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PubMedDate not supplied

Extraskeletal and intraskeletal new bone formation induced by demineralized bone matrix combined with bone marrow cells.

Dilutions of fresh autogenous bone marrow cells in combination with allogeneic demineralized cortical bone matrix were tested extraskeletally in rats using roentgenographic, histologic, and 45Ca techniques. Suspensions of bone marrow cells (especially diluted 1:2 with culture media) combined with demineralized cortical bone seemed to induce significantly more new bone than did demineralized bone, bone marrow, or composite grafts with whole bone marrow, respectively. In a short-term spinal fusion experiment, demineralized cortical bone combined with fresh bone marrow produced new bone and bridged the interspace between the spinous processes faster than other transplantation procedures. The induction of undifferentiated host cells by demineralized bone matrix is further complemented by addition of autogenous, especially slightly diluted, bone marrow cells.

Abdominal Muscles↗
PubMed1997

Comparison of bone transport and bone graft methods in the experimental treatment of bone defects.

Large segmental bone defects due to trauma, infection or tumor resection are difficult to treat. To compare the effects of a bone transport technique with various bone graft methods in treating this problem, an animal model with a designed mini external fixator to accomplish the bone transport was established. New Zealand white rabbits weighing 3 kg were divided into five groups. A 2 cm bone defect was created in the left hind tibia of each rabbit, then stabilized with an external fixator. In the control group, no treatment was given. In the autograft group, an autogenous bone segment was repositioned after removal of the periosteum. In the double osteotomy group, the tibial shaft was doubly osteotomized at the upper and lower level with preservation of vascular supply to the middle segment. In the allograft group, a deep-frozen allograft was put into the defect and in the bone transport group, the middle segment of the tibia was transported downward gradually beginning 1 week after the osteotomy. The rabbits had weekly radiographic examinations and were killed 3 months postoperatively. Rabbits with fractures, severe infection, incomplete osteotomy or that died were excluded from analysis. There were 12 rabbits remaining in each group. Results were evaluated by radiographic and torsion tests. Rabbits in the double osteotomy group had the best results, followed by the autograft bone transport, allograft and control groups. Fractures at the distal pin-bone interface occurred more often in control and bone transport groups than other groups. Incomplete osteotomy and problems at the docking site were specific to the bone transport group. The results of this study suggest that the bone transport technique may be used to treat large bone defects, but is associated with significant morbidity.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Experimental study on bone formation potential of cryopreserved human bone marrow mesenchymal cell/hydroxyapatite complex in the presence of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2.

Secondary bone grafting in the alveolar cleft is one of the most important treatment modalities for patients with a cleft lip and palate. In children, however, harvesting a sufficient amount of bone graft from the donor site is difficult, and the procedure imposes a heavy burden on the patients. This problem may be resolved if autologous transplantation can be performed using a cell-hybrid type of artificial bone prepared with the patient's own bone marrow cells through a tissue engineering technique. In the current study, we examined the possibility of achieving such an autologous transplantation using cryopreserved human bone marrow cells. Human bone marrow cells were grown in culture and cryopreserved, and the cells preserved for 3 years and the cells preserved for 3 months were then thawed and recultivated. In one experiment, the recultivated cells were seeded onto a complex composed of porous hydroxyapatite and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), and the complex was grafted subcutaneously in nude mice. In another experiment, the cells were seeded onto the porous hydroxyapatite and cultivated for 10 days before grafting in a medium supplemented with BMP. The bone formation potential of the cells was compared between these two experiments. Formation of mature bone was observed 2 weeks after transplantation in the former experiment, whereas only scarce bone formation was evident 4 weeks after transplantation in the latter experiment. It is therefore assumed that exposing the cultured human bone marrow cells to a high concentration of BMP in vivo strongly promotes bone formation.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Graft healing in a bone tunnel: bone-attached graft with screw fixation versus bone-free graft with extra-articular suture fixation.

