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PubMed1992

[Migratory strategies in the overpopulated Nile Delta region].

The author describes cyclical migration from the densely populated Nile Delta region of Egypt during the 1970s. The trend toward this type of migration emerged as a strategy for coping with a lack of local resources without having to permanently migrate to an urban environment. She concludes that "while emigration [to] the Gulf countries helped greatly in this process...cyclical migration towards the towns brought about a longer-term strategy. It furthered the survival of most agricultural developments and encouraged the expansion of a more and more urbanised social strata." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

Africa↗
PubMed2004

[Organic agriculture and sustainable development].

Basing on the research and practice of organic agriculture at home and abroad, this paper discussed the objectives of developing green food and the principles that must be persisted in the practice in China. In the light of the arguments concerning with sustainable agriculture, we also discussed the significance of "alternative agriculture" in theory and practice. Compared with conventional high-intensity agriculture, the production approaches of organic alternatives can improve soil fertility and have fewer detrimental effects on the environment. It is unclear whether conventional agriculture can be sustained because of the shortcomings presented in this paper, and it has taken scientists approximately one century to research and practice organic farming as a representative of alternative agriculture. The development of green food in China has only gone through more than ten years, and there would be some practical and theoretical effects on the development of China's green food if we exploit an environment-friendly production pattern of organic agriculture which majors in keeping human health and maintaining sustainable agriculture.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2004

[Problems in development of agriculture-animal husbandry ecotone and its countermeasures].

Problems in development of Duolun, a typical agriculture-animal husbandry ecotone, and its countermeasures were discussed in this paper. Economic structure was not rational in Duolun, and it should develop industry and commerce, limit the scope of agriculture and animal husbandry, and actively increase efficiency of agriculture and animal husbandry. The structure of land use was not rational, and the main countermeasures were to increase area of forestland and grassland, and decrease cultivated area. On resources use, the main countermeasures were to exploit water resource rationally and bring into play resource superiority of mutually benefits on agriculture and animal husbandry. The ecological environment construction was the foundation of the national economy for sustainable development in agriculture-animal husbandry ecotone.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1997

Social theory and social class.

Concepts of class developed with the emergence of industrial society in the nineteenth century. For an understanding of current divisions, theories must reflect the advances of capitalism and the global economy that characterize the late twentieth century. In industrialized societies, reductions in the industrial workforce and the growth of finance, investment and real-estate industries worldwide have produced a new, largely female, service workforce. Large sectors of industry have departed in search of cheaper labour in poorer countries, which also have a rising number of women workers. In those areas, as a result, a new industrial workforce has emerged. Concomitantly, accumulation of land in less developed agricultural regions for production for the world market has led to an increase in mobile agricultural labour and a shift of landless labourers to the cities of less developed countries. In addition, both upward and downward mobility have occurred for individuals and groups in specific populations, as well as for particular diseases in developed and less developed countries. All these processes have precipitated fundamental changes in class, gender and family relationships and transformed the living conditions of populations in both developed and less developed societies. These changes have major implications for the patterns of health and disease in the world today. Objective measures of social change may be difficult to construct and use in epidemiological cancer research. Since questions of class and shifting social relations are directly implicated in the patterns of disease, they must be assessed in future research as accurately as possible.

Developed Countries↗
PubMed2004

Solution structure of the cyclotide palicourein: implications for the development of a pharmaceutical framework.

The cyclotides are a family of disulfide-rich proteins from plants. They have the characteristic structural features of a circular protein backbone and a knotted arrangement of disulfide bonds. Structural and biochemical studies of the cyclotides suggest that their unique physiological stability can be loaned to bioactive peptide fragments for pharmaceutical and agricultural development. In particular, the cyclotides incorporate a number of solvent-exposed loops that are potentially suitable for epitope grafting applications. Here, we determine the structure of the largest known cyclotide, palicourein, which has an atypical size and composition within one of the surface-exposed loops. The structural data show that an increase in size of a palicourein loop does not perturb the core fold, to which the thermodynamic and chemical stability has been attributed. The cyclotide core fold, thus, can in principle be used as a framework for the development of useful pharmaceutical and agricultural bioactivities.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Analysis of irrigation systems using sustainability-related criteria.

