The politics of birth control.
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Birth Rate↗
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Options for immunocontraception and issues to be addressed in the development of birth control vaccines.
Although the number of family planning methods currently available to couples has never been greater, the range and type of options are still not adequate to meet the widely varying personal needs and demands of individuals worldwide. Birth control vaccines offer a number of theoretical attractions although the development, preclinical and clinical testing of such vaccines pose a number of unique problems requiring novel solutions. If the on-going studies in this area are successful, a valuable new family planning method may be available by the end of the current decade.
Animals↗
Birth control in India: the carrot and the rod?
The fall of the Indira Gandhi government seems to validate the prediction made six years ago by demographer Frank Notestein that any attempt by a developing country to force its people to use birth control methods "would be more likely to bring down the government than the birthrate." This author, however, interviewing couples seeking sterilization, contraception and abortion, as well as the doctors, nurses and administrators who provided the service, just weeks before the upset election, found that family planning was very much wanted and needed by the people, and was being provided in an efficient and humane way. Thus, pressing the population panic button was probably not only unnecessary, but a tragic mistake on the part of the Gandhi government.
Adolescent↗
A diaphragm tampon applied to an ovulation method in a birth control system.
Gynaeseal is a re-usable diaphragm tampon made from latex which forms a unique cervico-vaginal seal and isolates menstrual loss. In a prospective study involving 80 women, Gynaeseal was offered in combination with the Billings Ovulation Method in an advised birth control system. This system included: use of the diaphragm tampon during the menstruation-fertile phase interphase; periodic abstinence during the overtly fertile phase of the cycle; and if extreme reliability was required, for a further 2 days after the Billings method 'rules' allow resumption of intercourse. The diaphragm tampon successfully complemented the Billings Ovulation Method with 44 women (60.4%) assessing the GOM System as being as good, or better than, currently available reversible methods. It functioned effectively as a tampon with 50% (31 women) stating that they used the product as a contraceptive. One woman claimed an unplanned pregnancy. No significant medical complications were recorded. The product has major advantages as a tampon: it is easily and accurately inserted because of the efficient applicator; it isolated menstrual loss within a collection chamber; it protects the cervix; and it facilitates sexual activity. Based on a minimum effective diameter (62mm), the diaphragm tampon does not interfere with the normal physiology of the vagina. There appeared to be no significant distortion of normal adult pelvic anatomy, and properly placed, no sensation of the diaphragm tampon's presence. Regarding insertion of the diaphragm tampon using the spiral-curved applicator: 31 women (42.5%) had little or no difficulty; 29 (39.7%) moderate difficulty; 13 (17.8%) experienced serious difficulty; and 7 (8.7%) were unable to use the product.
Adolescent↗
Folk herbal medicines used in birth control and sexual diseases by tribals of southern Rajasthan, India.
An ethnobotanical survey of tribal area of southern Rajasthan was carried out during the year 2001-2002 for ethnosexicological herbal medicines. The information on ethnosexicological herbs is based on the exhaustive interview with local medicine-men and -women, birth attendants and other knowledgeable persons who prescribe their own herbal preparation to check birth control, including abortion at initial stages, preventing conception or by making either member of the couple sterile and to cure various sexual diseases like leucorrhoea, gonorrhoea, menorrhagia, to regularize menses and syphilis in both the sexes. During ethnobotanical survey, 53 plants belonging to 33 families have been reported from the study area, which are used to cure sexual diseases, and for family planning. A list of plant species along with their local name, habit, flowering and fruiting period, plant part/s used and the mode of administration to cure the sexual diseases are given.
Abortifacient Agents↗
Factors related to self-efficacy for use of condoms and birth control among women at risk for HIV infection.
Many women who are at risk for HIV do not regularly use condoms, particularly with their main partners. In this paper we examine factors related to self-efficacy for condom use with main and other partners and self-efficacy for birth control in 2864 women interviewed in five urban high-risk communities. Limited social and economic resources, dependence on a main partner, and risk factors, including exchanging sex for money or drugs and binge drinking, were found to be negatively related to self-efficacy. Segmentation analysis identified groups of women with low self-efficacy who should be the focus of preventive interventions.
Adolescent↗
The problem of birth control.
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Birth Rate↗
Induced abortion: a method for birth control?