The purpose of this study was to clarify differences in tendon graft-to-bone tunnel healing between bone-attached tendon grafts with interference-screw fixation and bone-free tendon grafts with extra-articular suture fixation. In 42 Japanese White rabbits, anterior half replacement of the medial collateral ligament was performed using half of the ipsilateral patellar tendon. At the femoral attachment, the bone-plug-attached graft was fixed with an interference screw (group A). The bone-plug-free graft was fixed by the extra-articular suture fixation technique with sutures tied over a button (group B). Biomechanical and histological evaluations were performed at 2, 4 and 8 weeks postoperatively. In biomechanical evaluation, at 2 or 4 weeks 27 of 28 specimens (96%) were pulled out from the femoral tunnel, while one 4-week specimen and all four 8-week specimens failed at the graft's mid-substance. At 2 weeks, the maximum failure load was 25+/-10 N and 24+/-6 N for group A and group B respectively (mean+/-SD). At 4 weeks, the maximum failure load was 42+/-17 N and 35+/-15 N respectively. There were no significant differences in maximum pullout failure load between the groups at 2 or 4 weeks postoperatively. (P=0.887 at 2 weeks and P=0.339 at 4 weeks using ANOVA measurement). Histologically, the bone-attached grafts showed partial bone-to-bone union at the graft-bone tunnel interface at 4 weeks, and complete bony union at 8 weeks. The bone-free grafts exhibited newly formed Sharpey-like collagen fibers at 4 weeks, and strong connection by mature granulation tissue at 8 weeks. Graft-to-bone tunnel healing of bone-attached graft with screw fixation and bone-free graft with extra-articular suture fixation are comparable in terms of biomechanical evaluation during the early postoperative periods.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prostaglandin E2 adds bone to a cancellous bone site with a closed growth plate and low bone turnover in ovariectomized rats.

The objects of this study were to determine the responses of a cancellous bone site with a closed growth plate (the distal tibial metaphysis, DTM) to ovariectomy (OVX) and OVX plus a prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) treatment, and compare the site's response to previous findings reported for another site (the proximal tibial metaphysis, PTM). Thirty-five 3-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups: basal, sham-OVX, and OVX + 0, +1, or +6 mg PGE2/kg/d injected subcutaneously for 3 months and given double fluorescent labels before sacrifice. Cancellous bone histomorphometric analyses were performed on 20-microns-thick undecalcified DTM sections. Similar to the PTM, the DTM showed age-related decreases in bone formation and increases in bone resorption, but it differed in that at 3 months post-OVX, there was neither bone loss nor changes in formation endpoints. Giving 1 mg PGE2/kg/d to OVX rats prevented most age-related changes and maintained the bone formation histomorphometry near basal levels. Treating OVX rats with 6 mg PGE2/kg/d prevented age-related bone changes, added extra bone, and improved microanatomical structure by stimulating bone formation without altering bone resorption. Furthermore, after PGE2 administration, the DTM, a cancellous bone site with a closed growth plate, increased bone formation more than did the cancellous bone in the PTM.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

Distribution of bone morphogenetic protein and bone morphogenetic protein receptor transcripts in the rodent nervous system and up-regulation of bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II in hippocampal dentate gyrus in a rat model of global cerebral ischemia.

Bone morphogenetic proteins belong to the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily and act through serine/threonine kinase type I and type II receptors such as bone morphogenetic protein receptor type I and type II. In order to further understand the roles that these factors exert in the nervous system, we have examined the expression pattern of seven bone morphogenetic proteins and bone morphogenetic protein receptor type I and II transcripts in the brain and spinal cord of rodent. Whereas bone morphogenetic protein receptor type I expression was low in rat brain, in situ hybridization studies performed with specific digoxigenin-labelled riboprobes revealed the presence of bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II-positive cells throughout the brain, with a notable localization in dopaminergic cells of the substantia nigra. Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II transcripts were also expressed by large motoneuron-like cells located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord and by sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglia. In addition, we observed a significant up-regulation of bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II in the granule cells of the dentate gyrus 48 h after transient global cerebral ischemia in rat suggesting that modulation of this receptor intervenes during neuronal plasticity or repair that occur upon brain injury. Among the potential ligands for this receptor, bone morphogenetic protein-6 and bone morphogenetic protein-7 were expressed in meninges and the choroid plexus, while bone morphogenetic protein-4-expressing cells were spatially and temporally regulated in myelinated structures during development and in the adult suggesting its expression in oligodendrocytes. These data clearly indicate that besides their roles in bone and embryonic tissues, bone morphogenetic proteins and their receptors may have also important functions in adult neural tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Strontium ranelate inhibits bone resorption while maintaining bone formation in alveolar bone in monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).

