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After drinking alcohol in an experimental setting, social drinkers who were asked "to try to stay sober" demonstrated better memory and hand coordination and a more serious mood than did social drinkers who were not similarly motivated but had comparable blood alcohol levels.
Systems of alcohol oxidation, malate-aspartate shunt, content of total and alpha-cholesterols in heart muscle and blood as well as morphometry of aorta were studied. The tissues investigated were obtained post mortem in lethal traumatic injury accompanied by increased content of ethanol in blood. The potentiating effect of alcoholization on atherogenesis was not found.
We studied the association between two major problems--unemployment and major depressive episode--and the impact of different timing of periods of unemployment and risk factors, especially alcohol intoxication, for major depressive episode among the unemployed. Major depressive episode during the last 12 months, plus current and past employment status and frequency of alcohol intoxication, were assessed within the nationally representative, cross-sectional 1996 Finnish Health Care Survey, in which non-institutionalized individuals aged 15-75 years were interviewed by using the Short Form of the University of Michigan version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (the UM-CIDI Short Form). Of the 5993 subjects interviewed, 3818 (64%) were occupationally active and included in the logistic regression analysis, showing that even after adjusting for other potentially confounding variables, current unemployment was associated with major depressive episode (odds ratio, OR=1.78, 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.38-2.29). Further analysis revealed that the increased risk of major depressive episode was only related to long-term unemployment. Frequent alcohol intoxication (at least once a week) increased the risk of major depressive episode remarkably. Compared with the group "Constantly employed, no frequent alcohol intoxication", long-term unemployment with no frequent alcohol intoxication had moderately increased risk of major depressive episode (OR=1.72 (95% CI 1.29-2.30) and those with frequent alcohol intoxication had highly increased risk [OR=11.27 (95% CI 5.51-23.09) vs. OR=1.72 (95% CI 1.29-2.30]. Long-term unemployment is associated with increased risk of major depressive episode. Frequent alcohol intoxication among long-term unemployed individuals greatly increases the risk of depression.
Forced alcoholization of rats according to Majchrowicz led to the development of fatty liver. The subsequent ethanol withdrawal was accompanied by amino acid imbalance in the pool of free sulfur-containing and glycogenic amino acids in liver and blood plasma. Similar changes were observed after prolonged alcohol intoxication. Intragastric administration of the amino acid composition containing branched-chain amino acids and taurine corrected the amino acid imbalance and reduced the development of the steatosis of the liver.
Acute alcohol intoxication produces changes in the cognitive functioning of normal individuals. These changes appear similar prima facie to those exhibited by individuals who sustain prefrontal lobe damage during adulthood. In order to test the validity of this observation, and to control for the confounding effects of expectancy, 72 male subjects were administered a battery of neuropsychological tests, within the context of a balanced-placebo design. Each subject received one of three widely different doses of alcohol. Analysis of the results of the cognitive test battery demonstrated that a high dose of alcohol detrimentally affects a number of functions associated with the prefrontal and temporal lobes, including planning, verbal fluency, memory and complex motor control. Expectancy does not appear to play a significant role in determining this effect. The implications of this pattern of impairment are analyzed and discussed.
AIMS: To investigate the problem of children presenting to hospital with alcohol intoxication. METHODS: An observational study was conducted over 18 months profiling children who presented to hospital with acute alcohol intoxication, proved by laboratory tests on blood alcohol levels (BALs). The study was part of a multicentre-funded injury prevention project based on the widely accepted Canadian Hospital Injury Reporting and Prevention Programme. RESULTS: 62 children (31 boys), mean age 14.5 years, presented with alcohol intoxication proved by BALs. The mean BAL was 203 mg/dl (standard deviation (SD) 80.7). As a point of reference, 56 (90%) children had BAL above the UK legal driving limit of 80 mg/dl. The most common type of alcohol consumed was spirits, in the form of whisky, gin, vodka and tequila. No significant association was seen between age and BAL. Children with high alcohol levels were much more likely to have lower Glasgow Coma Scores (p<0.001), but in contrast with conventional teaching, there was no association between blood glucose levels and BALs. The median Glasgow Coma Score on admission to the emergency department was 12. 15 (24%) children had a score < or = 8/15. Injuries were present in 21 (34%) children, most of which were minor injuries. Minor head injury was most common, accounting for 42% of the injuries. The most common cause of injury was a fall. DISCUSSION: The results of this study confirm the heavy use of alcohol by some young children. This highlights a definite problem, which needs to be dealt with by a variety of measures, giving particular consideration to the ease of access to alcohol by children.
