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PubMed2006

Pathological effects of Arcobacter cryaerophilus infection in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum).

Arcobacter cryaerophilus was isolated from naturally infected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum), and its pathogenicity was tested by intramuscular injection into 40 healthy 1-year-old rainbow trout at 16 degrees C. The lethal dosage of 50% end point (LD50) for A. cryaerophilus was calculated 2.25 x 10(4) viable cells. Experimental infection caused deaths with gross clinical abnormalities such as degenerated opercula and gills, liver damage, haemorrhagic kidney and serous fluid in swollen intestines. The counts of A. cryaerophilus in kidney, liver and gills of experimentally infected fish ranged from 1.59 x 10(10) colony forming units (cfu)/g to 7.41 x 10(12) cfu/g. The means of erythrocyte (RBC) count, haematocrit level, serum cholesterol, triglyceride, albumin and total protein concentrations in the blood of the experimentally infected rainbow trout group were significantly lower than in the healthy fish. Leukocyte (WBC) counts of the experimentally infected rainbow trout were significantly higher than those of healthy fish. The present work shows that the selected blood characteristics may be good indicators of response to infections in rainbow trout.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Arcobacter species in humans.

During an 8-year study period, Arcobacter butzleri was the fourth most common Campylobacter-like organism isolated from 67,599 stool specimens. Our observations suggest that A. butzleri displays microbiologic and clinical features similar to those of Campylobacter jejuni; however, A. butzleri is more frequently associated with a persistent, watery diarrhea.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Arcobacter butzleri: underestimated enteropathogen.

Molecular methods applied to 2,855 strains of Campylobacter-like organisms received from a surveillance network of Campylobacter infections in France identified 29 Arcobacter butzleri infections. This species ranks fourth for Campylobacteraceae isolation and appears to have the same pathogenic potential as the other species in the genus.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Determination of the occurrence of Arcobacter butzleri in beef and dairy cattle from Texas by various isolation methods.

Arcobacter butzleri is a pathogenic bacterium that has been found in dairy cattle, pigs, poultry, and humans. As of this writing, there are no data on the incidence of A. butzleri in beef cattle. Given the differences in rearing practices used for feedlot cattle and those used for dairy cattle, differences in the incidences of this organism in various types of cattle may also exist. Numerous culture methods have been used to isolate A. butzleri, but there are few data on the comparative efficacies of these methods. The objectives of this study were to determine the incidence of A. butzleri in cattle from Texas and to compare the effectiveness levels of the Johnson-Murano (JM) method (consisting of enrichment in JM broth followed by plating on JM agar) and the Collins method (consisting of enrichment in EMJH-P80 broth followed by plating on Cephalothin, Vancomycin, and Amphotericin B [CVA] agar) in the isolation of this organism. Fifty cattle each from two feedlots, a dairy, and a stocker yard were sampled. Fecal swabs were obtained from cattle, and each sample was cultured by the JM method, the Collins method, and combinations of the two methods with the broth of one method being used with the agar of the other. Polymerase chain reaction was used to identify the isolates for confirmation of A. butzleri. Samples from 18 of 200 cattle tested positive for A. butzleri. This organism was detected by the JM method in 4.5% of the samples and by the Collins method in 2.5% of the samples. An incidence of 4.0% was found when JM broth was used with CVA agar, while no samples tested positive for A. butzleri when EMJH-P80 broth was used with JM agar.

Agar↗

PubMed1993

Arcobacter cryaerophilus and thermophilic campylobacters in a sewage treatment plant in Italy: two secondary treatments compared.

Microaerophilic organisms were monitored in sewage effluent undergoing two secondary treatments: air and oxygen-activated sludge. The mean numbers of Arcobacter cryaerophilus and thermophilic campylobacters detected in incoming sewage were 5639/100 ml and 1720/100 ml respectively. Secondary treatment in air tanks reduced the population of A. cryaerophilus by 97.1% and of thermophilic campylobacters by 99.08%, whereas treatment in oxygen tanks reduced the bacteria 97.8% and 99.63% respectively, showing that oxygen-activated sludge treatment was more effective. Subsequent tertiary treatment with 2 p.p.m. chlorine dioxide evidenced the removal of A. cryaerophilus to 99.9% and eliminated thermophilic campylobacters. Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli constituted 54.1% and 45.9% of 74 thermophilic campylobacter strains isolated. In air-activated sludge effluent C. jejuni was found more often, thus appearing more sensitive to oxygen. The most probable number assay used for detection of campylobacters, blood medium for enrichment and blood-free medium for plating, also appeared to be fit for A. cryaerophilus, the high density of which in urban sewage may be due to inflows from slaughterhouses.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗

PubMed1998

Identification and characterization of Arcobacter isolates from broilers by biochemical tests, antimicrobial resistance patterns and plasmid analysis.