Despite the recent improvements in services and an increase in available funds, the expected increase in usage of effective contraceptive methods and decrease in number of induced abortions has not been seen in Turkey. This study investigates the causes of this situation and argues whether induced abortion is being used as a birth control method. Eight-five subjects were involved in the study, all of whom came to a family planning clinic for an induced abortion. Forty-seven (55.29%) of the participants had had at least one induced abortion prior to this. Eight-four (98.8%) had knowledge of at least one contraceptive method, and 80 (94.1%) had knowledge of at least one effective contraceptive method. Eighty (94.1%) participants had used some form of contraception at some time in their lives; 52 (61.17%) had used an effective contraceptive method at some time in their lives. When they became pregnant, 60 (70.6%) were using ineffective methods or were not using any contraceptive method. Both the participant and the spouse wanted the abortion in 68 (80%) cases.
Abortion, Induced↗
A birth control vaccine is on the horizon for family planning.
Vaccines for control of fertility are likely to have an important impact on family planning methods. They are designed to act by mobilization of an internal physiological process and do not require external medication on a continuous basis. A number of birth control vaccines are at different stages of development, the most advanced being a vaccine inducing antibodies against human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). This vaccine consists of a heterospecies dimer (HSD, beta hCG associated with alpha-subunit of ovine luteinizing hormone, beta hCG:alpha oLH) linked to tetanus toxoid (TT) or diphtheria toxoid (DT) as carriers. The vaccine has recently passed an important milestone; it has completed the first leg of phase II efficacy trials. Women of proven fertility leading active sexual life were protected from becoming pregnant at antibody titres > or = 50 ng of hCG bioneutralization capacity per ml. This vaccine has previously been demonstrated to be reversible in its effect. It is free from any notable side-effects on endocrine, cardiovascular and other body functions. Ovulation was not disturbed and menstrual regularity was maintained. A logistic disadvantage of the present vaccine is the requirement for multiple injections. This is expected to be overcome by encapsulation of the requisite doses of the vaccine in biodegradable microspheres, which could be given at a single contact point for sustained antibody titres lasting over a year. A live recombinant vaccine has also been made that elicits high anti-hCG titres in monkeys for nearly 2 years following primary immunization and a booster at 8-9 months.
Adult↗
The secularization of U.S. Catholic birth control practices.
Except for sterilization, Catholic and non-Catholic contraceptive practices are now quite similar. Within several years, even sterilization will probably be adopted by the same proportions of Catholics as non-Catholics, and the rhythm method is destined to be of historical interest only. The wide gulf between official Catholic doctrine and the birth control behavior of Catholics can only deepen in the next few years.
Adolescent↗
Obstacles to condom use: the combination of other forms of birth control and short-term monogamy.
Two hundred thirty-seven college students involved in heterosexual relationships were surveyed to determine the effects of relationship type and use of forms of contraception other than condoms on condom use. Findings indicated that in the context of a short-term, monogamous relationship, the use of another form of birth control was associated with decreased condom use. In addition, 20% of the participants reported that they had wanted to use a condom for disease prevention on at least one occasion but had decided not to do so because they were using another form of contraception. Implications for preventive health are discussed.
Adolescent↗
Bone density in premenopausal women: effects of age, dietary intake, physical activity, smoking, and birth-control pills.
The effects of age, calcium, smoking, and physical activity on appendicular and axial bone mineral density (BMD) were evaluated in a 2-y study of 200-300 healthy young women aged 20-39 y. There was no cross-sectional change of BMD with age or longitudinal change with bone loss. No effect of birth-control pills on BMD was seen. There also was no association of calcium intake with BMD and/or with BMD changes. Current calcium intake was not a significant influence on BMD in this age group. Daily activity had no effect on BMD and there was no apparent additive interaction of activity and calcium intake on BMD. Smokers had significantly lower spine BMD and a tendency for lower BMD at other sites. Body weight was a better predictor of BMD than was any other factor. There was no association of BMD or BMD changes with both urinary calcium and hydroxyproline normalized for creatinine.
Adult↗
Social work attitudes toward birth control for teenagers.
The current high level of teenage sexual activity has important consequences for the psychological and social well-being of both individuals and the community. Because social workers often have professional contact with teenagers who are in need of contraceptive services, a nationwide survey was conducted to ascertain the attitudes of social work faculty and students toward birth control for teenagers. Both students and faculty were found to have positive attitudes. They are willing to provide service in this area within the bounds suggested by a realistic assessment of their preparation for this field of activity.
