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PubMed1989

Blood and serum status of water- and fat-soluble vitamins in athletes and non-athletes.

Water- and fat-soluble vitamins have a key function in many metabolic processes and are of special importance for athletic performance. The water-soluble vitamins thiamine, riboflavin, and pyridoxine as well as the fat-soluble vitamins beta-carotene, retinol, and alpha-tocopherol were determined by methods based on high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) in serum or blood of non-athletes and athletes of different sports such as bodybuilders, cyclists, cross-country skiers, marathon runners, and swimmers. The values for the water-soluble vitamin were much higher in athletes, whereas the values for the fat-soluble vitamins were not much different compared to those found in non-athletes.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

ECG-ST level, maximal oxygen uptake, and ventilatory threshold during treadmill exercise test in athletes and non-athletes.

In order to define the relationships between ECG-ST level, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), and ventilatory threshold (VT), the treadmill running test was carried out in a symptom-limited manner by increasing the speed and gradient gradually. The ECG-V5ST level, O2 consumption (VO2), and minute ventilation (VE) were successively monitored with cardiorespiratory capacity-measuring equipment in 21 athletes and 10 non-athletes. There was no significant correlation between the lowest ST level and % VO2 max. However, a significant correlation was observed between the lowest ST level and the ratio of VO2 value at the lowest ST level to that at the VT point in both groups. Namely, the ST level showed a tendency to depress maximally after the exercise stress passed over the VT point, with a deeper depression in non-athletes. These preliminary results suggest that we should be careful of the cardiac condition when exercise stress over the VT point is loaded on both athletes and non-athletes.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Knowledge and attitudes of coaches of secondary school athletes in Ibadan, Nigeria regarding oro-facial injuries and mouthguard use by the athletes.

- The objective of this study was to assess the perceptions of secondary school sports' coaches about oro-facial injuries and mouth protector usage in sports by the adolescent athletes. A 10-item, self-completion questionnaire was distributed to 42 coaches from 23 secondary schools randomly selected from different parts of Ibadan city in Nigeria between May and June, 2002. The questionnaire sought information on why a mouth protector (mouthguard) is used, when it is required; the types of mouth protector used, the major reasons for choosing a specific mouth protector, and personal feeling as to whether mouthguards prevent oral injury. Descriptive statistics were used for the data while the chi-square statistic was employed to test the significance of association between variables. All the coaches, 25 (59.5%) males and 17 (40.5%) females with age range of 19-51 years and mean age of 38.07 +/- 8.97 years (mean +/- SD), completed and returned the forms (100% completion rate). 95.2% of the coaches believed that mouthguards prevent oral injuries and 95.2% of them also would like more information on different types of mouthguard, while 4.8% each felt otherwise. The main factor determining the choice of the type of mouthguard for athletes by the coaches was the quality of oral protection (57.1%), and the next was the cost (23.8%). Acceptance of mouthguard was scored as positive by 88.1% of the athletes. 81.0% of the coaches felt that mouthguard should be worn at all times (during practices and competitions) while 19.0% would prefer the use during competitions only. The majority of the coaches (71.4%) believed that boxing needs mouthguards, 2.4% each indicated football (soccer) and Judo while 11.9% of the coaches did not indicate any sport. The majority of these Nigerian coaches agreed on the protective effectiveness of mouthguard against sport-related oro-facial injuries, but they are yet to be adequately informed about mouthguards generally so as to correctly advise and influence these adolescent athletes in this regard.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Training in élite young athletes (the Training of Young Athletes (TOYA) Study): injuries, flexibility and isometric strength.

Using a mixed longitudinal design, the incidence of injuries, and the development of flexibility and isometric strength of the upper and lower limbs were studied for 2 years in 453 élite young athletes (aged between 9 and 18 years) practising football, gymnastics, swimming or tennis. The children suffered from a low incidence of injuries. Strength and flexibility did not exert a significant role in determining injuries. The rate of injury was not significantly different between the 2 years of the study. Young swimmers showed a greater generalized flexibility. Girls were more flexible than boys between the ages of 13 to 16 years. Athletic children are able to exert greater isometric strength than normal schoolchildren. Boys diverged from the normal population at 14 years, while athletic girls were stronger at all ages. Girls were stronger than boys up to age 12, who were still increasing their muscle strength at 19 years. The average maximal isometric strength exerted in both upper and lower limbs in the four sports was not significantly different. Male gymnasts over 11 years old were significantly stronger than all other athletes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Patellofemoral pain syndrome in athletes: a 5.7-year retrospective follow-up study of 250 athletes.

