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PubMed1999

Aloe vera: a systematic review of its clinical effectiveness.

BACKGROUND: The use of aloe vera is being promoted for a large variety of conditions. Often general practitioners seem to know less than their patients about its alleged benefits. AIM: To define the clinical effectiveness of aloe vera, a popular herbal remedy in the United Kingdom. METHOD: Four independent literature searches were conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Biosis, and the Cochrane Library. Only controlled clinical trials (on any indication) were included. There were no restrictions on the language of publication. All trials were read by both authors and data were extracted in a standardized, pre-defined manner. RESULTS: Ten studies were located. They suggest that oral administration of aloe vera might be a useful adjunct for lowering blood glucose in diabetic patients as well as for reducing blood lipid levels in patients with hyperlipidaemia. Topical application of aloe vera is not an effective preventative for radiation-induced injuries. It might be effective for genital herpes and psoriasis. Whether it promotes wound healing is unclear. There are major caveats associated with all of these statements. CONCLUSION: Even though there are some promising results, clinical effectiveness of oral or topical aloe vera is not sufficiently defined at present.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2000

[Determination of the active components in Chinese herb Aloe vera L. var. chinensis (Haw.) Berger by capillary zone electrophoresis].

It has been proved that the Chinese herb Aloe vera L. var. chinensis (Haw.) Berger as well as its active components showed many important pharmacology activities. In order to find an easy and low-cost method to control the quality of the herb, a CZE method for the determination of the active components aloin and aloe-emodin in Aloe vera L. var. chinensis (Haw.) Berger was developed in this work. Under the buffer conditions of 24 mmol/L phosphate (pH 10.52), applied voltage of 15 kV and detector wavelength of 254 nm, baseline separation of the active compounds in Aloe vera L. var. chinensis (Haw.) Berger was achieved and the active components were quantitatively analyzed. The linear calibration equations of the two components are: Y= -0.140 + 57.2X (r = 0.997) for aloin and Y = -0.393 + 1.08 x 10(2) X (r = 0.999) for aloe-emodin respectively. In addition, the effects of buffer pH value and organic modifier on the migration behavior of the solutes were also investigated.

Aloe↗
PubMed2003

Effects of Aloe vera on leukocyte adhesion and TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels in burn wounded rats.

The effects of Aloe vera on microcirculation and levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 were investigated in rats after inducing burn. Seventy-two male Wistar Furth rats were equally divided into four groups as follow: controls (CON), untreated burn-wound rats (BURN), normal saline-treated burn-wound rats (BURN-NSS) and Aloe vera-treated burn-wound rats (BURN-ALOE). The animals in each group were equally subdivided into three subgroups for the study on day 3, 7 and 14 post-burn. Dorsal skinfold chamber preparation and intravital fluorescence microscopic technique were performed to examine leukocyte adhesion on postcapillary venules. ELISA techniques were performed to examine serum TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels. It was found that the amount of leukocyte adhesion was significantly reduced in the BURN-ALOE group compared to rats in the BURN group on day 14. Levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 were also decreased significantly compared to BURN at all three monitored time points. Aloe vera could inhibit the inflammatory process following burn injury, as characterized by the reduction of leukocyte adhesion, as well as those pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1995

Effect of aloe vera gel to healing of burn wound a clinical and histologic study.

In a study of twenty-seven patients with partial thickness burn wound, they were treated with aloe vera gel compared with vaseline gauze. It revealed the aloe vera gel treated lesion healed faster than the vaseline gauze area. The average time of healing in the aloe gel area was 11.89 days and 18.19 days for the vaseline gauze treated wound. Statistical analysis by using t-test and the value of P < 0.002 was statistically significant. In histologic study, it showed early epithelialization in the treated aloe vera gel area. Only some minor adverse effects, such as discomfort and pain were encountered in the 27 cases. This study showed the effectiveness of aloe vera gel on a partial thickness burn wound, and it might be beneficial to do further trials on burn wounds.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The therapeutic properties of aloe].

Data are reported on the use of aloes in research and folk medicine. Aloes is used in the form of dry juice of aloe leaves, fluid extract, juice, ointments. The author discusses indications and contraindications to the use of aloe. Recipes are given of mixtures with aloe which may be used in domestic conditions for increasing the defensive forces of the body during radiation lesions.

Aloe↗
PubMed1987

Effects of ALO 2145 on intraocular pressure following argon laser trabeculoplasty.

