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PubMed1982

Characterization of parainfluenza type 3 virus isolated from the lung of a lamb with pneumonia.

A virus designated DH-1 was isolated from the lung of a lamb that died during the course of an epizootic of acute respiratory tract disease. The virus contained ribonucleic acid and was sensitive to heat (56 C), lipid solvent, and acid (pH 3.0). Inoculated cell cultures absorbed and culture fluids agglutinated guinea pig erythrocytes. Morphogenic and morphologic characteristics of the isolate were compatible with those of the genus Paramyxovirus of the family Paramyxoviridae. Serologic results indicated that the virus was indistinguishable from prototype parainfluenza virus type 3.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Role of the cytoplasmic domains of viral glycoproteins in antibody-induced cell surface mobility.

We have investigated the role of the cytoplasmic domains of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) and the parainfluenza virus type 3 (PI3) fusion (F) glycoproteins as a determinant of their ability to undergo antibody-induced redistribution on plasma membranes. The viral envelope genes were truncated in their cytoplasmic domains by using oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis and expressed by using recombinant vaccinia viruses. In HeLa cells, the truncated HA (HAt), like the full-length HA, did not cap in response to specific antibody. In CV-1 cells, HAt showed patchy surface immunofluorescence with few caps, whereas full-length HA exhibited capping in many cells in response to bivalent antibody. Quantitation of cap formation indicated a sevenfold decrease in the frequency of capping of HAt in comparison with full-length HA. Similarly, truncated F also exhibited a significant decrease in cap formation in comparison with full-length F. These results indicate that the ability of influenza virus HA and PI3 F to undergo redistribution in response to bivalent antibody has been altered by truncation of the viral glycoproteins and suggest that capping may involve interactions between the cytoplasmic domain of the viral glycoproteins and host cell components.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Paramyxovirus antigens in osteoclasts from Paget's bone tissue detected by monoclonal antibodies.

The fluorescent antibody technique using both monoclonal and specific polyclonal virus antibodies was applied to investigate the nature of the inclusions seen in the abnormal osteoclasts associated with Paget's bone disease. The results show that antigens of measles virus, simian virus 5 (SV5) and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (PF3) could be detected in the osteoclasts but not in control bone cells. Measles and SV5 nucleoprotein (NP) and haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) antigens were apparently present in all the cases of Paget's disease examined, whereas PF3 NP and HN antigens were present only in some of the cases. These investigations suggest that paramyxoviruses may play a role in the aetiology of the bone disease.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1975

[Respiratory tract infections of viral origin in infants. Examination of 103 serum pairs in autumn and following spring].

In autumn 1973 und about four months later in spring 1974 blood samples were taken from the same 103 children aged from a few months to five years and coming from different parts of Bavaria. We examined the samples for complement-fixing antibodies against the influenza virus types A, B and C, the parainfluenza virus types 1, 2 and 3, the adenoviruses and the respiratory-syncytial virus, and for neutralising antibodies against the ECHO virus type 25. At the commencement of the investigation the most frequently detected antibodies were those against adenoviruses (66.0%), ECHO virus type 25 (22.3%), influenza virus type A (15.5%) AND THE RESPIRATORY-SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (10.7%). Over autumn and winter in the four month interval between the drawing of blood samples the most frequently observed infections were those caused by the respiratory-syncytial virus (35.9%), the adenoviruses (13.6%) and the influenza viruses A and B (6.8%). By comparing the results of two blood tests from the same individual infections could be recognised more often than would have been the case if comparing the results of two different groups of children examined in autumn and spring.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1977

Investigation of causative agents of bovine respiratory tract disease in a beef cow-calf herd with an early weaning program.

Serum samples were collected from early weaned fall calves shortly after the onset of respiratory tract disease. Antibody titers to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus, parainfluenza type 3 (PI-3) virus, bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus, bovine adenovirus type 3 (BAV-3), and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) were determined on paired (acute and convalescent) serums. Seroconversion rate (a fourfold or greater rise in antibody titer) for IBR virus was 4.3%, PI-3 virus--16.3%, BVD virus--9.6%, and BAV-3--2.2%. Seroconversion for BRSV was 45.4%. An increased rate of seroconversion for IBR, PI-3, and BVD viruses and BAV-3 was observed in the presence of BRSV seroconversion. These results suggest that BRSV may facilitate infection by other viruses. Results of virus isolation procedures from these calves were negative.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1987

Hospital-acquired pneumonia in children: the role of respiratory viruses.