Two hundred fifty athletes from a sports clinic, 122 (49%) females and 128 (51%) males (mean age 21.1 years), who were diagnosed as having patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) and were instructed to practice vastus medialis training, returned a completed questionnaire after an average of 5.7 years' follow-up. Sixty-eight (27%) were pain-free for an average of 8.1 months: 17 (25%) women and 51 (75%) men. As to the remaining 182 (73%) who were still suffering, 95 (52%) had experienced a decrease in pain, 64 (35%) were unchanged and 23 (13%) had experienced an increase in pain. Sixty-eight (37%) described the pain as being mild, 88 (48%) as moderate, and 26 (15%) as severe. Athletic activity was affected in 184 (74%) of the cases, employment in 16 (6%) cases. The prognosis was not correlated with a history of trauma or with age. Athletes with a hypermobile patella had a less good prognosis (r = 0.23, p = 0.04). For about half of the athletes the prognosis was good, although the other half obtained an inadequate result, using a self-training program.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Social physique anxiety and eating attitudes in female athletic and non-athletic groups.

One purpose of the present study was to compare Social Physique Anxiety (SPA) scores among four different female groups (physique-salient (PS) athletes-aerobics competitors and divers, n = 63; weight-restricted athletes-rowers, n = 60; non-physique-salient (NPS) athletes--soccer, n = 75; and non-athlete students, n = 53). A second purpose of the study was to examine relations between SPA and disturbed eating attitudes among these four groups. Participants completed the Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS; Hart, Leary, & Rejeski, 1989) and the Eating Attitude Test (EAT; Garner & Garfinkel, 1979). With respect to purpose one, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) with SPA (i.e., 9-item single factor model of the SPAS) as the dependent measure, failed to reach significance (F (3,184) = 1.61, p> .05). With respect to purpose two, significant relations were found between SPA and EAT scores for all four groups. Inferential comparison of the bivariate correlations (Fisher's Z transformations), however, showed no significant differences between groups. In addition, a moderated regression analysis was computed using EAT scores as the dependent measure. The variables were entered in the following order: SPA, followed by dummy vectors for each sport-type category, and then the interaction term between SPA and the dummy vectors. Results showed that there was no significant interaction effect. Thus, these analyses, taken together. suggest that the type of sport activity does not serve to moderate relations between SPA and disordered eating. Implications of the findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Medical care at the VIIth International Amateur Athletics Federation World Championships in Athletics 'Sevilla '99'.

INTRODUCTION: The World Athletics Championships are considered to be the third most important sporting event on the planet. Before the celebration of their seventh meeting in Seville, Spain, the need for medical care, as in the Olympic Games, was supposed to be low and of minimal complexity. It was nevertheless judged necessary to install strategically located assistance points, and to evaluate the results of this intervention. METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN: Following the planning phase carried out by a multidisciplinary commission of health, set up by the Organizer Committee, which prepared protocols, that were elaborated by five working groups, the operation developed during the World Championships in Athletics is described. Five clinics and several first aid stations were set up in the stadium and its surroundings, in hotels, warm-up and training tracks, the high-speed train station and the airport, as well as strategic points in the city. RESULTS: There were 1338 medical consultations, and 35 patients (2.6%) were transferred to hospitals. 21 codes of the International Classification of Disease constituted 50.4% of the case mix. Injuries, which accounted for 36.1% of all medical visits, were more common among athletes (48.9%) than among other groups. Injuries accounted for 30.5% of all other groups combined. Spectators and other groups accounted for most (86.8 and 63.1%, respectively) of the 276 visits concerning contusions and 165 visits for heat-related illness. The overall physician treatment rate was 19.3% for athletes and 4.5/10 000 for spectators. CONCLUSION: The preparation of a potent pre-hospital service, strategically located and dedicated to the event, was able to solve the problems that occurred. Nevertheless, a hospital alert and a coordination centre are also necessary. These data should be useful in planning medical resources for future mass sporting events.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Iron status in female endurance athletes and in non-athletes.