Adolescent↗
Serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in viral hepatitis: suppression in pregnancy and by birth control pills.
gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activity in serum was increased in the majority of women with viral hepatitis occurring in the first half of pregnancy. By contrast, GGT activity was abnormal less frequently and the mean value was relatively depressed, even though hepatitis was as severe, in the second half of gestation. Mean GGT activity was also lower, and abnormal values were less frequent, in nonpregnant women with viral hepatitis who were taking birth control pills (BCP). Depressed GGT is not attributable to an inhibitor in serum in women in late pregnancy or taking BCP. The data suggest that estrogen and/or progestational compounds affect liver such that less GGT is released into blood with acute hepatocellular injury. In addition, hyperbilirubinemia was found to be associated with depressed serum GGT activity, and bilirubin added to serum in vitro interfered with measured activity of the enzyme.
Bilirubin↗
Contact lens wear problems: implications of penicillin allergy, diabetic relatives, and use of birth control pills.
A study was carried out on a random sample of contact lens patients seen in private practice. Some of these patients experienced contact lens wear problems including keratitis, hyperemia, and discomfort. The results indicate that: (1) Fifty percent of those who experienced problems with the wear of hard contact lenses had diabetic relatives. (2) It is likely that the wear of either hard or soft contact lenses is adversely affected by the use of birth control pills. (3) Forty-five percent of those patients who were allergic to penicillin experienced problems with soft contact lens care regimens containing thimerosal. Some implications of an immunological cross-reactivity between thimerosal-haptenated proteins and penicillin-haptenated proteins are discussed.
Contact Lenses↗
Criteria for appropriate birth control.
Women seeking protection from pregnancy require adequate information about the relative merits and risks of current contraceptive options in order to make an informed choice. A basic understanding of mechanisms of action, the projected rates of efficacy, the demands on compliance, and the risks of side-effects permits women to weigh options appropriately and attain confidence in their chosen method. An informed woman is also in a better position to switch to alternative methods in the event of dissatisfaction or changing needs. Within the category of highly effective methods of birth control, to which a monthly combination injectable contraceptive has recently been added in several countries, there are important distinctions in relative reversibility, effect on menstrual cycle and confidentiality.
Contraception↗
The safety and effectiveness of a new hysteroscopic method for permanent birth control: results of the first Essure pbc clinical study.
BACKGROUND: Current methods of female surgical sterilisation require incisional surgery, general anaesthesia and a prolonged recovery time. We studied the safety and effectiveness of Essure pbc, a minimally invasive, transcervically placed micro-insert that occludes the Fallopian tubes, resulting in permanent female contraception. Device under study: The Essure pbc implant is a dynamically expanding micro-insert which is placed in the proximal section of the Fallopian tube using a modified minimal access technology for cannulating the tube. STUDY POPULATION: Women aged 21-43 seeking permanent birth control. METHODOLOGY: Essure pbc micro-inserts were inserted into the proximal portion of the Fallopian tubes under hysteroscopic visualisation with intravenous sedation or paracervical block. RESULTS: Bilateral device placement was achieved in 111 of 130 (85%) women who underwent device placement attempts. Women found the device placement procedure to be highly acceptable. Of women wearing the device for up to two years rate, 97% rated it to be very good to excellent. There have been no pregnancies reported in 1894 woman-months of effectiveness. Adverse events preventing women from relying on Essure pbc were < 5%. DISCUSSION: This first clinical trial showed the Essure pbc method of permanent contraception to be safe and highly acceptable to women. Experience and improvements to the delivery system should increase overall micro-insert placement rates. CONCLUSION: The Essure pbc method of permanent contraception is an exciting alternative to vasectomy or laparoscopic sterilisation that does not require general anaesthesia or incisions.
Adult↗
Post-abortion attitudes and patterns of birth control.
Among 63 women questioned one year after a first trimester abortion at an outpatient clinic, over 75 percent had mature, well-considered reasons for having chosen abortion and felt secure in their decision. Their feelings and attitudes toward themselves and abortion were strongly positive, with a few expressions of unresolved guilt, regret, or depression. They had become more responsible about contraceptive use, more interested in planning future pregnancies, and had experienced little change in sexual habits. Although only 21 percent (13 women) had employed contraception when they became pregnant, 76 percent (48 women) were using effective methods of birth control one year after abortion. Furthermore, over one third felt they were better able to deal with problems and had learned more about their coping capacity as a result of the crisis.
Abortion, Legal↗