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PubMedDate not supplied

[The Japanese community in Argentina].

"Based on original survey data and census materials, the authors estimate the Japanese community in Argentina comprises about 10,000 native Japanese and some 40,000 ethnic Japanese born in Argentina. A complete picture is given of this community, including its evolution since the early arrivals around 1900. Data cover several aspects: demographic traits, socio-economic origin of immigrants, present employment structure, education, level of living, degree of acculturation in Argentina, intensity of connections with Japan, membership and participation in community organisations." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Acculturation↗
PubMed2002

Intra- and intercultural comparisons of the personality profiles of medical students in Argentina and the United States.

This study was designed to compare the personality profiles of medical students in Argentina and the United States. The ultimate purpose of the research was to study the value of personality measures in predicting academic and professional performances. Participants were 421 medical students in Argentina (254 women, 167 men) and 623 medical students in the United States (207 women, 416 men). Eight personality measures were administered: Perception of Stressful Life Events, Test Anxiety, General Anxiety, Loneliness, Self-Esteem, Locus of Control, Extraversion, and Neuroticism. Intracultural comparisons showed some minor gender differences in personality profiles within each culture (e.g., in the United States, women scored higher than men on the Perception of Stressful Life Events and General Anxiety scales, and in Argentina, women scored higher on the Test Anxiety scale). Intercultural comparisons of personality profiles showed that Argentine medical students obtained higher average scores than did their American counterparts on the Perception of Stressful Life Events, Test Anxiety, General Anxiety, External Locus of Control, Extraversion, and Neuroticism scales. Argentine students scored lower on the Loneliness scale than did their American counterparts. Psychometric findings supported the measurement properties of the personality measures in the two cultures (e.g., construct validity, and internal consistency aspect of reliability). Further study of the implications of the findings in predicting academic attainment in medical school and to physician performance is recommended.

Argentina↗
PubMed1992

Epidemic model of HIV infection and AIDS in Argentina. Status in 1990 and predictive estimates.

The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the prevalence of HIV infection and AIDS in Argentina, to study the dynamics of the spread of HIV and to predict the future course by means of an epidemic model. The model was constructed using differential equations to describe the interactions between members of the various groups at risk. The functional form of the solutions was used in a back calculation procedure using data from cohort studies which were done in other countries (U.S.A. and France) together with data of AIDS cases reported to the National AIDS Program, to determine the time evolution of HIV-infection in each of the groups at risk defined. Results show that HIV was introduced in Argentina during the early 80's and affected persons of the homosexual/bisexual group in a first stage. In April 1990 it was estimated that there were a total of 34,131 HIV-infected persons. Intravenous drug users (IVDU) represented 39.5%, homosexual/bisexual men 47.6% and heterosexual adults 11%. It is estimated that in December 1992 there will be 107,946 HIV-infected persons where heterosexuals contribute with more than 20% of that value. AIDS cases predicted for the same period are 4130, with 1958 among homosexual/bisexual, 1483 among IVDU, 449 in heterosexual adults, 153 in children under 4 years old and 87 among hemophiliacs or patients with blood coagulation disorders. By the end of 1994 the model predicts more than 200,000 HIV infected persons with an important proportion of heterosexual adults and more than 12,000 AIDS cases. The values of this period must be considered as a future possible scenario if the present spread conditions are preserved. Infection among heterosexual adults is at the present time in a first and exponential phase of spread and dominated by transmission from IVDU group and bisexual men. It is concluded that the future course of AIDS epidemic in Argentina may be particularly influenced by changes in the heterosexual behavior particularly in those with a higher degree of exposure to HIV-infection.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2004

Trends in pharmacotherapy for chronic airflow limitation in Argentina: 1992-2002.

Asthma and COPD mortality rates have decreased in Argentina. These trends might be the result of the way these conditions are being treated. The number of units for prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs used to treat chronic airflow limitation in Argentina from 1992 through 2002 were analyzed. Units for drugs to treat chronic airflow limitation fell by 45% over the 11-year period (p < 0.0001) due to significant reductions for oral beta2-agonists (OBA) (down 73%), theophyllines (down 74%), oral steroids (OS) (down 66%) and inhaled short-acting beta2-agonists (ISABA) (down 28%). Market share for inhaled steroids (IS) increased from 2.6% to 11.7%, for inhaled ipratropium (IP) from 0.35% to 3.7%, for the combination of inhaled steroids with short-acting beta2-agonists (IS+ISABA) from 7.8% to 13%, and for inhaled IP combined with short-acting beta2-agonists (IP+ISABA) it increased from 1.7% to 7.3%. Inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists (ILABA) and leukotriene modifiers (LM) were rarely prescribed. The use of more specific inhaled therapies (IS, IP) increased significantly in accordance with recommendations for the treatment of asthma and COPD and this may explain the reduction in asthma and COPD mortality in Argentina.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗
PubMed2006

[Transmission of tegumentary leishmaniasis in Argentina].