Strontium ranelate (S12911) has previously been shown to stimulate bone formation and inhibit bone resorption in rats. To determine whether strontium ranelate affects normal bone remodeling, we studied the effect of strontium ranelate on alveolar bone in monkeys. Strontium ranelate, at dosages of 100, 275, and 750 mg/kg per day, or vehicle, were given by gavage to 31 normal adult monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) (15 males, 16 females), aged 3-4 years. Treatment for 6 months with strontium ranelate resulted in an increase in plasma strontium concentration. Histomorphometric analyses of indices of bone formation and resorption were determined in standardized areas of alveolar bone. Treatment with strontium ranelate decreased the histomorphometric indices of bone resorption (osteoclast surface and number) with a maximal significant effect at the highest dose tested. In contrast to this inhibitory effect on bone resorption, strontium ranelate maintained bone formation. Although the amount of osteoid tended to increase, strontium ranelate, even at the highest dose, had no deleterious effect on bone mineralization, as evaluated by mineral apposition rate and osteoid thickness. These findings show that strontium ranelate decreases indices of bone resorption while maintaining bone formation in the alveolar bone in monkeys.

Alveolar Bone Loss↗
PubMed1996

Partial purification and characterization of bone morphogenetic protein from bone matrix of the premature moose (Alces alces): degradation of bone-inducing activity during storage.

In spite of the advances in recombinant techniques in the production of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), the best clinical results so far have been obtained with human and animal source-extracted BMPs. Also, the poor availability of recombinant products gives rise to continued research with different extracted and purified proteins. In a search for a new source of bone-matrix-derived BMP with high osteoinductive activity, BMP was extracted from fresh bone matrix of the premature moose (Alces alces). Bone-inducing activity was investigated by implanting 0.5-20 mg of BMP into thigh muscle pouches of BALB mice. Radiologically detectable formation of new bone required 2.0 mg of partially purified BMP. Immediately after the extraction, an analytic chromatogram with known molecular weight (MW) markers showed three fractions with different MWs. After 15 months of storage at +1 degree C lyophilized and desiccated, BMP was fractionated by HPLC gel filtration and bioassayed. New bone formation was evaluated qualitatively by histology and quantitatively by radiomorphometry, the quantity of calcified tissue per milligram of implanted agent being determined. Fractions I and III, with high (100-700 kD) and low MW (15-25 kD), respectively, were apparently more effective inducers of new bone than the second-time-tested partially purified BMP complex, the activity of which had significantly (p < 0.05) decreased during 15 months of storage compared to initial results after extraction. However, the bone-inducing activity of fractions I and III corresponded closely to the initial activity of the BMP complex. Fraction II, with medium MW (25-55 kD), caused an apparent inflammatory reaction and no bone formation, and was though to be immunogeneic. Fraction III was considered to include the dominant BMP component with MW 18.5 and fraction I an association of BMP with other non-collagenous bone matrix proteins after one-step gel filtration. The results suggest that BMP from the premature moose has high bone-forming activity. With identification and removal of apparently immunogenic protein fractions, the inflammatory reaction and inhibitory effect on bone induction could be eliminated, and still higher bone-forming activity was attained. Acid protease enzymes were assumed to be responsible for the observed decline in the inductive activity of semi-purified BMP after 15 months of storage, as both osteoinductive fractions proved to be acidic in isoelectric focusing.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

ED-71, a novel vitamin D analog, promotes bone formation and angiogenesis and inhibits bone resorption after bone marrow ablation.

ED-71, a novel analog of 1alpha,25-(OH)2 D3, increases bone mass to a greater extent than alfacalcidol, an 1alpha,25-(OH)2 D3 prodrug. In this study, we used a murine bone marrow ablation model to compare the effect of ED-71 on bone formation and resorption in vivo with that of 1alpha,25-(OH)2 D3. We discovered that bone matrix remodeling occurring within the first week after bone marrow ablation was enhanced by a single injection of ED-71, but not by 1alpha,25-(OH)2 D3. This enhancement was associated with an increase in bone surface. Trabecular bone resorption occurring from 1 to 2 weeks after the procedure was suppressed by a single injection of ED-71, but not 1alpha,25-(OH)2 D3, with treated mice exhibiting a reduction in osteoclast numbers, despite increases in osteoblast surface. As seen with the single injection, daily administration of ED-71 also enhanced bone modeling. Bone marrow osteoblast differentiation was also augmented by ED-71 pretreatment. Furthermore, ED-71 treatment immediately after bone marrow ablation enhanced angiogenesis within the bone marrow cavity via enhancement of VEGF(120) expression. In this paper, we clearly demonstrate that ED-71 is an orally administered small molecular weight compound with an anabolic effect on bone metabolism.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Bone repair techniques, bone graft, and bone graft substitutes.