Activities of alcohol dehydrogenases (ADG), aldehyde dehydrogenases (AlDG), and NADH+ dehydrogenases were measured by histochemical methods in neurons and capillaries of the gyrus cinguli and medulla oblongata of subjects dead from coronary disease. Enzymatic activities were found to depend on the stage of alcoholic intoxication. During resorption, characterized by reversible ethanol oxidation, the activities of AlDG and NADH+ dehydrogenases decreased, while during elimination the activities of these enzymes increased. ADG activity in cerebral tissue was increased during the entire period of alcoholic intoxication. The duration of alcoholic intoxication is determined by the amount of consumed ethanol and activity of AlDG. These regularities can be used for forensic medical evaluation of the role of alcoholic intoxication in coronary death.
BACKGROUND: The migrant population in China is at high risk for sexual risk behavior and alcohol intoxication. Information about the prevalence of alcohol intoxication and its association with sexual risk behavior among migrants is needed for designing effective intervention prevention programs for reduction in alcohol abuse and HIV infection. METHODS: Cross-sectional data were collected from 2153 sexually experienced young rural-to-urban migrants in Beijing and Nanjing, China, in 2002. RESULTS: Approximately one-third of the participants had been intoxicated with alcohol at least once during the previous month, with more males than females reporting intoxication (40.2% versus 23.7%, p<0.001). Compared to non-intoxicated participants, respondents with alcohol intoxication in previous 30 days reported more psychological problems, including higher depression scores, lower levels of satisfaction with life and work, and higher perception of peer involvement in risk behavior. Intoxicated respondents were more likely to engage in premarital sex than non-intoxicated respondents (76% versus 60.2%, p<0.001), have multiple sexual partners (13.4% versus 5.2%, p<0.001), purchase sex (12.6% versus 4.9%, p<0.001), and sell sex (10.1% versus 3.7%, p<0.001). However, there was no association between alcohol intoxication and inconsistent/non-use of condoms. Multivariate analysis controlling for depression, peer risk involvement, age, gender, and other socio-demographic variables indicated that alcohol intoxication was independently correlated with premarital sex, multiple sexual partners, and buying and selling sex. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to the general Chinese population, levels of intoxication were elevated among Chinese rural-to-urban migrants. Alcohol intoxication was associated with sexual risk behaviors. HIV/AIDS prevention and intervention efforts should include components of alcohol use/abuse prevention for an effective reduction of sexual risk among young rural-to-urban migrants in China.
Acute alcohol intoxication impairs myocardial protein synthesis in rats, secondary to a diminished mRNA translational efficiency. Decreased mRNA translational efficiency occurs through altered regulation of peptide chain initiation. The purpose of the present set of experiments was to determine whether acute alcohol intoxication alters the phosphorylation state of eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4G, eIF4G.eIF4E complex formation, and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway in the heart. Acute alcohol intoxication was induced by injection of alcohol (75 mmol/kg body wt ip). Control animals received an equal volume of saline. Alcohol administration enhanced phosphorylation of eIF4G (Ser(1108)) approximately threefold. Alcohol administration lowered formation of the active eIF4G.eIF4E complex by >90%, whereas it increased the abundance of the inactive 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1).eIF4E complex by approximately 160%. Phosphorylation of mTOR on Ser(2448) and Ser(2481) was decreased by 50%. Reduced mTOR phosphorylation did not result from decreased phosphorylation of PKB. Phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and S6 kinase 1 (Thr(389)), downstream targets of mTOR, were also reduced after acute alcohol administration. These data suggest that acute alcohol-induced impairments in myocardial mRNA translation initiation result, in part, from marked decreases in eIF4G.eIF4E complex formation, which appear to be independent of changes in phosphorylation of eIF4G but dependent on mTOR.