The total cases of tegumentary leishmaniasis in Argentina increased since 1985, as the frequency, intensity and geographic distribution of the epidemic outbreaks, and the relative incidence in women and children. The characterization of the new scenarios of transmission generated in the last decades is needed for the design of appropriate control measures. With this aim, four outbreaks were described as case studies, based on epidemiological and entomological data together with the qualitative analysis of satellite imaginery: Urugua-i (2004), Esperanza (1998), Alberdi (2003) and Monteros-Simoca (2004). These descriptions allowed to define four scenarios of transmission according to a cycle: a) sylvatic with transmission in primary or residual vegetation; b) sylvatic with eventual peridomestic transmission due to changes within patches of residual vegetation; c) sylvatic with peridomestic transmission in domiciles contiguous with the residual vegetation; and d) peridomestic in rural, ruralized periurban or urban-rural interfase environment. All the epidemic outbreaks since 1985 were consistent with the scenarios characterized here, indicating that the tipification is comprehensive of the transmission of tegumentary leishmaniasis in Argentina up to now. In conclusion, four scenarios of epidemic outbreaks were defined for Argentina, while it is highlighted the qualitative analysis of field and remote sensing data as a tool to understand the epidemiology of the disease, and so to develop adequate measures for prevention and control.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Localized eastern equine encephalitis in Santiago del Estero Province, Argentina, without human infection.

In 1981, a localized epizootic of Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) occurred in irrigated areas of four counties in the province of Santiago del Estero, Argentina. The diagnosis was confirmed by serology, and there was no evidence of involvement of Western or Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses. The overall incidence of equine encephalitis was estimated 17%, the case-fatality rate at 61% and the inapparent: apparent infection ratio less than or equal to 2.9:1. This is the first localized epizootic defined in Argentina and the first in which EEE has been found as the sole etiologic arbovirus. This posed the possibility to look for human infection in the area. In spite of a careful surveillance, no evidence of human disease or infection was found, differing from the situation in USA where EEE virus is a public health problem. Nevertheless vector/s and vertebrate hosts involved in the transmission cycle in Argentina remain unknown, precluding at present speculations on the potential human risk.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Frequency of first-cousin marriages from civil marriage certificates in Argentina.

In Argentina information concerning relatedness of mates, especially first cousins, was introduced into the legal marriage certificate, record, and statistical report in 1968. The 1980-1981 biennial data, including 212,320 legal marriage reports, were analyzed for all of Argentina, subdivided into 22 states and 494 counties. The registered 0.373% of first-cousin marriages allows an estimate of consanguineous marriages of 0.629% and a mean inbreeding coefficient of alpha = 0.00031. This estimate lies between the observed alpha = 0.00011 from hospital births and alpha = 0.00052 from Roman Catholic Church dispensations. These differences are not large, and they may be due to sampling variations, indicating a low rate of inbreeding in Argentina. The frequency of first-cousin marriages in the 22 Argentine states is heterogenous, and 9 counties, representing 5 different regions, were identified as having a high rate of first-cousin marriage. Three of these were previously known as genetic isolates. A second series of data, including all 32,690 legal marriages registered in the state of Buenos Aires during the first half of 1984, showed a frequency of first-cousin marriages of 0.677%. First-cousin mates, compared with non-first-cousin mates, had a higher frequency of both mates being born in the same state of Buenos Aires and similar frequency distributions for age at marriage, single previous marriage status, level of education, and rate of unemployment. It is concluded that legal marriage data on consanguinity is reliable, inexpensive, universal, and enduring. The last two characteristics make them suitable for the survey of geographic clusters and time trends.

Argentina↗
PubMed1993

[Analysis of risk factors associated with bovine spongiform encephalopathy in Argentina].