This paper reviews the techniques and materials (bone graft and bone graft substitutes) that currently are used to treat nonunions and bone defects. The techniques reviewed are intramedullary nailing, plating, distraction osteogenesis, and electric stimulation. Bone graft and bone graft substitutes reviewed are as follows: vascularized bone transfers; autogenous bone graft; autogenous bone marrow; dimineralized bone matrix; growth factors; calcium sulphate; calcium phosphates; and allograft. The goal of management of fractures, nonunions, and segmental bony defects, is the return of function as quickly and completely as possible. Techniques and management strategies constantly are evolving to accomplish this goal. This paper reviews the history, indications, and limitations of bone repair techniques, methods of bone grafting, and materials available as bone graft substitutes.

Bone Plates↗
PubMed1999

Decreased bone area, bone mineral content, formative markers, and increased bone resorptive markers in endogenous Cushing's syndrome.

It is well established that chronic excess of glucocorticoids has negative effects on bone and collagen turnover, and that secondary osteoporosis is a known clinical complication of endogenous Cushing's syndrome (CS). The aim of the present study was to evaluate bone dimension and bone mineral content in relation to biochemical markers of bone and collagen turnover, in a consecutive series of 23 patients with endogenous CS (18 with pituitary adenoma and 5 with adrenal tumor; 17 women, 6 men; mean age 39.7+/-2.8 (S.E. M.) and 44.3+/-3.1 years respectively), compared with 23 age-, sex- and body mass index-matched healthy controls. Bone mineral densities were uniformly reduced in the different regions analyzed: lumbar spine (16.1%, P<0.001), femoral neck (15.2%, P<0.001), total body (11.5%, P<0.001), and the subregions of arms (8.4%, P<0.05), legs (10.1%, P<0.05) and trunk (15.8%, P<0.001). Similar results were observed for bone mineral content, although these were less prominent. The calculated area was significantly decreased in trunk (13.8%, P<0.01) and total body (11.6%, P<0.05). Serum levels of osteocalcin were significantly decreased (28%, P<0.03) in patients with CS. No significant differences were observed for the formative markers carboxyterminal propeptide of type I procollagen and aminoterminal propeptide of type I procollagen. Markers of bone resorption, serum Crosslaps and carboxyterminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen were increased in patients compared with controls, although only significantly for Crosslaps (P<0.02). No correlations between formative and resorptive markers were found in the patients, but in controls, the formative markers were positively correlated with resorptive markers. In conclusion, bone dimension and bone mineral content of the entire skeleton are found to be decreased in endogenous CS. As judged by biochemical markers of bone remodeling, this is caused by decreased bone formation and an increased bone resorption.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Bone-implant contact and bone quality: evaluation of expected and actual bone contact on machined and osseotite implant surfaces.

This article introduces a new technique using histomorphometrics to estimate the extent of bone-to-implant contact that might be expected on an implant surface in relation to the quality of the surrounding bone. Two implant surfaces, one machined and one Osseotite, were compared on the same implant in the same patient Eleven of these custom-made 2-mm-diameter implants were placed in the posterior maxilla and allowed to integrate. After 6 months of nonloaded healing, implants were trephined with surrounding bone tissue and prepared into histologic sections. Digitized images were analyzed at 50x magnification with image-analysis software. Bone surface area was calculated over the entire microscopic field, and the actual bone-to-implant contact for each implant surface was measured. The expected bone-to-implant contact was calculated by superimposing the profile of the implant threads on the bone image a small increment (0.15, 0.5, or 1.0 mm) from the actual implant site and counting the linear amount of bone that would be in contact with the implant surface. The actual bone-to-implant contact for Osseotite was greater than its expected bone-to-implant contact, whereas the actual bone-to-implant contact for the machined surface was mostly lower than the expected values. Thus, the Osseotite surface appears to exert a positive effect on the amount of bone approaching the implant surface and can be described as conductive, while the machined surface is nonconductive. This technique may serve to predict the clinical success that the Osseotite surface will demonstrate in poor-quality bone.

Bone Density↗
PubMed1975

Structural changes of cortical bone in secondary hyperparathyroidism: replacement of lamellar bone by woven bone.