A prospective, randomized, double-masked study compared topical 1% ALO 2145, an alpha 2-agonist, with placebo in therapy for immediate postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) rise after argon laser trabeculoplasty. Seventy-three eyes (73 patients) underwent 360 degrees of treatment utilizing 80 spots of 800 to 1000 mW of power. Intraocular pressure rise was measured hourly for the first three hours after operation, at one week, and at one month. Eyes treated with ALO 2145 had both significantly lower mean IOPs and greater IOP decreases from baseline than placebo-treated eyes during the first three hours after operation. No eyes treated with ALO 2145 and six eyes (18%) treated with placebo experienced an IOP rise of 10 mm Hg or greater. Twenty eyes (59%) in the placebo group and eight eyes (21%) treated with ALO 2145 had an IOP elevation. No change was detected in the mean heart rate. ALO 2145 appears to be effective in eliminating large, acute IOP elevations after argon laser trabeculoplasty.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed2003

Signaling pathway for aloe-emodin-induced apoptosis in human H460 lung nonsmall carcinoma cell.

Aloe-emodin (1,8-dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-anthraquinone) is an active component from the root and rhizome of Rheum palmatum that has been reported to exhibit antitumor effects through an unknown mechanism. Our study investigated the mechanisms of aloe-emodin-induced cell death in the human lung nonsmall cell carcinoma cell line H460. Aloe-emodin (40 microM)-induced apoptosis of H460 cells involves modulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase C, Bcl-2, caspase-3 and p38 protein expression. The relationship of various signals involved in cell death, such as cAMP-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase C, Bcl-2, caspase-3 and p38, has been investigated in the regulation of apoptotic cell death of aloe-emodin. We demonstrated that the expression of p38 is an important determinant of apoptotic death induced by aloe-emodin.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed1988

ALO 2145 reduces the intraocular pressure elevation after anterior segment laser surgery.

The effect of an alpha adrenergic agonist, ALO 2145 (para-amino-clonidine [PAC]), was examined in a double-masked, multicenter study on the postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation after laser surgery in 165 patients (83 trabeculoplasty, 36 iridotomy, and 46 capsulotomy). One drop of 1.0% ALO 2145 or vehicle was instilled 1 hour before and immediately after laser surgery. The mean IOP increase in the ALO 2145-treated group was lower (P less than 0.05) than in the placebo group at each of the first three postoperative hours. Overall, 18% of placebo-treated eyes experienced IOP increases greater than or equal to 10 mmHg as compared with 4% of ALO 2145-treated eyes (P less than 0.003). Ocular and systemic side effects were minimal and did not differ between the treatment groups. ALO 2145 safely and effectively reduced the incidence and magnitude of potentially harmful IOP elevations after anterior segment laser surgery.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Aloe emodin suppresses myofibroblastic differentiation of rat hepatic stellate cells in primary culture.

We have studied the inhibitory effect of aloe emodin on hepatic stellate cells activation and proliferation, as these cells play a key role in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis. Rat hepatic stellate cells were activated by contact with plastic dishes, resulting in their transformation into myofibroblast-like cells. Primary hepatic stellate cells were exposed to aloe emodin (1-10 microg/ml). Possible cytotoxic effects were measured on stellate cells and hepatocytes using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The effects of aloe emodin on production of type I collagen and smooth muscle cell alpha-actin were examined at the same concentration, by quantitative immunoprecipitation. Antiproliferative effects were examined by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. Aloe emodin at 10 microg/ml restored the morphological changes characteristic of activated primary stellate cells, reduced DNA synthesis to 95% of control hepatic stellate cells at 10 microg/ml without affecting cell viability, and inhibited type I collagen production and smooth muscle alpha-actin expression by 86.77% and 99%, respectively, which suggest that aloe emodin is a potent inhibitor of stellate cell transformation.

Actins↗
PubMed2005

Effect of inhibition of aloe-emodin on N-acetyltransferase activity and gene expression in human malignant melanoma cells (A375.S2).

Arylamine carcinogens and drugs are N-acetylated by cytosolic N-acetyltransferase (NAT), which uses acetyl-coenzyme A as a cofactor. NAT plays an initial role in the metabolism of these arylamine compounds. 2-Aminofluorene is one of the arylamine carcinogens which have been demonstrated to undergo N-acetylation in laboratory animals and humans. Our previous study showed that human cancer cell lines (colon cancer, colo 205; liver cancer, Hep G2; bladder cancer, T24; leukemia, HL-60; prostate cancer, LNCaP; osteogenic sarcoma, U-2 OS; malignant melanoma, A375.S2) displayed NAT activity, which was affected by aloe-emodin in human leukemia cells. The purpose of this study was to determine whether aloe-emodin could affect the enzyme activity and gene expression of NAT at the mRNA and protein levels in malignant human melanoma A375.S2 cells. The results showed that aloe-emodin inhibited NAT1 activity (decreased N-acetylation of 2-aminofluorene) in intact cells in a dose-dependent manner. The effect of aloe-emodin on NAT1 at the protein level was determined by Western blotting and the mRNA levels were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and cDNA microarray. These results clearly indicate that aloe-emodin inhibits the mRNA expression and enzyme activity of NAT1 in A375.S2 cells.