Epidemiological studies conducted in the United Kingdom have revealed the risk factors involved in the epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). This has facilitated a detailed study of risk factors associated with the possible introduction of BSE into Argentina. An analysis has been made of the numbers and geographical distribution of cattle in the country, the structure of the Veterinary Services responsible for controlling animal diseases, the way in which cattle and sheep are slaughtered, and the use of slaughter waste in the feed industry. The results of this analysis form the basis of a discussion of whether scrapie or BSE could become endemic in Argentina through contaminated feed or another route. The authors conclude that Argentina may be regarded as free from BSE, and that the importation of infected bovines is the sole potential risk for introduction of BSE in the future.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Characterization of isolates of Haemophilus paragallinarum from Argentina.

The biochemical and serological properties of Haemophilus paragallinarum isolates recovered from 11 recent outbreaks of infectious coryza in layer hens and one case of swollen-head syndrome in broilers in Argentina are described. Twenty-four isolates had the typical biochemical properties of H. paragallinarum. All isolates were serotyped according to the Page scheme. Ten of the isolates were serovar A, 11 were serovar B, one was serovar C, and two isolates could not be serotyped. The isolates were also examined using a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) for Page serovars A (one MAb available) and C (three MAbs available). The serovar B isolates all failed to react with any MAb. The serovar C isolate reacted with all three serovar C MAbs but not with the serovar A MAb. Only six of the 10 serovar A isolates reacted with the serovar A MAb. These results indicate that H. paragallinarum isolates from Argentina are antigenically distinct from those examined in other countries, and it is suggested that coryza vaccines intended for use in Argentina may be more effective if based on local strains.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Serological evidence of human Hantavirus infection in Argentina, Bolivia and Uruguay.

A serological survey was conducted in 1985-1987 to determine the presence of infection for Hantavirus in the general population in Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Bolivia, as well as among rodent-exposed laboratory workers in Argentina. Out of 748 individuals tested by immunofluorescence 20 proved positive for Hantaan virus 76/118 strain of whom 16 also reacted against Seoul virus 80/39 strain and 2 against Puumala virus Sotkamo strain. Ten out of 72 Argentine laboratory workers were positive for the first 2 viruses by ELISA, immunofluorescence and/or plaque reduction neutralization test, in 4 of whom recent infection was demonstrated by IgM antibody presence. Inapparent Hantavirus infection was thus demonstrated for the first time in 2.7% of regional inhabitants, together with 13.9% among rodent-exposed laboratory workers. Our data established the existence of human Hantavirus infection nearly 10 years before the recognition of clinical cases of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in Argentina.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Aedes aegypti in Córdoba Province, Argentina.

In 1955, the area infested by Aedes aegypti in Argentina was estimated as 1,500,000 km2; and in 1963, the species was considered to be eradicated from Argentina. In 1995, the Argentine Ministry of Health reported reinfestation by Ae. aegypti. During 1994-95, the Ministry of Health of Córdoba Province, Zoonosis Department, established a surveillance system for Ae. aegypti in Córdoba Province, Argentina. This report is a summary of results obtained thus far. In total, 74 localities in Córdoba Province were sampled during August 1994-April 1996, resulting in 5 positives (6.7%): Villa María city, Villa Nueva, and Córdoba city in 1995, and Juarez Celman and Jesús María in 1996. In Villa María and Villa Nueva, Ae. aegypti was present until June 1995 (autumn) and reappeared in December 1995. In Córdoba city, Ae. aegypti was eliminated from the only positive house in May 1995, but it reappeared in March 1996. Reappearance of Ae. aegypti in this temperate area in early summer may have been due to the survival of individuals during winter and not to reintroduction during summertime. The last previous active surveillance for Ae. aegypti in Córdoba Province was carried out more than 30 years ago.

Aedes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gene-environment interactions in the Italy-Argentina "Colombo 2000" project.

The phenomenon of massive migration is a true "natural experiment" that offers opportunities for the study of gene-environment interactions in disease pathogenesis. Comparison of disease incidence, prevalence and mortality in the original population and in the migrant group, exposed to vastly different environmental influences, may reveal the presence of either risk factors or protective influences in one of the groups. As part of the "Colombo 2000" project to study the large Italian migration to Argentina, differences in mortality for neurological diseases have been found. Higher mortality rates for brain tumors, psychiatric diseases, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and motor neuron diseases were found in Italy while Argentina had mortality rates five times higher than Italy for alcohol-related deaths and two times higher for hemorrhagic strokes. Further study of these areas of difference is suggested using case-control, genetic, and cross-sectional studies in Italy and Argentina.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2003

Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea from a general hospital in Argentina.