In femoral cortical bone of 16 uremic patients with long standing renal insufficiency an increased fraction of woven bone was found both in Haversian and in interstitial bone. Either partly resorbed Haversian systems were replaced by non lamellar woven bone or single Haversian systems showed partly well organized lamellar bone and partly disorganized non lamellar texture without signs of antecedent resorption. The replacement of lamellar bone by woven bone was measured morphometrically in undecalcified ground sections. Woven bone was defined by its lack of structural birefringence under polarized light. In advanced cases of secondary hyperparathyroidism more than 60% of cortical bone were composed of woven bone. The substitution of immature less organized woven bone for mature well orfanized lamellar bone has important implications for the biomechanical properties of the skeleton.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Fetal rat bone in organ culture: effect of bone growth and bone atrophy on the comparative losses of 45Ca and 3H-tetracycline.

Fetal rat bones were cultured in either growth-inducing or resorption-inducing media to study mineral losses during bone growth and atrophy in vitro. Whole radii and ulnae from 19-day-old fetal rats, prelabeled with 45Ca and/or 3H-tetracycline, were cultured intact or cut, and then digested by collagenase to obtain the calcified portion of the bones. Three- to five-fold more 3H-tetracycline than 45Ca was lost from the calcified portion when the bones were cultured for 4 days in growth-inducing media. Similar small amounts of 45Ca were lost from live and killed bones, but more 3H-tetracycline was lost from live bones than from killed bones. More 3H-tetracycline was released into the growth medium with a low concentration of calcium (0.5 mM) than when the calcium concentration was high (1.0 mM); no significant difference was seen in the release of 45Ca into the medium at different calcium concentrations. Larger amounts of both isotopes were lost when the prelabeled bones were cultured in resorption-inducing media than in growth-inducing media. When parathyroid hormone stimulated bone resorption in a resorption-inducing medium, equal proportions of both isotopes and bone collagen were lost. Greater losses of 3H-tetracycline than of 45Ca suggest that 45Ca was conserved locally during the resorption that accompanies bone growth, but not during resorption that accompanies bone atrophy.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Fluoride treatment increased serum IGF-1, bone turnover, and bone mass, but not bone strength, in rabbits.

We hypothesized that fluoride partly acts by changing the levels of circulating calcium-regulating hormones and skeletal growth factors. The effects of oral fluoride on 24 female, Dutch-Belted, young adult rabbits were studied. The rabbits were divided into two study groups, one control and the other receiving about 16 mg fluoride/rabbit/day in their drinking water. After 6 months of fluoride dosing, all rabbits were euthanized and bone and blood samples were taken for analyses. Fluoride treatment increased serum and bone fluoride levels by over an order of magnitude (P < 0.001), but did not affect body weight or the following serum biochemical variables: urea, creatinine, phosphorus, total protein, albumin, bilirubin, SGOT, or total alkaline phosphatase. No skeletal fluorosis or osteomalacia was observed histologically, nor did fluoride affect serum PTH or Vitamin D metabolites (P > 0.4). BAP was increased 37% (P < 0.05) by fluoride; serum TRAP was increased 42% (P < 0.05); serum IGF-1 was increased 40% (P < 0.05). Fluoride increased the vertebral BV/TV by 35% (P < 0.05) and tibial ash weight by 10% (P < 0.05). However, the increases in bone mass and bone formation were not reflected in improved bone strength. Fluoride decreased bone strength by about 19% in the L5 vertebra (P < 0.01) and 25% in the femoral neck (P < 0. 05). X-ray diffraction showed altered mineral crystal thickness in fluoride-treated bones (P < 0.001), and there was a negative association between crystal width and fracture stress of the femur (P < 0.02). In conclusion, fluoride's effects on bone mass and bone turnover were not mediated by PTH. IGF-1 was increased by fluoride and was associated with increased bone turnover, but was not correlated with bone formation markers. High-dose fluoride treatment did not improve, but decreased, bone strength in rabbits, even in the absence of impaired mineralization.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1995

Do porous calcium hydroxyapatite ceramics cause porosis in bone? A bone densitometry and biomechanical study on cortical bones of rabbits.