2-Acetylaminofluorene↗
PubMed2000

Induction of primary cutaneous melanomas in C3H mice by combined treatment with ultraviolet radiation, ethanol and aloe emodin.

The role of ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the induction of nonmelanoma skin cancer is widely accepted, although its precise contribution to the development of primary cutaneous melanoma skin cancer requires further definition. We found that painting aloe emodin, a trihydroxyanthraquinone from Aloe barbadensis, in ethyl alcohol vehicle on the skin of mice in conjunction with exposure to UVB (280-320 nm) radiation results in the development of melanin-containing skin tumors. C3H/HeN mice were treated thrice weekly with aloe emodin in a 25% ethanol in water vehicle and exposed to 15 kJ/m2 UV radiation. Neither ethanol vehicle nor aloe emodin alone induced skin tumors in the absence of UV radiation. In two separate experiments, 20-30% of the mice treated with a combination of UV radiation and ethanol vehicle and 50-67% of the UV-irradiated animals given aloe emodin in ethanol vehicle developed primary cutaneous melanin-containing tumors. The diagnosis of melanoma was established using Fontana silver stain for melanin; these tumors were negative for vimentin and keratin. Melanin-containing melanosomes were observed by transmission electron microscopy in tumors diagnosed as melanomas. Although the mechanism of carcinogenesis in these mice is currently unknown, our findings have led to the development of the first facile murine model for the induction of primary melanoma. This model has the potential to clarify the role of UV radiation in the etiology of malignant melanoma.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Effect of aloe-emodin on expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen of vascular smooth muscle cells in culture after arterial injury.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of aloe-emodin on the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) after arterial injury and study the molecular mechanism of inhibition of aloe-emodin on SMC proliferation. METHODS: Deendothelialization was performed at the abdominal aorta in Japanese white rabbits using a 3F Fogarty arterial embolectomy catheter. 48 hours later, the medium of abdominal aorta was isolated and primary SMCs culture was performed. Cells were synchronized to G0 by serum starvation, then aloe-emodin at a concentration of 20 micrograms/ml was added to the culture medium containing 10% [v/v] fetal calf serum. Vehicle was also added to the medium as a control. After 18 hours, the expression of PCNA at the level of mRNA and protein were examined using techniques of RT/PCR, Western blotting and inmmunocytochemistry respectively. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the expression of PCNA mRNA and protein was prominently decreased after addition of aloe-emodin. CONCLUSION: The inhibition of aloe-emodin on SMCs proliferation may be caused by inhibiting the expression of the PCNA gene.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Efficacy and tolerability of apraclonidine (ALO 2145, 1%) in the prevention of early ocular hypertonia, after trabeculoretraction using argon laser and posterior capsulotomy using Nd:YAG laser].

ALO 2145 (Apraclonidine Chlorhydrate)*, is a new hypotensive agent; it acts as a selective alpha-2-adrenergic agonist to produce a marked reduction in intraocular pressure with minimal effect on the cardiovascular system. 38 patients undergoing ocular laser surgery were allocated to treatment with either ALO 2145 1% (n = 20), or to placebo (n = 18), in a double-masked fashion. One drop of study medication was instilled into the operative eye one hour before laser surgery, and one drop immediately after the laser surgery. ALO 2145 treated eyes exhibited a significantly lower mean intraocular pressure increase in the immediate postoperative phase, compared with placebo treated eyes. ALO 2145 also significantly reduced the postoperative incidence of intraocular pressure spikes, defined as intraocular pressure increases of more than 10 mmHg over baseline (17% of cases for active treatment vs 60% of cases for placebo). ALO 2145 1% was shown to be effective and well tolerated in the dosage regimen employed in this study.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed2001

Effect of Aloe vera leaves on blood glucose level in type I and type II diabetic rat models.