Iron status was studied in 126 female endurance athletes and 52 control subjects, all aged 16-20 years. The study aimed at identifying factors responsible for iron deficiency. Twenty-six percent of athletes and 50% of controls had latent iron-deficiency without anemia symptoms. A too low intake of iron (especially heme iron: 0.3 mg daily), and of nutrients influencing iron metabolism, were identified as main causes of iron deficiency in control subjects. In athletes, whose iron intake was sufficient (14.6 mg), the principal cause of iron deficiency were blood losses due to menstruation. High level of physical activity, expressed as training volume and experience, did not adversely affect iron stores, as these were higher than in control subjects and the incidence of iron deficiency was much lower than in the control group. It was concluded that an increased intake of iron and of dietary factors involved in iron metabolism prevented possible exercise-induced losses of iron in young athletes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Jump-land characteristics and muscle strength development in young athletes: a gender comparison of 1140 athletes 9 to 17 years of age.

BACKGROUND: Many authors have speculated that altered neuromuscular control and strength of the lower extremity are responsible for the gender disparity in knee ligament injury rates. HYPOTHESIS: Significant increases in normalized quadriceps and hamstrings strength and limb symmetry on single-legged hop test occur with age. No gender differences in strength occur until age 14 years, after which boys generate greater peak torques than do girls. Age and gender do not influence lower limb alignment on a drop-jump test. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: We studied the effects of age and gender in 1140 athletes, 9 to 17 years old, on muscle strength and neuromuscular control during functional activities. Isokinetic quadriceps and hamstrings strength was measured at 300 deg/s. Limb symmetry was assessed with single-legged hop tests. A video drop-jump test determined lower limb alignment in the coronal plane. RESULTS: Extension peak torques significantly increased with age; maximum strength was noted in girls at age 13 years and in boys at age 14 years (P < .001). Although maximum flexion strength occurred in boys at age 14 years (P < .001), girls had only slight increases from ages 9 to 11 years (P = not significant). Boys aged 14 to 17 years had significantly greater normalized isokinetic strength than did age-matched girls. No age or gender effects existed in limb alignment on the drop-jump test or limb symmetry on single-legged hop testing. CONCLUSION: Maximum hamstrings strength was noted in female athletes by age 11 years, compared with age 14 years in male athletes, and a distinct lower limb valgus alignment existed in the majority of all athletes on landing. The absence of a gender difference in lower limb alignment on landing suggests other factors may be responsible for the gender disparity in knee ligament injury rates.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The Professional Socialization of Certified Athletic Trainers in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Context.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the professional socialization process of certified athletic trainers (ATCs) in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I to guide athletic training education and professional development. DESIGN AND SETTING: We conducted a qualitative study to explore the experiences related to how participants were socialized into their professional roles in Division I. SUBJECTS: A total of 16 interviews were conducted with 11 male (68.75%) and 5 female (31.25%) participants who were either currently or formerly affiliated with an NCAA Division I athletic program. DATA ANALYSIS: The interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed inductively using a modified grounded theory approach. Trustworthiness was obtained by peer review, data source triangulation, and member checks. RESULTS: We identified a discernible pattern of socialization experiences and perceptions among the participants. The professional socialization processes of Division I collegiate ATCs is explained as a 5-phase developmental sequence: (1) envisioning the role, (2) formal preparation, (3) organizational entry, (4) role evolution, and (5) gaining stability. CONCLUSIONS: Examining the professional socialization process provides insights into the experiences of Division I collegiate ATCs as they prepare for their job responsibilities and develop professionally. Appropriate socialization tactics, such as the use of a structured mentoring experience, formal orientation, and staff development programming, can be implemented to promote effective professional development. Additionally, undergraduate students may be well served if they are educated to better use informal learning situations during their initial socializing events.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

[The athlete's heart: an echocardiographic case-control study on Senegalese athletes].