Sustainable agricultural development as a desired goal in irrigation management is a result of recent public awareness of the scarcity of water for food production. In order to incorporate sustainability-related criteria in the analysis of irrigation systems, the present study aims at introducing environmental indices that represent irrigation water conservation and satisfactory production and income for farmers under stress conditions. An experiment was conducted in Chania, Greece, during the irrigation periods of 1989 and 1990. The irrigation water delivered to 40 experimental plots and the relevant soil moisture content at the root zone were recorded. The data, collected in real time, were used for the calculation of the corresponding environmental indices. The variation of indices in time and space was high, and demonstrated that up to 13% of water was delivered to crops, 82% was yield loss, and 84% was economic return. The study indicated that environmental indices could be easily computed by means of routinely collected data, and could also be incorporated into decision-making approaches, such as compromise programming, in order to develop policies for irrigation water allocation.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1993

[The contribution of the Department of Health in overseas diet and nutrition].

This article reminds the contribution of Health and Medical Services in overseas territories and other developing countries. Seconded to Health Services, Pasteur Institutes, other scientific research Organisations, and International Organisations (FAO, WHO), medical doctors and pharmacists, properly trained in nutrition, have studied under-nutrition and malnutrition, and their effects on the health of the populations and the economy of their countries. Later, in cooperation with all departments concerned, they have realised a number of applied programmes, aiming at a real improvement in the situation or even the eradication of nutritional deficiencies. However the article deals mainly with actions related to food production and distribution, from the establishment of a national food policy to agriculture planning and evaluation, including specific, applied nutrition programmes in agriculture development and supplementary feeding programmes.

Africa↗
PubMed1985

[Seasonal anthropometric variations in adults of 2 different West African populations].

Results of nutritional surveys carried out during the wet and dry seasons in the South of Mali and the North of Senegal (Ferlo) reveal that adults in both areas experience seasonal weight variations of about 4%. These variations are related to the regular occurrence of food shortages during the rainy season. The circumstances in which these food shortages occur are not the same in the two communities: while the nomadic herders of Ferlo can significantly reduce energy outlay by resting during the rainy period, the Malian farmers, on the contrary, must work harder because their agricultural tasks are most demanding in this season. In conclusion, we stress the need to take this phenomenon into account in agricultural development projects and to overcome shortages provoked by the shift in peasants' habits from subsistence agriculture to cash crops.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Evaluation of genotoxic and cytotoxic properties of pesticides employed in Italian agricultural practices.

In a program coordinated by the Italian Ministry of Works, we tested in vitro four pesticides widely employed in a developed agricultural region of central Italy. The four commercial agents were chosen on the basis of their diffusion in agricultural practice, knowledge of their active principle(s), and scant availability of data concerning their toxic and genotoxic activity. The agents were Cirtoxin, Decis, Tramat Combi (TC), and Lasso Micromix (LM). All substances were tested in three in vitro systems: Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, a metabolically competent hamster cell line (Chinese hamster epithelial liver; CHEL), and root tips of Vicia faba (VF). The cytotoxic and genotoxic end points challenged were micronuclei and root tip length (RTL) in VF and mitotic index (MI), proliferation index (PI), cell survival (CS), cell growth (CG), cell cycle length (CCL), sister chromatid exchanges, chromosomal aberrations, and single-cell gel electrophoresis, or comet assay, in CHEL and CHO cells. Tested doses ranged from the field dose up to 200x the field dose to take into account accumulation effects. On the whole, tested agents appear to induce genotoxic damage only at subtoxic or toxic doses, indicating a low clastogenic risk. MI, PI, CS, CG, RTL, and CCL appear to be the less sensitive end points, showing no effects in the presence of a clear positive response in some or all of the other tests. Using cytogenetic tests, we obtained positive results for TC and LM treatments in CHO but not in CHEL cells. These data could be accounted for by postulating a detoxifying activity exerted by this cell line. However, cytogenetic end points appear to be more sensitive than those referring to cytotoxicity.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2001

Integration: farm and environment.

At a time when GM crops are being planted all around the globe, Europe appears to favour a more primitive and less productive agricultural system. Is the abandonment of 50 years of agricultural development the way forward or is there a rational alternative?

Agriculture↗
PubMed2002

Vietnam and the sustainable development of the Mekong river basis.