Data on histomorphologic damage to the spleen in chronic narcotic and alcoholic intoxication are described. The below features are recommended for the diagnosis of chronic exogenous intoxication: thickening and sclerosis of the spleen connective structures and a lower count of lymphocytes in the white pulp. The diagnosis criteria of chronic intoxication by intravenously administered opiates are: hyperplasia of the spleen follicles as well as a higher quantity of plasmocytes and of eosinophiles in the white pulp. Hypotrophy of the spleen lymphoid follicles and higher counts of monocytes and macrophages in the lymphoid follicles should be also regarded as a sign of chronic alcoholic intoxication. The obtained data can be used by forensic medical experts in the diagnosis of chronic narcotic intoxication and in its differential diagnosis versus alcoholic intoxication.
The incidence of traumatic injury, frequently associated with hemorrhagic shock, is higher in the alcohol-intoxicated individual. The outcome, as it pertains to both morbidity and mortality of this population, is partly dependent on duration of alcohol exposure and levels of blood alcohol at time of injury. In previous studies, we demonstrated that prolonged alcohol intoxication (15-h duration) produces marked hemodynamic instability and exacerbated early lung proinflammatory cytokine expression after hemorrhagic shock. The present study examines whether a shorter and more modest period of alcohol intoxication is sufficient to alter hemodynamic and proinflammatory responses to hemorrhagic shock. Chronically instrumented, conscious male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g) received a single intragastric bolus of alcohol (1.75 g/kg) 30 min before the administration of fixed-volume (50%) hemorrhagic shock, followed by fluid resuscitation with Ringer lactate. Time-matched controls were administered on isocaloric dextrose bolus (3 g/kg). Alcohol (blood alcohol concentration, 152 +/- 10 mg/dL) produced a 14% decrease in basal mean arterial blood pressure and a more profound hypotensive response to equal blood loss. The 2-fold rise in circulating norepinephrine levels was similar in alcohol- and dextrose-treated hemorrhaged animals despite greater hypotension in alcohol-treated animals. Significant upregulation in lung and spleen interleukin (IL) 1, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha expression was observed immediately after hemorrhage and fluid resuscitation, as previously reported. Only the hemorrhage-induced rise in lung IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha was prevented by alcohol administration. In contrast, spleen cytokine responses to hemorrhage were not altered by alcohol administration. These results indicate that moderate acute alcohol intoxication results in significant modulation of hemodynamic and neuroendocrine responses to hemorrhagic shock.
Thirty real life couples were randomly assigned to one of three groups, a control group, a men drink group (only men drinking alcohol), or a women drink group (only women drinking alcohol). The purpose was to test whether alcohol intoxication leads to shifts in power among men and women using an estimation task together with a measure of power fantasies. Men were more powerful in terms of outcome both in the control group and the women drink group, but women became more powerful when men drink. Responsibility aspects of the process follow this pattern and the process becomes more complex when women drink. Men over-estimate their influence especially as far as process is concerned. Power fantasies decrease for both men and women only when women drink. It is suggested that sex role stereotyping can explain the findings.
Nonexperimental field studies have demonstrated an association between alcohol intoxication and self-aggressive behaviors across the spectrum of lethality. Although these results are suggestive, it is not yet known whether alcohol intoxication is causally related to self-aggression. The authors therefore experimentally examined the effects of alcohol intoxication (mean blood alcohol concentration of .10) on a behavioral measure of self-aggression in men (N = 40). After consuming either an alcohol or a placebo drink, participants were provided the opportunity to self-administer shock during a task disguised as a reaction-time game, with self-aggression defined by the intensity of shock chosen. Half of the participants observed a self-aggressive model (a potential moderator of alcohol-related self-aggression). Independent alcohol and model effects were found, with alcohol accounting for over 30% of the self-aggression variance.
