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At least 1,243 records · Page 69Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Evidence of normal cerebellar control of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) in children with high-functioning autism.

The effect of "tilt-suppression" on post-rotatory vestibular nystagmus was investigated to assess the function of the caudal cerebellar vermis (lobules IX and X, or nodulus and uvula) in 13 school-age children with high-functioning autism (HFA) and 10 normal controls. Tilt-suppression of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) refers to the decreasing of the duration of post-rotatory vestibular nystagmus that occurs when the head is moved out of the plane in which it was located during the previous sustained constant-velocity rotation. The participant is rotated in a vestibular chair with the head upright and then the head is tilted forward just after the chair stops rotating. Such tilt-suppression is impaired with lesions of the cerebellar nodulus and portions of the uvula. Results show that children with HFA have normal post-rotatory nystasmus with the head upright and normal attenuation of post-rotatory nystagmus induced by head tilt. These behavioral findings suggest that lobules IX and X of the cerebellum are spared in high-functioning autism.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The characteristics of the body's functional status and the state of the health of pupils in mining trade schools in an industrial zone].

The article presents results of study into the level of physical development, condition of the cardiovascular-, respiratory-, central nervous systems, immunobiologic resistance of the organism, prevalence of morphofunctional deviations from the norm, and morbidity rates among the students of the mining-trade secondary school (aged 15-18). It has been found out that adverse ecological situation in urban centres of the Donetsk Province together with specific character of training for occupation in coal industry have a marked negative effect on the functional status as well as health status of the adolescents. On the basis of the studies made a complex of measures has been designed to maintain and promote the health of students of the mining-trade secondary schools.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

School-based mental health clinics.

TOPIC: The research, planning, implementation, and evaluation of school-based mental health clinics located throughout a large metropolitan city, which were established in a joint project by four local mental health centers. PURPOSE: To explain the evolution of the idea of providing school-based mental health to a large, inner-city population, including the delineation of team roles and responsibilities. SOURCES: Nursing, medical, social work, and educational literature. Notes detailing the formation of InteCare, the school-based mental health clinic system. CONCLUSIONS: Providing mental health services in inner-city schools improves access and removes barriers to treatment for this population. Working collegially with school personnel and families significantly improves the academic function of the children, the functioning of the families, and the relationships between parents and schools.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Effects of air pollution on changes in lung function induced by exercise in children with chronic respiratory symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate how daily variations in ambient air pollution, especially in particles, during the cold of winter affect repeated measurements of baseline lung function and exercise induced bronchial responsiveness among primary school children with chronic respiratory symptoms. METHODS: During alternate school weeks (maximum five) from February to April 1994, 33 children took part in exercise challenge tests (n=141 tests). The exercise challenges were conducted outdoors in a school yard in the centre of Kuopio, Finland. Spirometric lung functions were measured indoors before the exercise, and 3 and 10 minutes after. Daily mean concentrations of PM(10), black smoke (BS), NO(2), CO, SO(2), and particle size and numbers were monitored at a nearby fixed monitoring site. RESULTS: Daily variations in ambient air pollution were not associated with enhanced bronchial responsiveness. However, increased concentrations of BS, PM(10), particle numbers, NO(2), and CO were consistently associated with an impairment of baseline lung functions. The reductions in forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)) were 0.5% and 0.6%, respectively, for each 10 microg/m(3) increase in BS (lag 2). CONCLUSION: Particles derived from combustion affect baseline lung function rather than bronchial responsiveness among children with chronic respiratory symptoms.

Air Pollution↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Grip strength asymmetry in depressed boys.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the influence of depressed mood on functional motor asymmetry among school-aged boys. Thus, left- and right-hand grip strength as well as fatigue across successive trials was examined among 38 right-handed school-aged boys, half of whom had been classified as depressed (n = 19) and the other half as nondepressed (n = 19). BACKGROUND: There is support in the literature that depressed individuals experience relative right anterior activation, and previous reports of functional motor asymmetries among depressed adults are generally supportive of this notion. To date, however, little is known regarding the neuropsychology of depression as it may pertain to children; in particular, the possibility of functional motor asymmetry within this population has yet to be explored. METHOD: Participants were asked to squeeze a hand dynamometer four times successively with each hand. The order of hand presentation was counterbalanced, and the dependent measure was in kilograms. RESULTS: As hypothesized, depressed boys failed to demonstrate asymmetry for grip strength, although nondepressed boys exhibited right-hand grip strength. In addition, based on trend, right-hand grip strength for depressed boys fatigued more rapidly across successive trials than did right-hand grip strength for nondepressed boys. In contrast, depressed boys maintained left-hand grip strength longer across successive trials than did nondepressed boys. CONCLUSIONS: The data are interpreted as consistent with current neuropsychological theories of emotion, particularly depression, and suggest that the functional motor asymmetries (i.e., failure to demonstrate asymmetric grip strength) observed in depressed adults are also present among depressed children. Implications for increased right hemisphere activation, decreased left hemisphere activation, or a combination of both are discussed.