A total of 89 Arcobacter butzleri isolates obtained from freshly slaughtered broilers was investigated for their biochemical capacities by using the API CAMPY system as well as additional growth and tolerance tests, for their antimicrobial resistance patterns and their plasmid content. Among these techniques, biochemical profiling and antimicrobial resistance testing proved to be the most discriminatory methods as confirmed by the calculation of discriminatory indices. These two methods might represent valuable tools for epidemiological analysis of A. butzleri isolates. Small plasmids of up to 5 kbp were detectable in only 21 of the 89 isolates while the remaining 68 A. butzleri isolates were plasmid-free.

Abattoirs↗

PubMed1993

Arcobacter (Campylobacter) butzleri-associated diarrheal illness in a nonhuman primate population.

After DNA hybridization identified an isolate from an ill rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) as Arcobacter (Campylobacter) butzleri, we initiated a study to determine whether A. butzleri was associated with diarrheal disease in nonhuman primates at the Yerkes Primate Research Center. By using Campy-CVA medium incubated at 35 degrees C, 15 A. butzleri isolates were obtained from 14 macaques; 7 macaques were coinfected with Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni. A. butzleri was not isolated from normal feces, despite the fact that feces from 76 macaques were cultured at necropsy. Histologic evaluation of colonic specimens from three macaques from which A. butzleri had been isolated showed mild to moderately severe chronic, active colitis. Ribotype analysis of the 15 A. butzleri isolates revealed nine different strains; these data suggest that A. butzleri may be endemic in this primate population and that a point source of infection is unlikely. This is the first report of the presence of A. butzleri in juvenile and adult macaques with diarrhea, and it may present an opportunity to study the pathogenesis of this organism, which appears to be associated with persistent diarrhea in humans.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Bacteremia caused by Arcobacter cryaerophilus 1B.

Arcobacter cryaerophilus group 1B, a gram-negative, curved or helical bacillus primarily known as a bovine and porcine pathogen, was isolated from the blood of a uremic patient with hematogenous pneumonia. The patient was treated successfully with ceftizoxime and tobramycin.

Aged↗

PubMed1997

A molecular scheme based on 23S rRNA gene polymorphisms for rapid identification of Campylobacter and Arcobacter species.

23S rRNA gene PCR amplicons from 118 strains representing 15 species of Campylobacter and four species of Arcobacter were consecutively digested with HpaII, CfoI, and HinfI. A reproducible and discriminatory identification scheme based on combined restriction patterns was developed by using reference strains and was applied to the identification of a variety of isolates.

Campylobacter↗

PubMed1993

Isolation of Arcobacter butzleri from a drinking water reservoir in eastern Germany.

Microaerophilic "campylobacter-like organisms" (CLO) were isolated from a drinking water reservoir in Germany during a period of some months. The strains were characterized by biotyping (API Campy), serotyping and SDS-Disc-gelelectrophoresis as Arcobacter butzleri. Now this facultative humanpathogen species was first described in Germany. With respect to the drinking water treatment, the hygienic importance of the findings is given.

Bacterial Proteins↗

PubMed1997

In vitro virulence factors of Arcobacter butzleri strains isolated from superficial water samples.

Eighteen isolates of A. butzleri from river water samples were examined for their biotype, serogroup and putative virulence characteristics. Toxin profiles based on cytotonic, cytotoxic and cytolethal distending factors were determined after analysis responses in Vero and CHO cells Adhesivity and invasivity tests were performed on HeLa and Intestine 407 cells. Six biotypes and five serogroups were determined in our isolates. All strains but one induced cytotoxic effects on cells in culture. The cytotoxic negative strain caused elongation of CHO cells (a cytotonic-like effect). This strain was the only one which adhered to cells in vitro. Invasiveness was never observed. Our results show a phenotypic heterogeneity of arcobacters isolated from environmental sources, and indicate that some strains could be potentially virulent.

Animals↗

PubMed2001