sacs of White Leghorn eggs on Day 13 of incubation. Effects observed on Day 19 were as follows: (1) There was a reduction in bursal dry weight but not in body weight in the treated groups. (2) The number of lymphoid cells in the bursae decreased in a dose-dependent manner, and bursae from high-dose groups (300 and 30 micrograms/kg egg of TCB and TCAOB, respectively) were almost completely devoid of lymphoid cells. For the reduction of lymphoid cell number, the ED50 for TCB and TCAOB was approximately 45 and 1.4 micrograms/kg egg, respectively. (3) Histological sections showed that embryos from treated egges contained fewer bursal follicles and that follicles contained fewer lymphoid cells compared with controls. (4) Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity was 30 and 50 times that of the control at high doses of TCB and TCAOB (estimated ED50: 200-300 and 4 micrograms/kg egg, respectively). These findings suggest that lymphoid development in the bursa of Fabricius of the chick embryo is inhibited by TCDD congeners.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Plasminogen activator in the bursa of Fabricius: correlations with morphogenetic remodeling and cell migrations.

The association of controlled extracellular proteolysis, mediated by plasminogen activator, with embryonic tissue remodeling and cell migration was studied in the developing bursa of Fabriculus of quail and chick embryos. We found: that the specific activity of plasminogen activator in the bursa changes as a function of developmental age; that these changes are correlated temporally with the migration of hemopoietic cells into the bursal rudiment and with the period of extensive remodeling in the bursal epithelium; that the enzyme is distributed asymmetrically in the epithelial and mesenchymal compartments of the bursa. Chick and quail plasminogen activators can be distinguished by differences in their rates of electrophoretic migration. When interspecific grafts between quail and chick embryos were analyzed in this way, we observed that hemopoietic precursor cells produce plasminogen activator during their colonization of the bursa.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Historical perspective: the bursa of Fabricius and its influence on B-cell development, past and present.

The bursa of Fabricius has a history and a future. The history included its description by Hieronymus Fabricius and the discovery in the 1950s of its pivotal role in humoral immunity. The apparent obligate role of the bursa in B-cell development was modified by research in the 1960s and 1970s which described the synthesis of immunoglobulin in bursaless birds and led to the concept of extra bursal sites. Then in the 1980s, supported by the research of the past 25 years and the new technology, the obligate role of the bursa in orchestrating the V-gene repertoire-antibody diversity was revealed. Microenvironmental studies in the 1970s and 1980s announced the importance of bursal epithelium, secretory dendritic cells, and other reticuloepithelial cells in interpreting the ontogeny of B-cell differentiation. The past history of the bursa will be remembered for its contribution to present and future research and the present and future will be promising if the experiences of the past are not forgotten.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Effect of neuraminidase treatment on the expression of Fc IgG receptors on chicken embryonic bursa and thymus cells.

Bursa and thymus cells from chicken embryos at different ages were analyzed for Fc IgG receptors by EA-rosette technique and by binding of heat aggregated chicken IgG (agg IgG) in the indirect immunofluorescence test. Neuraminidase treatment resulted in a substantial increase of agg IgG binding cells both in the embryonic bursa and thymus. The binding of agg IgG was shown to be specific for Fc IgG receptors, since IgM and F(ab')2 fragments were not bound to neuraminidase-treated embryonic cells. A far lower percentage of EA-rosette-forming cells than agg IgG binding cells were found both in untreated and neuraminidase-treated bursa and thymus cells. It was concluded that neuraminidase can reveal additional Fc IgG receptor sites mainly for agg IgG on embryonic thymus and bursa cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Localization of Trk neurotrophin receptor-like proteins in avian primary lymphoid organs (thymus and bursa of Fabricius).

The avian thymus and bursa of Fabricius are the specific organs where the maturation and differentiation of T- and B-lymphocytes, respectively, take place. In the mammalian lymphoid organs mRNAs of the neurotrophins and their receptors have been identified but their localization at the protein level remains still unknown. This study was undertaken to analyze the localization of the Trk family of tyrosine kinase receptors in the avian primary lymphoid organs (thymus and bursa of Fabricius) during the posthatching development using immunohistochemistry. These proteins serve as essential constituents of the high affinity receptors for neurotrophins. In the thymus of all groups of age specific immunoreactivity (IR) was observed for all three Trks: TrkA-like IR was found labelling medullary epithelial cells and a subpopulation of cortical epithelial cells; TrkB-like IR was found in the medullar dendritic cells and cortical macrophages; TrkC-like IR labelled the cortical epithelial cells and scattered medullar clusters of epithelial cells (including Hassal's corpuscles). Quantitative analysis revealed age-dependent decrease in the area occupied by TrkA-like IR in the cortex, and age-dependent increase in the medulla; no changes were detected in the area occupied by TrkB-like IR; the TrkC-like immunoreactive cells increase from 7 to 30 days and then decrease. Regarding to the bursa of Fabricius, TrkA-and TrkC-like IR were exclusively found in the epithelial cells of the follicle associated and the interfollicular epithelia, as well as TrkC-like IR in some medullary reticular epithelial cells of adult animals. Nevertheless, TrkB-like IR labelled extrafollicular unidentified cells in 7 days old animals, and the follicular secretory dendritic cells at 30 and 60 post-hatching. The area occupied by the medullary TrkB-like IR cells increased between 30 and 60 days. No immunostaining of lymphocytes was observed for any of the assessed antigens. The blood vessels of both the thymus and the bursa of Fabricius were immunoreactive for TrkA- and TrkC-like proteins. The present results provide evidence for the localization of Trks in the non-lymphoid cells (epithelial and dendritic) of the avian primary lymphoid organs, suggesting a role for neurotrophins in these cells. Moreover, the selective cell localization of each Trk protein, and the absence of apparent overlapping, claims for a differential role of the specific Trk ligands. Whether or not these findings have functional relevance for T- and B-lymphocytes processing in avian primary lymphoid organs is discussed.

Age Factors↗