Brain↗
PubMed1997

Mental health in schools: expanded opportunities for school nurses.

Emerging trends are reshaping the work of school nurses and other school service personnel. With respect to direct service and consultation, school nurses increasingly are called upon to deal with psychosocial and mental health problems. Beyond that, school nurses must continue to actuate their roles as advocates, catalysts, brokers, and facilitators of the type of reforms that can effectively address barriers to student learning and promote healthy development. Continuing education is seen as key to enabling school nurses to build capacity for such roles and functions. The newly formed Center for Mental Health in Schools at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) hopes to be of assistance in this respect. This presentation highlights the Center's orientation to mental health in schools and offers a draft outline for related continuing education.

Community Mental Health Services↗
PubMed1985

[Tasks and possibilities of psychosocial rehabilitation of handicapped adolescents in a residential environment--an empirical study].

A questionnaire investigation had been carried out, in mid-1983, of 12 school-leaving grades (1971 through 1982) of Haus Rheinfrieden, in Bad Honnef-Rhöndorf, a residential vocational training college which serves young people with physical disablement or seizure disorders. The central focus had been the question whether, besides its occupational training role, a general, educational function is due to the school, and how this issue is perceived by its former students. The respondents were to state their subjective opinions of how they rated their stay as regards school-related and personal matters. The results obtained show surprisingly positive subjective views held by the ex-students of how they had experienced the educational and personal services provided, and the institution as a whole. The initially described assumption that, along with training-related aspects, personality-related ones would equally become relevant while attending this special facility, was confirmed from the ex-students' perspective. The inter-disciplinary concept of promoting both vocational and personal development, as the goal of this institution, meets with clear approval on the part of its former students.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Health-related quality of life in children and emotional reactions of parents following completion of cancer treatment.

BACKGROUND: Completing therapy is one of the major transitions in care in the practice of pediatric oncology and, therefore, deserves special consideration. The purpose of the study was to investigate health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of pediatric patients, and emotional reactions of their parents, shortly after the end of successful treatment. METHODS: HRQOL of 126 patients, aged 1-15 years, on average 2 months after the end of successful treatment, was assessed with the TNO-AZL Pre-school Quality of life Questionnaire and the TNO-AZL Children's Quality of life Questionnaire. Emotional adjustment of 124 mothers and 111 fathers was assessed with the General Health Questionnaire and the Situation Specific Emotional Reaction Questionnaire. The outcomes of the patients and parents were compared with norm data by means of one sample t-tests, one sample sign-tests or binomial tests. RESULTS: All age groups, except patients aged 8-11 years, experienced worse HRQOL than the norm with respect to motor functioning. In addition, pre-school patients were rated worse on sleeping, appetite, stomach, skin, problem behavior, anxiety, and liveliness, and patients aged 6-7 years on autonomy and cognitive functioning. Parents reported more psychological distress than the norm. Compared to parents whose children were 1-5 years after cancer treatment, they suffered more from feelings of loneliness, helplessness, and uncertainty. CONCLUSIONS: A few months after the end of successful cancer treatment, both patients and parents appeared to experience worse well-being than the norm to a clinically relevant extent. Supporting patients and parents should not stop when treatment ends.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Research in medical education, a challenge to enhance the quality of education and care.

Research in education assumes that every intuition regarding the improvement in the educational process is followed by justification and foundation. Creativeness and rigor with the relative implications in the context of both research and justification are the two main elements. Knowledge characteristic of the transition from a PHOG approach, that is, based on prejudice, hunches, opinions, guess, to evidence-based education is not easy to collect, document, and generalize. This approach is of even more difficult application in a highly complex context, hard to know, control and improve. To achieve high quality education, research is required for the extremely high cost of non-quality and its strong impact on medical care, social prevention and clinical research. At the university level, everyone carries out research within his/her own discipline, however all should be involved in education at large. This is particularly relevant in the medical school where education is a function of continuous improvement in health care as well as in prevention, to be implemented through health-centered educational projects.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed2002

Long-term follow-up of patients with necrotizing enterocolitis.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Despite the rise in the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), there is a paucity of data regarding long-term patient outcome. The authors examined functional outcome of infants with NEC (n = 103) treated at our institution between 1991 and 1995. METHODS: The authors reviewed the medical records of infants who were treated both operatively and nonoperatively, n = 103. Variables examined included gestational age, birth weight, Bell stage (I through III), operations performed, and mortality rate. Telephone interviews assessed school enrollment, developmental delay, bowel function, and nutritional status. RESULTS: Children treated operatively had a lower gestational age than those in the nonoperative group. Likewise, birth weight in the operative group was significantly lower. Sixty-three percent of patients had stage III, and the remainder had stage II disease. The telephone response rate was 61%. Mean age at follow-up was 7.5 +/- 2.5 years. All children ate by mouth. Nearly all children were toilet trained. All children were less than the 50th percentile for height and weight, and the majority (83%) were enrolled in school full time. CONCLUSION: Infants with stage II and III NEC who are treated operatively or nonoperatively have a favorable long-term outcome.

