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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis in chronic alcoholism. I. HPT axis in chronic alcoholics during withdrawal and after 3 weeks of abstinence.

Thyroxine (T4), free T4 (fT4), triiodothyronine (T3), free T3 (fT3), reverse T3 (rT3), thyrotropin (TSH), thyroxine binding globulin (TBG), and T3 uptake were measured in 14 chronic alcoholics during withdrawal and after 21 days of abstinence. Results were compared with those of 16 healthy volunteers. During withdrawal, the fT4 and fT3 concentrations were subnormal, whereas the respective protein-bound fractions were normal. T4, T3, and TBG increased during the abstinence period, T3 and TBG being significantly higher than in normals at the second measuring time. T3 uptake values fell, but remained well within the normal range at both measuring times. During abstinence, the fT3 levels remained significantly lower than in healthy subjects. rT3 concentrations decreased, but not significantly. The TSH values were normal throughout. These results showed numerous abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in alcoholics, the reasons for which are as yet unclear. The following possible interpretations are suggested: 1. The abnormally low serum fT3 and fT4 levels during withdrawal might reflect an increase in tissue uptake. 2. The increases in T4--and partly those in T3--during abstinence seem to reflect increased binding by TBG, the level of which rose markedly for reasons as yet unknown. 3. If increases in TBG during abstinence are taken into account, the decreases in rT3 concentrations may reach the level of statistical significance. These falls in rT3 concentrations may reflect an increase in rT3 metabolization (deiodination) in various tissues, including the CNS, leading to a reduction in serum rT3 bioavailability. 4. Factors such as liver disease, protein caloric malnutrition, and "psychological stress" do not fully explain all these abnormalities. A direct effect of ethanol on intracellular thyroid hormone metabolism and/or function seems conceivable.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Comparability of M mode echocardiographic long axis and short axis left ventricular function derivatives.

M mode echocardiographic anteroposterior indexes of left ventricular function derived from long and short axis parasternal planes were compared in one hundred cases. In all the disease groups studied the paired values were within acceptable statistical limits of comparability and interchangeability; that is they were within two standard deviations of the mean difference in both directions. Values from either plane can usually be considered as being representative of the expected values for the individual.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Receptors and transmission in the brain-gut axis: potential for novel therapies. IV. GABA(B) receptors in the brain-gastroesophageal axis.

GABA(B) receptors are inhibitory G protein-coupled receptors that are commonly associated with presynaptic inhibition of transmitter release in the central nervous system. In the brain-gastroesophageal axis, a role has recently been demonstrated for GABA(B) receptors on extrinsic afferent endings within the stomach and esophagus, where they reduce mechanosensitivity. This action is compounded by inhibition of communication centrally from these afferents in the brain stem and within central circuits. There is a final peripheral action on the motor pathway where GABA(B) receptors reduce output of acetylcholine from vagal preganglionic motoneurons. These potent, multiple actions of GABA(B) receptors may have therapeutic benefit by reducing the triggering of transient lower esophageal relaxations, which are the major cause of gastroesophageal reflux. An important clinical application is therefore emerging for this recent discovery.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1994

Craniospinal axis irradiation: an improved electron technique for irradiation of the spinal axis.

In this work we review the dosimetric features of craniospinal axis irradiation in the areas of matching cranial and spinal fields, with reference to the normal structures within the spinal field. The implications of the use of photon or electron modalities for the spinal port were evaluated. A novel method of matching the cranial photon and the spinal electron fields involving a computer-aided junction design is presented. The technique involves moving the photon beam in three steps to degrade its penumbra to match that of the electron field. Thermoluminescent dosimetry in a Rando phantom and computed tomography-based dose-volume histogram study for an illustrative paediatric case were used to compare the dose to normal structures within the spinal field. Our results show that the use of electrons for the spinal field leads to better sparing of deep seated normal structures. In the case of bone marrow, the use of a customized bolus for the spinal field results in an improved dose distribution, making electrons potentially superior to photons for radiobiological reasons.

Bone Marrow↗
PubMed1991

The 5-hydroxytryptamine2 agonist, (+-)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenyl)-2-aminopropane stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. I. Acute effects on HPA axis activity and corticotropin-releasing factor-containing neurons in the rat brain.