The aim of this work is to study the echocardiographic parameters of male trained athletes. It is about a case-control study comparing 3 groups: basketball players, cyclists and not sports healthy subjects. All the subjects benefited from an echocardiography (time motion, two-dimensional and pulse Doppler). The mean age is of 23.5 years for the cyclists group, 24 years for the basketball players and of 26.2 years for the control group. Compared with the control group, the left ventricular telediastolic dimensions, left ventricular mass index and the pulmonary flow velocity are higher in athletes group. The basketball players have a higher left ventricular diameter and parameter of systolic function than cyclists group. The septal diameter is higher in the cyclists group. This study finds some differencies in Senegalese athletes in the characteristics of the standard athletic heart syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Differences in blood lipids and apolipoproteins between master athletes, recreational athletes and sedentary men.

AIM: Studies related with the role of intensive and moderate training on reducing coronary heart disease (CHD) risks have revealed conflicting RESULTS: Thus, the aim of this study was to clarify the association between long-term physical training with competitive and recreational purposes and blood lipids and apolipoproteins in the middle-aged master athletes, recreational athletes and sedentary controls. METHODS: The association between long-term physical training and serum concentrations of lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins in the middle-aged men was investigated. Twelve male master athletes (MA), 12 male recreational athletes (RA) (>10 y), and 12 male sedentary controls (CG) participated in the study. Serum concentrations of lipids and lipoproteins were measured by enzymatic methods; apolipoproteins (ApoA1 and ApoB) and serum lipoprotein(a) Lp(a) were measured by immonoprecipitation assays. RESULTS: TC, LDL-C, ApoA1, Lp(a) levels and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio of the 3 groups did not show any significant differences. MA and RA had significantly higher levels of VO2max, HDL-C, ApoA1/ApoB ratio; and lower values of percent body fat, resting heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, TG, ApoB and TC/HDL-C ratio than CG. We did not find any significant differences between MA and RA in any variables except for BMI and TC/HDL-C ratio. CONCLUSIONS: Habitual physical training favorably altered serum lipid and apolipoprotein profiles. Although there was no statistical significance (except for BMI and TC/HDL-C) between MA and RA, a tendency to reduce the CHD risks was observed almost in all variables in favor of MA.

Apolipoproteins↗
PubMed1992

The Athletic Trainer's Role in Modifying Nutritional Behaviors of Adolescent Athletes: Putting Theory into Practice.

Nutritional practices influence athletic performance and recovery from injury. The athletic trainer is ideally positioned to effect dietary changes with adolescent athletes-a group at high-risk for nutritional imbalances. Research shows that young adults generally do not change dietary practices when given factual nutrition and health information. This article provides a variety of behavior change strategies, based on models derived from health education and health psychology, which are likely to influence dietary choices. Promoting self-efficacy by enhancing perception of choice and control, peer modeling, cooperative support networks, goal-setting techniques, and behavioral self-monitoring may provide the motivational framework necessary to enhance dietary compliance. Dietary behavior change techniques are a valuable part of an athletic trainer's resources.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

National athletic trainers' association position statement: lightning safety for athletics and recreation.

OBJECTIVE: To educate athletic trainers and others about the dangers of lightning, provide lightning-safety guidelines, define safe structures and locations, and advocate prehospital care for lightning-strike victims. BACKGROUND: Lightning may be the most frequently encountered severe-storm hazard endangering physically active people each year. Millions of lightning flashes strike the ground annually in the United States, causing nearly 100 deaths and 400 injuries. Three quarters of all lightning casualties occur between May and September, and nearly four fifths occur between 10:00 AM and 7:00 PM, which coincides with the hours for most athletic or recreational activities. Additionally, lightning casualties from sports and recreational activities have risen alarmingly in recent decades. RECOMMENDATIONS: The National Athletic Trainers' Association recommends a proactive approach to lightning safety, including the implementation of a lightning-safety policy that identifies safe locations for shelter from the lightning hazard. Further components of this policy are monitoring local weather forecasts, designating a weather watcher, and establishing a chain of command. Additionally, a flash-to-bang count of 30 seconds or more should be used as a minimal determinant of when to suspend activities. Waiting 30 minutes or longer after the last flash of lightning or sound of thunder is recommended before athletic or recreational activities are resumed. Lightning- safety strategies include avoiding shelter under trees, avoiding open fields and spaces, and suspending the use of land-line telephones during thunderstorms. Also outlined in this document are the prehospital care guidelines for triaging and treating lightning-strike victims. It is important to evaluate victims quickly for apnea, asystole, hypothermia, shock, fractures, and burns. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is effective in resuscitating pulseless victims of lightning strike. Maintenance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and first-aid certification should be required of all persons involved in sports and recreational activities.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Certified athletic trainers' knowledge and perception of professional preparation involving eating disorders among athletes.