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The scientific literature concerning alcohol intoxication is enormous. However, less is known of alcohol-induced disturbances in children and adolescents and most of those reports concern cases of hypoglycemia in children under five years of age. We studied the clinical status and chemistry, especially acid-base balance, in 36 young teenagers treated at hospital for alcohol intoxication. On physical examination 6 patients were somnolent, 18 were comatose and 12 were in deep coma. The impairment of consciousness was directly proportional to the blood ethanol concentration. Acidosis was a central finding, and it was caused by a combination of respiratory and metabolic factors (a high blood PCO2 and a low base excess; r = 0.97, p < 0.001); the finding of respiratory acidosis dominated. Base excess correlated negatively with beta-hydroxybutyrate and lactate, as expected. All the metabolic products measured--acetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate and lactate--were significantly elevated compared with the control patients. No hypoglycemia was found. Prior treatment with intravenous glucose decreased vomiting and normalized the serum lactate concentration and PO2. Hypokalemia was the most common abnormality in serum electrolytes. In four patients the rate of fall of blood ethanol concentration was 2.8-3.3 mmol/h (0.13-0.15 g/l-1 h-1) and the mean acetate concentration was 0.8 mmol/l (SE 0.3). Biochemical disturbances in young teenage alcohol intoxicants resemble those previously found in adults. The severe toxicity by ethanol, manifesting in coma, occurs in lower blood alcohol concentrations in children than in adults.
OBJECTIVE: Self-focused attention has been associated with many cognitive, affective and behavioral consequences. Although Self-Awareness Theory predicts that alcohol intoxication reduces self-focused attention, empirical support for this effect has been inconsistent. The purpose of this study was to provide a critical test of the conditions under which alcohol intoxication will reduce self-focused attention. Consumption of alcohol and exposure to a mirror were independently manipulated to evaluate the effects of alcohol intoxication on self-focused attention both in the presence and the absence of situational cues that maintain self-focus. METHOD: Subjects were 47 male volunteers; 24 consumed alcohol and 23 consumed a placebo beverage. Approximately one-half of each group sat in front of a mirror while completing a sentence completion task, a situational manipulation previously shown to enhance self-focus. RESULTS: Manipulation checks indicated that all subjects believed that they had consumed alcohol, although subjects who actually drank alcohol did feel more intoxicated than those who did not. The pattern of means suggests that both mirror exposure and alcohol intoxication enhanced the frequency of self-focused responses. CONCLUSIONS: The effects of alcohol consumption were contrary to predictions from Self-Awareness Theory, but consistent with findings from previous research on the acute effects of alcohol intoxication on self-disclosure. That is, alcohol intoxication may have prompted subjects to focus on immediate and salient information which, in the absence of distractions, happened to be self-focused.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors effecting on an observation time needed for outpatient treatment of acute alcohol intoxication. Subjects were 181 patients with acute alcohol intoxication who visited at the Center of Critical Care Medicine of St. Luke's International Hospital from June 1999 to May 2000. One of 181 patients was admitted as an inpatient. The mean observation time of 180 outpatients was about 3 hours. Ninety-nine outpatients (55%) needed observation time less than 3 hours. High level of Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC), moderate consciousness disorder (Japan Coma Scale; JCS 10-30), and severe consciousness disorder (JCS 100-300) were significant factors to increase observation time more than 3 hours. Gender and age were not significant factors associated with more-than-3-hour observation time. Observation time of mild consciousness disorder (JCS 1-3) was significantly decreased against that of clear consciousness (JCS 0). Effects of acetaldehyde might be related to elongation of the observation time among clear consciousness patients. Medical resources of emergency medicine in Japan are not enough in some cases (such as few beds and small numbers of staffs), and it is occasionally difficult for patients to stay at a emergency unit for a long time. And the number of hospitalization for acute alcohol intoxication is likely to increase in Japan. Consideration on the attributes, such as BAC or patient's consciousness, associated with observation time of outpatient treatment might be useful to reduce the number of hospitalization and the cost of medical care for acute alcohol intoxication in emergency medicine.