Porous calcium hydroxyapatite (CHA) ceramics are biocompatible and present osteoconductive properties. These ceramics are widely used in orthopaedic surgery; however, it is not yet known whether they have some adverse effects on bone and bone marrow healing. Our previous radiological study revealed possible local porosis at the adjacent sites of the CHA ceramic. Histological findings of the same study revealed bone marrow swelling and depletion at the implantation site. Osteoclasts removed particles of the implant that may be the cause of local porosis. In the present study, possible local osteoporosis was evaluated by bone densitometry analyses, and compression and three-point bending tests. CHA particles were implanted into the left limbs and a sham operation was utilized on the right limbs of 75 white rabbits. The animals were followed up for 23 weeks for bone mineral density and for 6 months for biomechanical analyses. The CHA implanted area and its distal or proximal adjacent areas were evaluated with a Hologic QDR-2000 bone densitometer. Three-point bending and compression tests were performed with an M-30 K material testing device. The results revealed a time-dependent bone density increase at the CHA implantation site and no significant porosis at adjacent areas of the implant. The stiffness of CHA-implanted bones in three-point bending is larger than that of the control group. CHA-implanted rabbit bones presented a different fracture pattern from the control group. The stiffness of the control and CHA-implanted bones generally increased with time indicating no adverse effects of porous CHA ceramics in bone and bone marrow healing. The clinical relevance of this work is that porous CHA ceramics do not cause local porosis at adjacent areas when implanted into osseous sites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2007

Hollow bone cement filled with impacted cancellous bone as a substitute for bone grafts in cervical spine fusion.

Autogenous iliac crest bone is the gold standard for graft material in cervical spinal fusion, but a high incidence of donor site morbidity has been reported. Therefore, to achieve a better fusion rate and decrease the rate of donor site morbidity, we used a novel method whereby hollow bone cement filled with impacted cancellous bone is used as a substitute for bone graft in cervical interbody fusion. From 2003 to 2004, 21 patients with cervical spinal disorders who were treated using this method were included in this study. Fourteen patients underwent single-level grafts and seven underwent two-level grafts. Evaluation included a monthly clinical and X-ray examination for the first 3 months, and then follow-up every 3 months thereafter. Multiple-slice computed tomography (CT) scan with reconstruction to evaluate the viability of the bone graft was performed when evidence of bone fusion was found on X-ray. The mean age of the patients was 59 years (range 27-79). The mean follow-up period was 19 months (13-24 months). Evidence of impacted cancellous bone bridging the adjacent vertebral body was observed in all patients at the 6-month follow-up based on X-rays and reconstructive CT scans. No severe donor site morbidity occurred. One patient experienced hardware failure due to screw fracture, but a reconstructive CT scan revealed well-bridged cancellous bone between the vertebral bodies. Hollow bone cement filled with impacted cancellous bone could be an alternative material for cervical spine interbody fusion. Using this method, we found not only satisfactory growth of cancellous bone in the holes of the bone cement, but also low morbidity in the donor site. However, for this method, the long-term stability, potential complications, and the necessity of instrumentation all require further investigation.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Dietary influences on bone mass and bone metabolism: further evidence of a positive link between fruit and vegetable consumption and bone health?

BACKGROUND: The role of nutritional influences on bone health remains largely undefined because most studies have focused attention on calcium intake. OBJECTIVE: We reported previously that intakes of nutrients found in abundance in fruit and vegetables are positively associated with bone health. We examined this finding further by considering axial and peripheral bone mass and markers of bone metabolism. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study of 62 healthy women aged 45-55 y. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at the lumbar spine and femoral neck and by peripheral quantitative computed tomography at the ultradistal radial total, trabecular, and cortical sites. Bone resorption was calculated by measuring urinary excretion of pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline and bone formation by measuring serum osteocalcin. Nutrient intakes were assessed by using a validated food-frequency questionnaire; other lifestyle factors were assessed by additional questions. RESULTS: After present energy intake was controlled for, higher intakes of magnesium, potassium, and alcohol were associated with higher total bone mass by Pearson correlation (P < 0.05 to P < 0.005). Femoral neck BMD was higher in women who had consumed high amounts of fruit in their childhood than in women who had consumed medium or low amounts (P < 0.01). In a regression analysis with age, weight, height, menstrual status, and dietary intake entered into the model, magnesium intake accounted for 12.3% of the variation in pyridinoline excretion and 12% of the variation in deoxypyridinoline excretion. Alcohol and potassium intakes accounted for 18.1% of the variation in total forearm bone mass. CONCLUSION: The BMD results confirm our previous work (but at peripheral bone mass sites), and our findings associating bone resorption with dietary factors provide further evidence of a positive link between fruit and vegetable consumption and bone health.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