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is the major physiological regulator of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) secretion from the anterior pituitary. In vivo and in vitro studies have suggested that hypothalamic CRF secretion is under stimulatory serotonergic control, although the receptor subtype(s) responsible have not been definitely determined. The acute effects of the 5-hydroxytryptamine2 agonist, (+-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOB), were examined on a number of biochemical indices of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in vivo. DOB increased plasma ACTH and corticosterone concentrations at doses greater than 0.1 mg/kg. This effect is dose-dependent. Peak effects occurred 30 min postinjection and returned to basal levels by 4 hr after DOB injection. These effects of DOB are hypothesized to be mediated by the release of hypothalamic CRF because pretreatment with the CRF receptor antagonist (alpha-helical CRF9-41) significantly attenuated the ACTH response to DOB. Median eminence CRF content was also decreased following DOB administration in the presence of the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide (200 mg/kg i.p.), suggestive of release of CRF from median eminence terminals as a result of DOB activation of CRF neurons. DOB administration was without effect on brain CRF concentrations in all of the 12 extrahypothalamic brain regions studied 60 min after injection. These results, taken together, support a stimulatory role for 5-hydroxytryptamine2 receptors on hypothalamic CRF secretion.

DOM 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Methylamphetamine↗
PubMed1995

The brain-immune axis: role of opiates and other substances of abuse, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and behavior.

The brain-immune axis is a highly complex and dynamic homeostatic mechanism. The effect of morphine, or other drugs of abuse, on this interactive system can have multiple consequences, depending on the specific site(s) of action, duration of exposure and underlying neuroendocrine, neural and behavioral status. This emphasizes the critical role of interdisciplinary studies, incorporating behavioral, pharmacological, neuroanatomical, cellular and molecular approaches, that are necessary for elucidating opiate-BIA interactions. To characterize fundamental mechanisms of action, the sheer complexity of this system often requires that more rigorous experimental methodology be applied by multidisciplinary groups of investigators than ever before.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Electropherogram of capillary zone electrophoresis with effective mobility axis as a transverse axis and its analytical utility. I. Transformation applying the hypothetical electroosmotic flow.

For capillary zone electrophoresis, a new method of transformation from migration time to effective mobility was proposed, in which the mobility increase due to Joule heating and the relaxation effect of the potential gradient were eliminated successfully. The precision of the mobility evaluated by the proposed transformation was discussed in relation to the analysis of rare earth ions. By using the transformation, almost the same pherograms could be obtained even from the pherograms obtained originally at different applied voltages.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Positional determination of the naso-temporal retinal axis coincides with asymmetric expression of proteins along the anterior-posterior axis of the eye primordium.

We used two different methodologies to examine at what stage development retinal positional specificity is established and which molecules are responsible. The first goal was achieved by removing parts of the presumptive temporal primary optic vesicle at stage 11 (40 to 45 hr of incubation) and fate mapping of tissue with presumptive nasal properties that shifted into the wound during the events of wound-healing. Participation of the shifted tissue in the healing resulted in assembly of a temporal retina with mosaic-like projection properties, as examined by retrograde double staining of the retinal ganglion cells from the optic tectum. In addition to cells with normal temporal-rostral projections, clusters of ganglion cells with nasal-like projection identities appeared labelled within the temporal hemiretina. The number of clusters increased with the amount of resected tissue, and by almost complete ablation of the presumptive temporal anlage, a temporal hemiretina with predominantly nasal retinotectal specificity was created. These neuroanatomical results suggested that neuroepithelial cells had fixed nasal and temporal positional specificities at stage 11. To examine differences in the cells derived of either half of the eye cup, we performed biochemical one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the hemianlagen at stage 11. In addition, incorporation of 35S-methionin into newly synthesized peptides was investigated. Both techniques revealed the exclusive expression of one major and three less-abundant proteins within the presumptive nasal anlage. The most abundant of these proteins has a molecular weight of about 40 kDa and is clearly distinguishable both in gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. The asymmetric protein patterns had disappeared when the retina was analysed with the same methods at the more advanced embryonic days E4 and E6. The asymmetry in the expression of proteins in the retinal primordium may be the biochemical correlate of an early positional specification of the retinal neuroepithelium. The difference in the protein expression may explain that mixing the positionally specified cells of either origins results in projection mosaics.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in depressive patients and healthy subjects in relation to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

Serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), free T3 index (fT3i), thyroxine (T4), and free T4 index (fT4i) were measured before and after administration of 1 mg of dexamethasone in 54 depressive patients and 54 matched healthy subjects. A followup study at a mean of 2 years was performed in 28 patients in remission. Basal TSH levels were lower and fT4i levels were higher in major depressive patients compared with healthy subjects. After dexamethasone administration, there was no significant change in any of the hormones in a subgroup of 46 major depressive patients in contrast to matched healthy subjects, who showed a significant decrease in the levels of TSH, T3, and fT3i. The magnitude of the TSH response to dexamethasone in the major depressive patients was related to the level of nocturnal urinary cortisol excretion and pathological dexamethasone suppression test results. The level of TSH in depressive patients during remission did not return to levels similar to those found in the healthy subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Relations between Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and personality: beyond Axis I-Axis II comorbidity.

Most research on relations between Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and personality addresses only comorbidity rates between OCD and Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD). We first investigated empirical OCD-OCPD relations, but then also examined patterns of dimensional traits in OCD patients versus students and general outpatients. Results did not support a specific OCD-OCPD relation and the implications of this conclusion are discussed. Regarding traits, OCD patients shared with other patients elevated negative affectivity and lower positive affectivity. Differences on several lower order dimensions, including lower scores on manipulativeness, mistrust, and disinhibition distinguished the personality profile of OCD patients from others. Also noteworthy was a pattern of very low self-image for OCD patients, as suggested by the combination of low self-esteem and low entitlement scores. Overall, OCD patients showed a more specific pattern of personality pathology than did general outpatients, who were elevated more generally across personality disorders and negative affectivity scales.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Effects of repeated fluoxetine on anxiety-related behaviours, central serotonergic systems, and the corticotropic axis axis in SHR and WKY rats.

In keeping with the anxiolytic property of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in humans, we have examined in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat, which display low and high anxiety, respectively, some psychoneuroendocrine effects of a repeated treatment with the SSRI fluoxetine (5 or 10 mg/kg daily, for 3 weeks). Two days after the last injection, plasma levels of fluoxetine were not detectable whereas those of its metabolite, norfluoxetine, were present to similar extents in both strains. By means of the elevated plus-maze test (29-30 h after the 13th administration of fluoxetine) and an open field test (48 h after the last injection of fluoxetine), it was observed that fluoxetine pretreatment did not yield anxiolysis; hence, some, but not all, behaviours were indicative of anxiety and hypolocomotion (as assessed through principal component analyses and acute diazepam studies). In both strains, the 10 mg/kg dose of fluoxetine decreased hypothalamus 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels, and reduced midbrain and/or hippocampus [3H]citalopram binding at 5-HT transporters, but did not affect [3H]8-hydroxy-2-(di-N-propylamino)tetralin binding at hippocampal 5-HT1A receptors. However, the fluoxetine-elicited reduction in hippocampal 5-HT transporter binding was much more important in WKY than in SHR rats, this strain-dependent effect being associated in WKY rats with a reduction in cortical [3H]ketanserin binding at 5-HT2A receptors. Lastly, in WKY rats, repeated fluoxetine administration increased adrenal weights and the plasma corticosterone response to open field exposure, but did not affect the binding capacities of hippocampal mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors. These data show that key psychoneuroendocrine responses to repeated fluoxetine administration may be strain-dependent, and that repeated fluoxetine administration does not yield anxiolysis, as assessed by two standard tests of emotivity.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Stability and course of personality disorders: the need to consider comorbidities and continuities between axis I psychiatric disorders and axis II personality disorders.

The literature pertaining to the stability and course of personality disorders is briefly reviewed. Available data suggest that PD diagnoses demonstrate only moderate stability and that--although generally associated with a plethora of negative outcomes--they can show improvement over time. This paper highlights the pervasiveness of diagnostic co-occurrence and its implications for continued investigation of the question of PD stability. In addition to examining the stability (and outcome) of PDs, longitudinal studies need to consider continuities between diagnoses. The Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorder Study (CLPS) is described briefly vis-a-vis some of these major issues.

Comorbidity↗