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PubMed1971

Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in Singapore City. 3. Population fluctuations.

Fluctuations in the adult Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus populations and their relationship to rainfall were studied by weekly collections from a number of stations in the city. Aedes aegypti populations generally fluctuated with the rainfall, with multiple peaks, except in the middle of the year when there was no increase in rainfall at the time of the peak in population. It is suggested that other regulating factors, in addition to rainfall, also determine the fluctuations of this species. Aedes albopictus also fluctuated, with three peaks in a year, and these bore a close relationship to rainfall.In one area, both larvae and adults of Ae. albopictus were studied simultaneously. The larval populations were investigated by exposing tin cans in the field. The population peaks of larvae were found to precede those of adults by almost exactly 2 months. It is suggested that each adult population peak represents the cumulative effect of more than one generation of mosquitos.

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PubMed1980

Studies on the breeding habitats and seasonal prevalence of larval population of Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (skuse) in Dacca city.

An one-year study was conducted on the outdoor breeding habitats and seasonal prevalence of larval populations of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in ten different locations of Dacca city. Nine locations were found infested with larvae of either one or both species during the rainy season (May to October) of the year. A total of 1898 containers/sites were surveyed out of which 86 (4.53%) were infested with either one or both species. Out of then different kinds of artificial containers and natural habitats surveyed, Ae. albopictus larvae were present in nine including all four natural sites resulting in highest number and per cent (54, 62.8%) of albopictus infested container in the city. Ae aegypti larvae were present in only four kinds of artificial containers. Earthen pot was the most numerous breeding habitat (24.3%, 461) and contributed the highest number of infested container (45.3%, 39) Seasonal variations in the larval population of both species closely followed the fluctuations in rainfall with zero population during the driest three months.

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PubMed1995

Field evaluation of alphacypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin against Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Malaysia.

Alphacypermethrin (Fendona) and lambda-cyhalothrin (Icon) were evaluated against sentinel bloodfed adults and 4th-instar larvae of Aedes aegypti in a housing estate in Malaysia. The impact of both pyrethroids on field populations of Ae. aegypti and Aedes albopictus were monitored weekly using oviposition trap samples. Both alphacypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin showed adulticidal and larvicidal effects.

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PubMed1994

[Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti at Ile de la Réunion].

Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti are both found on the island. The former, being the probable vector of dengue on the island, is highly anthropophilic. It breeds in domestic environments as well as in natural breeding sites. The latter has a more restricted distribution and is never anthropophilic. Larvae of Ae. aegypti are only found in natural habitats, always associated with Ae. albopictus, but in small proportions. Such an ecology and behaviour for the typicus form of Ae. aegypti are abnormal. Several hypothetic explanations are proposed. Dengue prevention should be based solely on Ae. albopictus control.

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PubMed1994

Aedes albopictus distribution, abundance, and colonization in Lee County, Florida, and its effect on Aedes aegypti.

In 1992 the known southern limit of Aedes albopictus in Florida was in Lee County. Through oviposition surveillance, the distribution of Ae. albopictus was determined, and its frequency relative to Aedes aegypti and colonization pattern of areas previously occupied by Ae. aegypti were examined in Lee County. The data collected in the first year of surveillance demonstrate the ability of Ae. albopictus to rapidly and preferentially colonize large expanses of rural southwest Florida. Urban and suburban areas of the county showed slower colonization rates. In suburban areas, Ae. albopictus became the dominant container-breeding mosquito species, whereas it did not become dominant in urban areas. During the study period, Ae. albopictus did not displace Ae. aegypti in urban or suburban habitats. The southern limit of Ae. albopictus moved a distance of 8.1 km (5 mi.) in 6 wk to the southern border of the county.

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PubMed1994

Comparison of bi-directional Fay, omni-directional, CDC, and duplex cone traps for sampling adult Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti in north Florida.

We compared the number of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti females collected in CDC, duplex cone, bi-directional Fay, and new omni-directional traps in a series of trials in northern Florida during 1992 and 1993. Bi-directional Fay and omni-directional traps collected significantly more Ae. albopictus females than did the other traps tested. The bi-directional Fay trap collected significantly more Ae. aegypti females than did any other trap. The results of these studies indicate that these traps may be useful tools for sampling Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti adults.

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PubMed1994

Reproductive isolation between Florida strains of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus.