Vietnam is a riparian country located in most downstream area of the Mekong river basin which is also shared by other states namely China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand and Cambodia. While the Central Highlands of Vietnam has a great potential for hydropower development in tributaries of Mekong river, the Mekong delta in Vietnam territory is rich in natural resources which are favorable for agricultural development. However, besides local constraints which being gradually remedied by Vietnam, the development of the Mekong delta is subject to, in both terms of quantity and quality, availability of water resources which relates to the water use of or discharge into the river of upper riparians. With a view to co-developing these resources in a sustainable and mutually beneficial manner, Vietnam has cooperated with other states through framework of the Mekong River Commission set up by the 1995 Mekong Agreement. This paper describes the strategy and action plan applied by Viet Nam National Mekong Committee to reach the sustainable development of the Mekong river basin in general and of Vietnam parts located in the Mekong basin in particular.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2000

[Utilization of municipal sludge in agriculture and sustainable development].

Based on the ideas of sustainable development, this paper analyzed the features and disposal situations of municipal sludge and its influence on agricultural and urban development. It is suggested that the land application of municipal sludge is significant and urgent for urban and agricultural sustainable development. Land application of sludge will also be basic outlet for sludge disposal in the future. The key of land application of sludge lies in controlling the content of toxic pollutants in sludge and utilizing sludge scientifically.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1998

Geographic Information Systems and the Selection of Priority Areas for Control of Tsetse-transmitted Trypanosomiasis in Africa.

In this paper, Tim Robinson describes the use of geographic information systems (GIS) to prioritize areas for tsetse and trypanosomiasis control in Zambia. Digital maps of land tenure, percentage agriculture, stocking rates and relative arable potential are combined within a GIS to identify areas where trypanosomiasis is a direct constraint to agricultural development and where the presence of tsetse prevents access to areas adjacent to those under high pressure from livestock and agriculture. The techniques described in this paper could be applied to a range of livestock diseases in many parts of the world.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Agricultural capacity and conservation in high biodiversity forest ecosystems.

Agricultural development is a leading cause of habitat destruction that increasingly threatens global biodiversity. To help understand the likelihood and implications of agricultural expansion in areas of high conservation importance, this article examines agricultural suitability in forested portions of biodiversity hotspots and tropical wilderness areas, regions with especially rich concentrations of species found nowhere else. The study employs geographic information system technology to examine suitability for six crop categories in selected conservation localities worldwide: those portions of regions containing high biodiversity, protected areas (e.g. national parks) within these regions, and 10-km bands around the protected areas that are dominated by forest. Analyses reveal low suitability for most crop categories under both commercial and subsistence scenarios, with a few exceptions. In most cases, adequate planning can enable the coexistence of agriculture and biodiversity without compromising either.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1986

Agricultural strategies, food and nutrition: issues and opportunities.

Agricultural development in developing countries has not lead to significant improvements in the consumption and nutrition of poor people. One reason is that, in the design of policy and projects, consumption objectives have not been incorporated explicitly. Far greater understanding is required of the way rural people plan their strategies for obtaining household food; external assistance should build on these activities rather than undermine them. This has often occurred in the past. Five aspects of agricultural policy are considered which, if incorporated into planning and implemented, should lead to improvements in food consumption and nutrition. These are: first, a review of the way in which export crops should be introduced and promoted so that food security is not adversely affected; second, a discussion of the need to give greater attention to what are known as "minor" crops; third, a discussion of the importance of incorporating seasonality into planning; fourth, a review of the importance of women; and fifth, an examination of the ways in which crop breeding research should involve nutritional concerns. The paper concludes with some observations from Kenya whereby agricultural sector planning could incorporate nutritional objectives.

Africa↗
PubMed2001

Agricultural biotechnology in developing countries.

After a slow start many developing countries are now investing in agricultural biotechnology. Although these countries face several constraints, efforts are being made to promote biotechnology that requires high investment with long term returns. A number of donor agencies are providing incentives to stimulate biotechnology in the developing countries. There is however a major debate towards the development of biotechnology, especially genetically modified organisms, in the developing countries and there is a need for them to address biosafety issues and proper monitoring systems. The concern of intellectual property rights is a major issue in the developing countries in order to have access to the technologies that are often owned by multinational corporations in the industrialized countries.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1991

The Islamic movement, development, and health education: recent changes in the health of rural women in central Sudan.

Follow-up research on women's work and health in two rural areas of Sudan in 1989 identified several areas of change since the 1970s. Health improvements due to better access to education and health services were noted. However, interethnic contacts have led to some experimentation with the severe form of female circumcision in one area while health education and the Islamic movement have contributed to a decline in popularity of it in another area. Further, the structure of agricultural development has resulted in changes in women's participation in agriculture and polygyny rates, which have had impacts on birth rates.

Agriculture↗