Clostridium difficile is responsible for 15-25% of all cases of antibiotic associated diarrhea. The incidence of infection with this organism is increasing in hospitals worldwide, consequent to the widespread use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Although the clinical and financial impact of nosocomial C. difficile infection is believed to be significant, only limited information is available on the importance of C. difficile as a cause of diarrhea in Argentina. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact and diagnosis methods of CDAD from symptomatic patients in a general hospital from Argentina. Consecutive diarrheal stool samples from symptomatic patients from a General Hospital in Argentina were screened for toxigenic C. difficile between April 2000 and April 2001. Toxins were detected in stools by the Premier Cytoclone A+B EIA. Each specimen was examined for toxigenic C. difficile strains by culture. From 104 specimens, 40 (38.5%) [32 of 87 patients (36.8%)] were positive and 64 (61.5%) [55 of 87 patients (63.2%)] were negative by stool toxin assay and/or toxigenic culture. In 11 of 40 positives samples C. difficile toxins were detected only by toxigenic culture. Five (15.6%) patients presented with symptomatic recurrences. Toxin-negative strains were not isolated. This data indicates that the high prevalence of toxigenic strains of C. difficile is of concern in routine diagnostic testing for C. difficile toxins in our study population. Detection of toxins in stools by EIA, coupled with testing strains for toxigenicity only in those cases in which direct toxin assay produces negative results, may be a satisfactory strategy. CDAD is an emerging nosocomial problem in our hospital. It will be necessary to evaluate the epidemiology and measures to control nosocomial spread.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Identification of the soybean hull allergens involved in sensitization to soybean dust in a rural population from Argentina and N-terminal sequence of a major 50 KD allergen.

BACKGROUND: Sensitization to soybean hull (SH) allergens occurs in subjects from Argentina, a soybean producer country. However, the causative allergens have not been identified. The purposes of this study are to: (i) identify the SH allergens using sera of 29 subjects with asthma and/or allergic rhinitis from Argentina exposed to soybean dust who have a positive (weal with SH/weal with histamine > or = 0.5) skin prick test to SH; and (ii) determine the N-terminal amino acid sequence of a major 50 K SH allergen that sensitizes this population. METHODS: All sera were assayed for specific IgE (RIA), IgG4 (ELISA), and IgE and IgG4-Western blots. A sera pool from 10 healthy subjects was a negative control. N-terminal amino acid sequencing was performed by the Edman degradation method. RESULTS: Positive specific IgE only was found in 12/29 (41.4%), IgG4 in 3/29 (10.3%), and both IgE and IgG4 in 14/29 (48.3%) sera. IgE-Western blot demonstrates: (i) an allergen, MW 50 K (51.7% binding); (ii) one or two distinct allergens, MW < 20.2 K (72.4% binding), depending on the sera; and (iii) 1-5 additional IgE binding proteins, MW > 20.2 to < 46.9 K (41.4% binding), depending on the sera. IgG4-Western blot demonstrates: (i) a band, MW 70K (31% binding); (ii) a band, MW 50 K (17.2% binding); (iii) one or two additional bands, MW < 20.2 K (51.7% binding), depending on the sera; and (iv) a band, MW > 20.2 to < 28.5 K (20.7% binding). The 50 K allergen N-terminal amino acid sequence of the first 17 amino acids indicates a significant homology with chlorophyll A-B binding protein precursors from tomato, spinach, and petunia. CONCLUSIONS: Specific IgE and IgG4 to SH are common in sera from allergic individuals living in rural areas in Argentina. SH contain an IgE binding protein, MW about 50 K, not previously described. Sensitization to this allergen is common in subjects who are repeatedly exposed to soybean dust inhalation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Molecular Epidemiology of HIV Type 1 in Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Uruguay, and Argentina.