The dynamics of heterospecific and conspecific mating between Florida strains of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus was examined. In nonchoice experiments where conspecific males were not available, dissection of the spermathecae showed that heterospecific insemination was an infrequent event for both species combinations (10.6% for Ae. albopictus with Ae. aegypti males, 3.6% for the reciprocal cross). Few eggs were produced from heterospecific crosses and all were nonviable. Frequency of heterospecific mating was not increased when the hindtarsi of females were removed, eliminating a significant mechanism for fending off unwanted courtship. When held with males of both species, females mated with conspecifics and oviposited without regard to the presence of heterospecifics. In low density experiments, a single female of either species caged with an excess of heterospecific males, the conspecific male always located and inseminated the female. These results indicate that significant prezygotic and postzygotic reproductive isolation exists between Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus.

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PubMed1996

Insecticide susceptibility of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas and Mexico.

In response to a potential dengue fever outbreak in south Texas during 1995, the susceptibilities of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus to commonly used mosquito adulticides were assessed. Larvae collected from the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas and Mexico were reared to adults and tested against susceptible laboratory strains at Texas A&M University. Resistance ratios at both the LC50 and LC95 rates were all less than 10, indicating that adult populations of both species are still susceptible to malathion, chlorpyrifos, resmethrin, and permethrin.

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PubMedDate not supplied

[Detection of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, in an urban zone of the municipality of Catanduva, SP, after control of a Dengue epidemic].

After the realization of control research that had in view the transmission of dengue virus, we started to monitor two kinds of entomological vigilance, Breteau Index and ovitrap. We intended to evaluate the necessary time elapsed before Aedes sp mosquitoes were again detected at the urban area of Catanduva s town (SP). The ovitraps showed positiveness for the Aedes aegypti two months after the control research, while the Breteau Index became positive only at the fourth month after the end of the referred research.

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PubMed1998

Study of the environmental factors associated with oviposition by Aedes caspius and Aedes detritus along a transect in Algeria.

Aedes detritus in western Algeria oviposits in irregularly flooded salty environments. The highest density of Aedes caspius eggs was found in soils with a high organic content and a salinity:organic matter ratio of < 1. We studied the relationship between oviposition abundance by both species and a number of major ecological factors along a transect. Ecological factors examined were plant species associations, vegetative cover, and soil organic content and salinity. High vegetative growth was essential for oviposition by both species. Alternatively, eggs of Ae. detritus were found in soils that had high salinity and a salinity:organic matter ratio of > 1. Conditions in northern Africa differ from those found north of the Mediterranean Sea, where oviposition is associated with climate and seasonal conditions.

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PubMed2006

Effect of Novaluron (Rimon 10 EC) on the mosquitoes Anopheles albimanus, Anopheles pseudopunctipennis, Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus from Chiapas, Mexico.

Dengue fever is a serious problem in Mexico and vector control has not been effective enough at preventing outbreaks. Malaria is largely under control, but it is important that new control measures continue to be developed. Novaluron, a novel host-specific insect growth regulator and chitin synthesis inhibitor, has proved to be effective against agricultural pests, but its efficacy against larval mosquito vectors under field conditions remains unknown. In accordance with the World Health Organization Pesticide Evaluation Scheme, phase I, II and III studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy and residual effect of Novaluron (Rimon 10 EC, Makhteshim, Beer-Sheva, Israel) on the malaria vectors Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann (Diptera: Culicidae) and Anopheles pseudopunctipennis Theobald, the dengue vectors Aedes aegypti (L) and Aedes albopictus Skuse and the nuisance mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Say. Laboratory susceptibility tests yielded diagnostic concentrations for all five target species. Field trials to identify the optimum field dosage of Novaluron against Anopheles mosquitoes were carried out under semi-natural conditions in artificial plots and in vessels with wild mosquitoes. Efficacy was measured by monitoring mortality of larvae and pupae and the percentage of inhibition of emergence from floating cages. Dosages of Novaluron for field tests were based on pupal LC(99) (lethal concentration 99%) of An. pseudopunctipennis (0.166 mg/L) in plots and average pupal LC(99) of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus (0.55 mg/L). At all dosages tested, Novaluron significantly reduced larval populations of An. albimanus, Culex coronator Dyar & Knab, Ae. albopictus and Cx. quinquefasciatus by approximately 90%, inhibited adult emergence of An. albimanus and An. pseudopunctipennis by approximately 97% for almost 4 months in experimental plots, and inhibited adult emergence of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus by approximately 97% for up to 14 weeks. Recommended dosages of Novaluron for non-container breeding and container breeding mosquitoes are 0.166 mg/L and 0.55 mg/L, respectively. Overall, the residual effect was more sustained than that of temephos. The lowest dosage of Novaluron had less of an impact on non-target organisms than did temephos. Small-scale field trials in natural breeding sites treated with Novaluron at 0.6 L/ha eliminated adult emergence of An. albimanus and Cx. coronator for 8 weeks. For phase III studies, Novaluron was tested at the local and village levels, applying the optimum field rate to all natural breeding habitats within 1 km of a pair of neighbouring villages. Village-scale trials of Novaluron at 0.6 L/ha reduced An. albimanus larval populations for at least 8 weeks and, more importantly, sharply reduced the densities of adult host-seeking mosquitoes approaching houses. We conclude that Novaluron is effective and environmentally safer than temephos.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Transduction of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes with vectors derived from Aedes densovirus.

