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Beating boredom.

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Humans↗

Executive boredom.

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Administrative Personnel↗

Occupational exposure to blood: search for a relation between personality and behavior.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the behavior of French nurses after occupational exposure to blood (OEB); to study the reasons for not reporting an OEB to the occupational medicine service or the hospital authorities, and to explore the links between personality traits and both the risk of having an OEB and the likelihood of reporting it. DESIGN: A descriptive and correlational study using a cross-sectional survey for data collection. SETTING: Six nursing schools (four initial training institutes and two specialty training schools, one for surgical nurses and one for nurse anesthetists) and six hospitals in Lorraine. PARTICIPANTS: 942 nurses and 459 nursing students were approached, and 964 (69%) replied to the questionnaire. METHODS: The participants received an anonymous two-part questionnaire. The first part explored the knowledge of the risk and Standard Precautions and collected details of the history of OEB. Reporting of OEB to the occupational medicine service or the hospital authorities and the nature of serological monitoring after OEB also were explored. The second part was composed of the Zuckerman sensation-seeking scale, exploring four areas: disinhibition, danger- and adventure-seeking, seeking new experiences, and susceptibility to boredom. RESULTS: 947 nurses were vaccinated against hepatitis B, but only 528 (56%) had checked that they were effectively immunized. Only 166 respondents (17%) stated they routinely used gloves during all procedures in which they were exposed to blood. There were 505 recorded OEB during the study period (0.24 per person per year). The most frequently reported OEB were those involving hollow needles (57%). Approximately one half (48.5%) of all OEB were reported. "Good local antisepsis immediately after the accident" was the reason most often given to justify nonreporting. Only 57% of OEB victims sought to determine the serological status of the source patient for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis B virus immediately after accident. Only 40% and 31% of OEB victims checked their own HIV and HCV serostatus 3 and 6 months after OEB, respectively. Few staff adopted safer-sex measures after OEB, and some continued to donate blood in subsequent months. Logistic regression identified two variables significantly and independently linked to the risk of having at least one OEB in the 27 months preceding the date on which the questionnaire was completed: having a permanent position and having a higher degree of disinhibition. Taking into account the number of OEB during this period (Poisson regression), four variables were significantly and independently linked to the risk of having a larger number of OEB: having a permanent position; having a higher degree of disinhibition; being more susceptible to boredom; and having less nursing experience. In logistic regression, three variables emerged as being significantly and independently linked to reporting all OEB: younger age; having had at least one percutaneous injury (excluding splashes); and having lower susceptibility to boredom. CONCLUSION: Nursing personnel continue to ignore or be unaware of many factors surrounding OEB, meaning that information and counseling must continue unabated. Knowledge of the risk, of the benefit of respecting Standard Precautions, and of the importance of notification and serological follow-up is still inadequate. Finally, certain personality traits, such as a high level of disinhibition and susceptibility to boredom, appear to be linked to the risk of OEB. Subjects strongly susceptible to boredom are less likely to report such accidents.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

Beyond the basics. Effects of the Eden Alternative model on quality of life issues.

In Life Worth Living, Thomas (1996) proposed that in long-term care facilities for elderly individuals, loneliness, helplessness, and boredom are out of control and are steadily decaying the residents' spirits, adversely affecting quality of life. While Thomas' contention appeals to common sense, no empirical evidence is offered in its support. The purpose of this quasi-experimental study was to assess the impact of implementation of the Eden Alternative model on levels of loneliness, boredom, and helplessness of older residents of a long-term care facility. The model was introduced into the experimental facility on May 1, 1998. The final sample for the experimental group included 21 cognitively intact older adults from a state veterans home (13 men, 8 women, mean age = 76.1). The final control group was composed of 13 residents in a private long-term care facility (11 women, 2 men, mean age = 85.7). A Background Data Sheet, the Geriatric Depression Scale (includes yes or no questions related to helplessness and boredom), and the UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3) were administered by an interviewer at baseline and 1-year post-implementation of the Eden Alternative model. Data analysis from the post-implementation phase revealed significant differences between the groups on levels of boredom (z = -2.6, p = .01) and helplessness (z = -2.2, p = .03). Lower levels of distress were found in the experimental group on both boredom and helplessness, but not loneliness. Findings suggest health care professionals and researchers have an opportunity to take a leading role in impacting services related to quality-of-life issues for this important, but often overlooked, population.