The perceived adequacy of professional preparation about eating disorders and disordered eating has not been evaluated in certified athletic trainers (ATCs). This study was intended to establish how ATCs perceive their professional preparation and educational background in identifying and managing eating disorders. A 42-item Web-based survey was specifically created for this study and disseminated to certified 14,477 members of the National Athletic Trainers' Association (NATA), of whom 13.6% (n = 1,966) responded (mean age of respondents, 31.87 +/- 7.82 yrs). The survey consisted of an 11-question demographic section, 13 Likert-scale statements, five "check all that apply" questions, 10 yes/no questions, two "fill in the best answer" questions, and one "check one that applies" question. Statistical analysis focused on qualitative and descriptive analysis of survey items. Our results suggest that ATCs believe that they do not receive enough professional preparation or education in dealing with eating disordered athletes. Despite this finding, they also believe it is their responsibility to identify and deal with eating disordered athletes. The overall findings indicate a need and desire for continuing education about eating disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Muscle fiber type characteristics of M. deltoideus in wheelchair athletes. Comparison with other trained athletes.

Muscle biopsies were obtained from the midportion of m. deltoideus of seven male wheelchair basketball athletes. High caliber kayak paddlers (n = 8) and wrestlers (n = 8) as well as mountain ranger soldiers (n = 8) served as controls. Histochemical methods were applied to identify fast twitch (FT) and slow twitch (ST) fibers and furthermore assess muscle fiber type distribution and muscle fiber cross-sectional area. The relative percentage of FT fibers averaged (+/-SD) 47 +/- 12% and 52 +/- 9% in wheelchair athletes and soldiers. The value obtained in kayakers was significantly lower (30 +/- 11). Both FT area (p less than 0.01) and mean fiber area (p less than 0.05) were significantly larger in wheelchair athletes as compared with soldiers and kayakers. It is suggested that the involvement in specific physical training was the main cause for hypertrophy of individual muscle fibers observed in m. deltoideus of wheelchair athletes.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Changes in lung function during adolescence in athletes and non-athletes.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the lung function in Indian athletes and non-athletes during adolescence. For this, lung functions in 40 boys (twenty athletes and twenty non-athletes) in the age range of 13 to 16 years, were evaluated over a period of two years at yearly intervals. The variables studied were Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1), Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV), Inspiratory Capacity (IC) and Maximum Voluntary Ventilation (MVV). Our results suggest that the development of the lung during adolescence under proper nutritional and health conditions is governed by the process of growth with no or negligible additional effects of physical activity. It is summarized that physical activity during growth may increase endurance in respiratory muscles. However, the findings of this study does not reject the possibility that lung size may increase by a strenuous and prolonged strength training regimen during adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

The Athletic Health Care and Training Program. A comprehensive approach to the prevention and management of athletic injuries in high schools.

The Athletic Health Care and Training Program was developed to meet the educational, organizational and record-keeping needs of the interscholastic athletic program of the Seattle Public Schools. The program components were the education of coaches, school nurses and student trainers; development of a centralized training room; implementation of written procedures, and establishment of a record-keeping system. At the end of the three-year study period, schools involved in the program were better prepared to handle emergencies than were control schools. Schools involved in the program were found to have an injury-recognition rate comparable to that previously reported for high schools that had athletic trainers, a rate substantially higher than that in the control schools. The experimental schools were judged to have managed these injuries satisfactorily 95% of the time, compared with a satisfactory management rate of 14% for the control schools.

Adolescent↗