Body Height↗
PubMed2005

Promoting positive adult functioning through social development intervention in childhood: long-term effects from the Seattle Social Development Project.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the long-term effects of the Seattle Social Development Project intervention in promoting positive adult functioning and preventing mental health problems, crime, and substance use (including tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs) at 21 years of age. DESIGN: This nonrandomized controlled trial followed up participants to 21 years of age, 9 years after the intervention ended. We compared the following 3 intervention conditions: a full 6-year intervention (grades 1 through 6); a late 2-year intervention (grades 5 and 6 only); and a no-treatment control condition. SETTING: Eighteen public elementary schools serving diverse neighborhoods, including high-crime neighborhoods, of Seattle, Wash. PARTICIPANTS: A sex-balanced, multiethnic sample of 605 participants across the 3 conditions who completed interviews at 21 years of age (94% of the original sample in these conditions). INTERVENTIONS: Teacher training in classroom instruction and management, child social and emotional skill development, and parent training. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reports of functioning in school and work, emotional and mental health, and crime and substance use at 21 years of age and official court records. RESULTS: Broad significant effects on functioning in school and work and on emotional and mental health were found. Fewer significant effects on crime and substance use were found at 21 years of age. Most outcomes had a consistent dose effect, with the strongest effects in subjects in the full-intervention group and effects in the late-intervention group between those in the full-intervention and control groups. CONCLUSIONS: A theory-guided preventive intervention that strengthened teaching and parenting practices and taught children interpersonal skills during the elementary grades had wide-ranging beneficial effects on functioning in early adulthood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1964

IN VITRO PHAGOCYTOSIS OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO A POSSIBLE ANTIPHAGOCYTIC FUNCTION OF COAGULASE.

Borchardt, Kenneth A. (Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La.), and William A. Pierce, Jr. In vitro phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus with special reference to a possible antiphagocytic function of coagulase. J. Bacteriol. 87:311-315. 1964.-Rabbit antisera were prepared to Staphylococcus aureus strains of bacteriophage types 81 and 42D with vaccines consisting of washed, heat-killed cells grown in media which either did or did not support coagulase formation. Partially purified coagulases were prepared, and were used to produce rabbit anticoagulase antisera. In vitro phagocytic studies, with the two staphylococcal strains plus rabbit polymorphonuclear peritoneal exudate cells and the various types of rabbit antisera, did not yield evidence that coagulase per se contributes to staphylococcal resistance to either ingestion or intracellular killing. The role of coagulase, if any, in the virulence of these organisms for rabbits (and probably for man) must therefore be attributed to some other mechanism.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Sex education in the schools. Inquires among the cantons].

During the last ten years most cantonal educational departments in Switzerland have tackled the problem of sexual education. With the exception of the canton of Schaffhausen all the cantons have decided not to introduce compulsory sexual education. In almost all the cantons the consent of the parents is necessary. They usually have the right to have their children excused from sexual education. Theoretically speaking, sexual education is not confined to a certain age, but actually it is only given in the middle and upper classes. All the cantons accept that the parents should give their own children sexual education; school has only a complementary function. Usually the form master is responsible for sexual education. A close intercantonal cooperation is not the case, because sexual education is too much dependent on local conditions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

The effect of passive smoking on children's pulmonary function in Shanghai.

We report the findings of a cross-sectional study of the relationship between passive smoking and pulmonary function of children in Shanghai, People's Republic of China. The 571 study subjects included 303 males and 268 females, ranging in age from 8 to 16 years, from a primary school and a secondary school at Xu-Hui District. Lung function tests were performed at the schools, and questionnaires were completed by parents. The father's cigarette smoking status during child's lifetime was linearly related to a decrease in the per cent predicted values of FEV1.0, MMEF and FEF 62.5-87.5% in total subjects; in school-girls, father's smoking status accounted for 0.5 per cent, 1.2 per cent, and 1.6 per cent of the total variation, respectively; the trend was less marked in boys. Other environmental factors considered in this study, i.e., educational level of the father, the use of coal or gas for cooking, the presence of patients with chronic respiratory diseases in the family, etc., did not seem to have any important role on the children's pulmonary function.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[Callus distraction for lengthening of mid-hand and finger stumps in congenital hand abnormalities--personal results and review of the literature].