Aged↗

A phenomenological investigation of being bored with life.

The majority of research on boredom concerns the situational aspects of boredom, such as monotonous stimuli and decreased arousal; however, clinical concerns such as addictive behaviors involve people who experience boredom habitually. This paper describes a phenomenological study focused on 6 persons (16 to 67 years old) who experienced habitual boredom, those who were bored with their lives.

Adolescent↗

What is the function of nail biting: an analog assessment study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the frequency of nail biting in 4 settings (interventions) designed to elicit the functions of nail biting and to compare the results with a self-report questionnaire about the functions of nail biting. DESIGN: Randomised allocation of participants to order of conditions. SETTING: University Psychology Department. SUBJECTS: Forty undergraduates who reported biting their nails. INTERVENTIONS: Left alone (boredom), solving maths problems (frustration), reprimanded for nail biting (contingent attention), continuous conversation (noncontingent attention). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of times the undergraduates bit their nails. RESULTS: Nail biting occurred most often in two conditions, boredom and frustration. CONCLUSION: Nail biting in young adults occurs as a result of boredom or working on difficult problems, which may reflect a particular emotional state. It occurs least often when people are engaged in social interaction or when they are reprimanded for the behavior.

Adult↗

Psychotherapy with the boring patient.

Boredom is an unpleasant affective state which may be evoked by monotonous sensory input and reduction of an individual's internal instinctual and fantasy activity. Certain difficult patients have the capacity to evoke boredom in their psychotherapists and unless technical modifications are used, therapy quickly reaches an impasse and may be terminated on the grounds that the patient is 'not psychologically-minded.' Chronically boring patients have an impaired capacity for symbolization and can be identified by their non-symbolic communicative style. This reflects an inner struggle with primitive mental states due to fixation at, or regression to, the paranoid-schizoid developmental position. The patient may use projective identification to discharge unbearable psychic tension into the therapist whose boredom is partly a defense against this. Alternatively, the patient may create impenetrable barriers with language by making 'attacks on linking' which are tantamount to attacks on the therapist's peace of mind. The therapist should initially interpret the form and function of the patient's communications rather than the contents. In a manner comparable to a mother's interaction with her young child, the therapist can help the patient acquire a greater capacity for symbolization, including the ability to accurately label and verbalize different affective experiences. Careful analysis of the countertransference will identify the patient's projective identifications, provide valuable information about the patient's primitive mental life, and prevent anti-therapeutic projective counter-identifications. The patient will become less boring as he learns to use symbols and as his primitive anxieties are resolved.

Boredom↗

[Sensation seeking and anhedonia in risk taking. Study of a population of bungy jumpers].

This study presents the investigation of the relations between sensation seeking (41) and anhedonia in 80 subjects who practice a risk taking sport, bengy jump. These relations were examined according to different variables which characterize the practice of bengy jump: the total number of previous jumps and the motivations to jump (1. personal motivation, 2. professional motivation--working in the jumping organization, and 3. group motivation--for example being leaded to jump by friends). We also assessed the use of psychoactive substances. All jumpers (men and women) have higher scores than control subjects in Thrill and adventure seeking dimension. In men, the more the subjects score on this dimension, the less they score on the physical anhedonia scale (8). In women, Experience Seeking and Boredom Susceptibility dimensions are positively correlated with physical anhedonia and with the number of jumps. Moreover, women with personal motivation are those who score the highest on Thrill and Adventure Seeking and Boredom Susceptibility dimensions. These results suggest that in women, sensation seeking through bengy jumping may be linked to a boredom tendency and driven by a need to compensate for a difficulty in experiencing emotions and sensations from common and mundane stimuli. In men, high frequency of bengy jumping was negatively related to the use of psychoactive substances, suggesting that bengy jump, in a compulsive form recalling an addictive behavior, is a specific and preferential way of stimulation seeking.

Adolescent↗