Aedes densovirus (AeDNV)-based constructs that express green fluorescent protein (GFP) from either the P7 or the P61 promoter were made. The construct in which GFP protein was expressed as a fusion protein to the C-terminus of NS1 (NS1-GFP) showed the highest level of GFP expression. This hybrid NS1-GFP protein preserved the biological functions of the parental proteins: it showed GFP fluorescence, it stimulated expression from the virus promoters, and it facilitated rescue and replication of the cloned AeDNV genome. Similar to NS1, the hybrid NS1-GFP localized in the nucleus predominantly in a punctate pattern. Transducing virus particles carrying the NS1-GFP gene infected mosquito larvae. Expression of GFP was detected as early as 48 h postinfection and in larval and pupal stages. Midgut, hindgut, and Malpighian tubule cells expressed GFP soon after transduction. However, the anal papillae were the most commonly infected organ system. The anal papillae are syncytia and regulate ion concentration in the hemolymph of mosquito larvae, and they might be a novel route of mosquito larvae infection with densoviruses.

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PubMed1987

Natural infections of Wuchereria bancrofti in Aedes (Stegomyia) polynesiensis and Aedes (Finlaya) samoanus in Samoa.

Seven years after the 2nd mass treatment of the population with diethylcarbamazine, transmission of subperiodic Wuchereria bancrofti was studied in four villages in Samoa during one year by means of biting catches of Aedes polynesiensis and A. samoanus. 2 villages were coastal, one inland bush and the other an inland coconut plantation community. Overall infection and infective rates from 6702 Ae. polynesiensis were 0.84 and 0.27% respectively, and the infection rate from 2858 Ae. samoanus, collected in 10-minute catches from 24 sites, was 0.65%. No infective Ae. samoanus was found in these samples. 12-hour all-day catches in the 2 coastal villages confirmed active transmission by Ae. polynesiensis. 12-hour all-night catches in the same 2 villages recorded high transmission by Ae. samoanus although there was little evidence of local breeding. The annual transmission potential for Ae. polynesiensis and Ae. samoanus was high in one of the coastal villages and low in the other. A total of 221 infected Ae. polynesiensis and 40 Ae. samoanus were recorded. Of the 72 infective Ae. polynesiensis, 59.1% contained 1 to 2 larvae each (median density 1.4); 70% of the 40 infected Ae. samoanus had 1 to 2 larvae (median density 1.1). From the proportion of infective Ae. polynesiensis the mean probability of survival was estimated as 0.917.

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PubMedDate not supplied

Natural infections of Dirofilaria immitis in Aedes (Stegomyia) polynesiensis and Aedes (Finlaya) samoanus and their implication in human health in Samoa.

Dirofilaria immitis infections were observed in Aedes polynesiensis and Ae. samoanus in Samoa, together with Wuchereria bancrofti infections, in a study on sub-periodic bancroftian filariasis during 1978-1980. In the 4 indicator villages, the infection rate in Ae. polynesiensis was 0.46% and the infective rate 0.09% (15,223 mosquitoes were dissected). The infection rate in Ae. samoanus was 0.20% and the infective rate 0.08% (10,089 dissected). In 45 selected villages throughout the country, Ae. polynesiensis infection and infective rates were 0.92% and 0.29% (7575 dissected) and the rates for Ae. samoanus were 0.21% and 0.07% (9093 dissected). Infection with D. immitis was comparable in degree and distribution to that with W. bancrofti. There was a steady and consistent exchange of parasites between the human and canine populations, creating conditions favourable for human dirofilariasis in Samoa. Clinicians are warned against this probable human infection.