Distraction-lengthening technique is quite useful in a variety of congenital hand deformities with hypoplastic, or primary normal but secondary shortened (constriction ring syndrome) finger rays. It appears that around the age of two years is the earliest practical time to start distraction; certainly distraction and secondary surgical procedures to improve function should be completed before school entry age whenever possible. Between June 1990 and March 1993, nine distraction lengthening procedures (5 thumbs, 1 index, 3 little fingers) in five patients presenting with congenital hand deformities, were carried out. Although restoring length to the finger, lengthening does not provide normal circumference or, of course, interphalangeal joint motion. Amelioration in function seems to be more important than the esthetic gain. Distraction lengthening tolerates only few errors of indication, operative technique, and/or postoperative management. A high compliance of the patient and her/his parents as well as a close follow-up by an experienced surgeon, are mandatory for a good result. A variety of possible complications have been described. Generally, complication risk increases in cases of simultaneous and multiple level lengthening. Provided adequate operative technique and postoperative care, superficial pin infection and fracture in the region of distraction are the major complications. Contrary to adults, sufficient bone formation by distraction is the rule in children. Therefore, the distraction-lengthening technique is preferred to the distraction-interposition technique in the treatment of congenital hand deformities. The latter should only be used as a salvage procedure in the rare cases of insufficient callus formation. Because of the missing growth potential and reduced joint mobility, distraction lengthening is the therapy of second choice when compared to microvascular second toe transplantation.

Acrocephalosyndactylia↗
PubMed1982

Educational intervention with multiply handicapped preschool children.

A study was conducted to objectively measure changes in functioning of multiply handicapped children in a specialized nursery school program. The study population consisted of the 18 children who entered the program in the study year. A quantitative teacher rating scale was developed, tested, and found to be reliable. Significant improvements were demonstrated in interaction, communication, and task orientation after 3 months and in self-care after 6 months. There was no measurable change in motor performance, and the intellectual functioning of the children remained in the same diagnostic category as at the outset. The study documented improvement on social competence of multiply handicapped children enrolled in a preschool program with minimal parental involvement. The teacher rating scale was found to be useful in measuring social functioning in a school setting for a young population with a limited range of possible achievements. Teachers proved to be reliable evaluators of their pupils. To measure social and interactional parameters, it appears necessary to have both a standardized instrument and an informed observer who knows the child's daily functioning.

Child Behavior↗
PubMed2000

Prevalence of wheeze, night cough and doctor-diagnosed asthma in pre-school children in Kota Bharu.

While many studies of the prevalence of wheeze have been conducted in schoolchildren, there have been few in pre-school children. Most children with asthma develop symptoms before the age of 5 years and many pre-school wheezers continue to wheeze in the early school years. Among the latter, those children who continue to wheeze at school age have poorer lung function than those who don't. It is thus appropriate to enquire more fully about wheeze in this age-group where its incidence is high and its relation with asthma less well defined. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalences of wheeze, night cough and doctor diagnosed asthma in pre-school children. A cross-sectional study was conducted in five primary health clinics in the district of Kota Bharu from April to October 1998. Nurses from these clinics distributed Bahasa Malaysia questionnaires containing questions on asthma symptoms to preschool children aged 1-5 years during their home visits. The respondents were parent(s) or carer(s) of the child. The response rate was 100% and a total of 2,878 responses were analysed. The prevalence of symptoms and doctor diagnosed asthma were as follows: ever wheezed 9.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 8.3-10.4%); current wheeze 6.2% (95% CI 5.2 to 7.0%); night cough 10.2% (95% CI 9.1 to 11.4%); and doctor diagnosed asthma 7.1% (95% CI 6.2 to 8.0%). There were no significant differences in prevalence between males and females, or among age groups. The prevalence of night cough in children with no history of wheeze was 6.9%. The cumulative and current prevalences of wheeze were similar to, and those of night cough and doctor-diagnosed asthma significantly lower than, those reported for Kelantan schoolchildren. These findings provide a baseline for assessing future symptoms trends, and perhaps also the validity of diagnosing asthma in this age group.

Asthma↗
PubMed1988

Psychosocial functioning in children and young adults with juvenile arthritis.

A questionnaire survey of 363 children and young adults with juvenile arthritis was conducted to assess the relations among disease severity, psychosocial functioning, and adjustment in three age groups--primary school, high school, and young adult. Parents were surveyed separately to determine which characteristics of the ill child at different ages most significantly impact the well-being of the family. Indices of psychologic functioning and disease severity were associated with adjustment in the primary school and high school groups, whereas measures of social relationships were strongly associated with adjustment only in the high school group. Relations among measures of psychologic functioning, social relationships, disease severity, and adjustment in young adults were minimal. Level of disease severity was associated with the presence of financial concerns, emotional problems, and physical strain in parents of high school children and young adults. The results emphasize the importance of using a developmental model for understanding the adjustment of individuals with chronic juvenile arthritis and their families.

Adaptation, Psychological↗