Surveillance for HIV infection among people at increased risk was conducted in five countries in South America. Seroprevalence studies were conducted in more than 36,000 people in Ecuador, Peru, Boliva, Uruguay, and Argentina, along with genetic analysis of the HIV-1 strains. In all countries, the prevalence of HIV-1 among men who have sex with men (MSM) was high (3-30%), whereas the prevalence among female commercial sex workers (FCSMs) was low (0.3-6%). By envelope heteroduplex mobility assay, subtype B predominated in MSM communities and in FCSWs in Ecuador, Bolivia, and Peru. A new genetic screening assay, the multiregion hybridization assay for subtypes B and F (MHA-bf), was developed to improve large-scale genetic screening in South America. MHA-bf can screen four regions of the genome for subtype B or subtype F, and thus can detect most recombinants. The sensitivity of MHA-bf when applied to a panel of pure subtypes and CRF12_BF was 100%, and 88% of unique recombinants were also detected as recombinant. Using MHA-bf, more than 80% of samples from Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia were classified as pure subtype B, whereas in Uruguay and Argentina this proportion was only 30 to 40%. BF recombinants were the most prevalent form of HIV-1 in Uruguay and Argentina. Subtype B is the most common subtype in countries lacking injecting drug use (IDU) epidemics, whereas BF recombinants are more common in countries where extensive IDU epidemics have been documented, suggesting the ontogeny of recombinant strains in particular risk groups in South America.

DNA, Viral↗
PubMed2006

Semicentennial tribute to the ingenious neurobiologist Christfried Jakob (1866-1956). 1. Works from Germany and the first Argentina period, 1891-1913.

This study, and the companion paper that follows, pays homage to the life and work of Christfried (also Christian or Christofredo) Jakob, a German-born neuropathologist who adopted Argentina as his country of vocation. Rated by von Economo and Koskinas among the three most important pre-1925 cortical neuro-anatomists, alongside Ramón y Cajal, Jakob is little known in the English literature. He has left an impressive record of publications, 30 richly illustrated monographs and 200 articles that span over a vast array of neurological themes, including cortical development and evolution, and the visceral brain. The present paper reviews works from his German years and the first visit to Argentina in 1899-1910. The companion paper covers his works (all in Spanish) during his 'second Argentina period', after 1913.

Brain↗
PubMed2002

First national survey on management strategies in non ST-elevation acute ischaemic syndromes in Argentina. Results of the STRATEG-SIA study.

AIMS: To assess the management strategies applied in non-ST elevation acute ischaemic syndromes in Argentina, the factors influencing the choice of treatment, and their relationship to short- and long-term (1 year) patient outcomes. METHODS AND RESULTS: We conducted a 1 month, prospective, population-based survey in 77 hospitals (all over the country). We recruited 492 patients (age 63.9+/-11.7 years, male sex 68.3%, and 59.8% acute ischaemic ECG changes). Subjects were stratified according to the AHCPR classification as: high risk 62.2%, intermediate 25.0% and low 12.8%. At 1 year, the rate of death or myocardial infarction according to risk category and invasive procedures employed were: high risk (angioplasty 5.4% vs coronary artery bypass grafting 12.1% vs medical treatment 17.2%; P=0.001), intermediate risk (angioplasty 5.7% vs coronary artery bypass grafting 12.5% vs medical treatment 4.7%, P=ns), and low risk (angioplasty 10.0% vs coronary artery bypass grafting 15.2% vs medical treatment 1.9%; P<0.001). In the overall population, the 1 year event rate was not significantly different between the invasive and medical treatment groups (11.5% vs 7.2%, P=0.09). CONCLUSIONS: A routine, unselected invasive approach in non-ST elevation acute ischaemic syndromes in Argentina is associated with no apparent improvement of patients' outcome.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

High prevalence of HTLV-I and HTLV-II among blood donors in Argentina: a South American health concern.

After an HTLV-I endemic area was discovered in Jujuy, a northwestern province in Argentina, to detect other possible foci of HTLV-I/II we started in 1997 a multicentric study to estimate the seroprevalence of HTLV-I/II including blood banks from different regions of the country. Out of 123,233 samples from nine different provinces, 68 proved seropositive with a final prevalence of 0.05% (95% CI = 0.0432-0.0704%). The seroprevalence ranged from 0.03 to 0.16% depending on the geographic location. An HTLV-I [odds ratio (OR) 12.7, 95% confidence interval (CI), 3.43-47.60] prevalence significantly greater was found in the northwest (Salta Province) and a nonsignificant but higher prevalence of HTLV-II in the North (Chaco). Two (0.001%) of the seropositive blood donors reported risk factors due to receiving transfusions and 19 (0.01%) were born in HTLV-I/II South American endemic areas. Although Argentina has been considered a nonendemic country for HTLV-I/II, the need for systematic screening for such infection became imperative based on the present study.

Adult↗