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PubMed1989

Laboratory study of competition between United States strains of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).

Mosquito abatement workers in Houston, Tex., and New Orleans, La., have observed that the recent introduction of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) has been accompanied by a decline and virtual disappearance of Ae. aegypti (L.). This suggests competitive displacement but contradicts the direction of displacement observed in native habitats of Ae. albopictus. The paper reports a series of laboratory studies on competition between U.S. strains of the two species. Larval survivorship, size, and development time were monitored in increasing densities of pure and mixed cultures of the two species under limited and optimal diets. Oviposition preferences were examined by offering gravid females cups containing first or fourth instars of either species. Ethological isolation was studied by simultaneously offering virgin females of one species to males of both species and monitoring courtship behavior as well as rates of oviposition, percentage of hatch, and embryonation. The results of the larval competition studies suggest that interspecific competition increased development time only slightly and had no effect on survival of Ae. albopictus. Competition increased survival in Ae. aegypti. Size of both species was influenced by interspecific competition, but the magnitude and direction of the effect was inconsistent between strains and diets such that neither species emerged consistently larger. The results of the oviposition study indicated a higher fecundity in Ae. aegypti but otherwise demonstrated that both species oviposit without regard to the presence, age, or species of larvae in the oviposition container. The ethological isolation tests demonstrated that Ae. aegypti males were more sexually aggressive than males or Ae. albopictus. However, Ae. albopitus females placed with increasing densities of Ae. aegypti males demonstrated no decrease in rates of oviposition, and eggs laid showed equal rates of hatch and embryonation. In general, the results do not suggest that the U.S Ae. albopictus population is inherently more competitive in the laboratory than Ae. aegypti. Other reasons for the observed decline in Ae. aegypti in the United States are discussed.

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PubMed1992

Transmission of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus by Aedes sollicitans and Aedes taeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae).

Experimental studies compared the vector competence of Aedes sollicitans (Skuse) and Ae. taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann) collected on Assateague Island, Va., for an epizootic strain (Trinidad donkey) of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus. Infection rates were significantly higher in Ae. sollicitans (101/107, 94%) than in Ae. taeniorhynchus (103/175, 59%), even though both species fed concurrently on the same infected hamsters. Similarly, dissemination and transmission rates were significantly higher in the Ae. sollicitans population tested. Although both Ae. taeniorhynchus and Ae. sollicitans are natural vectors of VEE virus, the latter species should be considered a more efficient vector of VEE epizootic strains, based on its greater susceptibility to infection and higher transmission rates.

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PubMed2004

[Tyrophagus putrescentiae predating adult insects of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in laboratory].

The present study aimed at identifying a mite infesting a colony of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus as well as investigating the source of infestation. The mite species was identified after it was mounted on slides in Hoyer's medium and examined under an optical microscope. It showed to be Tyrophagus putrescentiae. Fish and rabbit food samples were kept in an environmental chamber at 27 degrees C and 90% humidity for 21 days and were weekly examined. The presence of T. putrescentiae was only observed in rabbit food. It is assumed that T. putrescentiae had been introduced into the colonies through phoresy among guinea pigs, which were kept at the time near the insectary under favorable conditions for their development (28.7 degrees C, 72% humidity, photoperiod of 14L:10D hours).

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PubMed2001

Comparison between precipitin and ELISA tests in the bloodmeal detection of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Aedes fluviatilis (Lutz) mosquitoes experimentally fed on feline, canine and human hosts.

The identification of arthropod bloodmeals is important in many epidemiological studies, as, the understanding of the life cycle of vectors and the pathogens they transmit, as well as helping to define arthropods' control strategies. The precipitin test has been used for decades, but ELISA is slowly becoming more popular. To compare the two tests for sensitivity, specificity and accuracy to detect small insect bloodmeals, Aedes aegypti or Ae. fluviatilis mosquitoes were fed either on feline, canine or human hosts. Mosquitoes were frozen at 6, 12, 24, 48 or 72 h after feeding. Precipitin test showed better specificity and accuracy and ELISA test showed higher sensitivity. Better results with both tests were achieved when mosquitoes were frozen within 48 h from feeding.

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