Aloe vera (L.) Burm. fil. (= A. barbadensis Miller) (Liliaceae) is native to North Africa and also cultivated in Turkey. Aloes have long been used all over the world for their various medicinal properties. In the past 15 years, there have been controversial reports on the hypoglycaemic activity of Aloe species, probably due to differences in the parts of the plant used or to the model of diabetes chosen. In this study, separate experiments on three main groups of rats, namely, non-diabetic (ND), type I (IDDM) and type II (NIDDM) diabetic rats were carried out. A. vera leaf pulp and gel extracts were ineffective on lowering the blood sugar level of ND rats. A. vera leaf pulp extract showed hypoglycaemic activity on IDDM and NIDDM rats, the effectiveness being enhanced for type II diabetes in comparison with glibenclamide. On the contrary, A. vera leaf gel extract showed hyperglycaemic activity on NIDDM rats. It may therefore be concluded that the pulps of Aloe vera leaves devoid of the gel could be useful in the treatment of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

Aloe↗
PubMed2005

Novel bioactive maloyl glucans from aloe vera gel: isolation, structure elucidation and in vitro bioassays.

In this study, three novel maloyl glucans were isolated at temperatures below 15 degrees C from aloe vera gel (Aloe barbadensis Miller). These compounds were characterized using NMR spectroscopy, ESIMS, MALDITOF-MS and capillary electrophoresis. The compounds were characterized as 6-O-(1-L-maloyl)-alpha-,beta-D-Glcp (veracylglucan A), alpha-D-Glcp-(1-->4)-6-O-(1-L-maloyl)-alpha,-beta,-D-Glcp (veracylglucan B) and alpha-D-Glcp-(1-->4)-tetra-[6-O-(1-L-maloyl)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1-->4)]-6-O-(1-L-maloyl)-alpha,-beta-D-Glcp (veracylglucan C). These unusual malic acid acylated carbohydrates were then tested in vitro for effects on cell proliferation and gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-6, IL-8 and ICAM-1, using RT-PCR. Veracylglucan B demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects, while Veracylglucan C, on the other hand, exhibited significant cell proliferative and anti-inflammatory activities. Veracylglucan A could only be isolated in smaller quantities, and it proved to be very unstable. Thus no biological effects could be observed in this respect. The in vitro bioassays also indicated that Veracylglucan B and C are antagonistic and competitive in their effects on cell proliferation. The results of this work represent a major step forward in the research on aloe vera gel. This is the first time that two fully chemically characterized compounds are shown to be responsible for known biological activities of aloe vera gel.

Acylation↗
PubMed2004

Analysis of the anthraquinones aloe-emodin and aloin by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.

A procedure was developed for the determination of low levels of the anthraquinones aloe-emodin and aloin A (barbalin) in aloe products based on gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of the trimethyl silyl (TMS) derivatives of these analytes in the presence of Chrysophanol used as internal standard. The method was used to analyze several aloe based commercial products (liquids, gels and solids). Wide variation in the level of these anthraquinones was observed among the different products. The method had a sensitivity of 0.005 ppm of aloe-emodin and 0.05 ppm of aloin.

Aloe↗
PubMed2003

Inhibition of collagenase and metalloproteinases by aloins and aloe gel.

The effects of Aloe barbadensis gel and aloe gel constituents on the activity of microbial and human metalloproteinases have been investigated. Clostridium histolyticum collagenase (ChC) results dose-dependently inhibited by aloe gel and the activity-guided fractionation led to an active fraction enriched in phenolics and aloins. Aloins have been shown to be able to bind and to inhibit ChC reversibly and non-competitively. Aloe gel and aloins are also effective inhibitors of stimulated granulocyte matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The remarkable structural resemblances between aloins and the pharmacophore structure of inhibitory tetracyclines, suggest that the inhibitory effects of aloins are via an interaction between the carbonyl group at C(9) and an adjacent hydroxyl group of anthrone (C(1) or C(8)) at the secondary binding site of enzyme, destabilizing the structure of granulocyte MMPs.

Aloe↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of the efficacy of the crude extract of Aloe secundiflora in chickens experimentally infected with Newcastle disease virus.

Two replicate experiments were carried out to verify the efficacy of Aloe species (Aloaceae) as used for the control of Newcastle disease (ND) in rural poultry in free-range systems among several communities in Tanzania. Four months old local chickens free of Newcastle disease antibodies were used. Following inoculation with ND virus, body weights, clinical signs, antibody levels and mortality were monitored. Results showed that there was reduced mortality rate and the severity of clinical signs during the acute phase of the infection in Aloe treated chickens compared with the non-treated ones. However, there was no significant effect of the Aloe on the antibody levels that were attributed to the recovery of the surviving chickens. The findings of this study suggest that Aloe secundiflora could be a potential candidate on the management of Newcastle disease in chickens. Further studies are in progress to identify the active ingredients of A. secundiflora against Newcastle disease virus.

Aloe↗