The most frequent agents of pneumonia acquired by children in the hospital are viruses. The characteristics of these nosocomial viral agents differ appreciably from the more classical bacterial nosocomial infections. The viral agents tend to be more contagious, with normal children being as susceptible as the predisposed, high-risk child. The epidemiology of these hospital-acquired infections tends to mimic the patterns of activity of the respiratory viruses in the community. The major causes of nosocomial pneumonia in children are, therefore, the epidemic respiratory viruses--respiratory syncytial virus, the influenza viruses, and the parainfluenza viruses. Respiratory syncytial virus is the most important and frequent of these, causing nosocomial infection in up to 45% of the contact children on infant-toddler wards during community outbreaks. About half of the nosocomial infections involve the lower respiratory tract in these young children. Severe and fatal disease is most likely to occur in neonates and children with underlying cardiac, pulmonary, and immunodeficiency disease. The frequency of lower respiratory tract involvement and nosocomial influenza and parainfluenza viral infections is less, but may pose a serious threat in nurseries and to certain groups of compromised children. The potential hazard of these viral agents on pediatric wards is heightened by the fact that they are frequently not recognized, the incentive and facilities for their diagnosis are often limited, and clinically they may mimic bacterial disease. The source of the nosocomial infections, which may be trivial illnesses in personnel or other patients, may not be suspected, and limiting the spread is difficult.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Child↗
PubMed2005

Characterization of viral agents causing acute respiratory infection in a San Francisco University Medical Center Clinic during the influenza season.

BACKGROUND: With use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a centrifugation-enhanced viral culture method, we characterized the viruses causing acute respiratory infection in adults during an influenza season. METHODS: During January-March 2002, nasopharyngeal wash specimens from previously healthy adults presenting with respiratory symptoms were evaluated for viral pathogens with centrifugation-enhanced viral culture and PCR. RESULTS: The diagnoses in 266 cases included unspecified upper respiratory infection (in 142 [54%] of the cases), acute bronchitis (42 [16%]), sinusitis (23 [9%]), pharyngitis (22 [8%]), and pneumonia (17 [6%]). The use of a shell vial assay and PCR identified a pathogen in 103 (39%) of the patients, including influenza A or B in 54, picornavirus in 28 (including rhinovirus in 24), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in 12, human metapneumovirus in 4, human coronavirus OC43 in 2, adenovirus in 2, parainfluenza virus type 1 in 1, and coinfection with influenza and parainfluenza virus type 1 in 2. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate that, even during the influenza season, rhinovirus and RSV are prevalent and must be considered in the differential diagnosis of adult acute respiratory infection before prescribing antiviral medication. Human coronavirus and human metapneumovirus did not play a substantial role. PCR was an especially useful tool in the identification of influenza and other viral pathogens not easily detected by traditional testing methods.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Prevalence of respiratory viruses in elderly people].

We analysed the presence of respiratory tract viruses in 206 elderly people (more than 65 years old). To identify viruses we used immunofluorescence method. The study revealed respiratory virus infection in about one third of examined patients. We found the most frequent infection with parainfluenza viruses. We found also more frequent prevalence of respiratory viruses in the oldest subgroup (more than 75 years old). No correlation between presence of respiratory viruses and smoking, diabetes or congestive heart failure was found.

Adenovirus Infections, Human↗
PubMed1977

Comparison of primary rhesus and cynomolgus monkey kidney cell cultures for viral isolation from clinical specimens.

Rhesus monkey kidney and cynomolgus monkey kidney cell cultures were compared for viral isolation by using clinical specimens that yielded 203 viral isolates. Cynomolgus and rhesus monkey kidney cells were comparable for the isolation of 22 adenoviruses, 12 coxsackieviruses, and one poliovirus. Four of 50 echoviruses and seven of ten herpesviruses were detected only in cynomolgus monkey kidney cells. Influenza virus was isolated in 84 instances, of which eight were detected only in rhesus and four only in cynomolgus monkey kidney cells. Rhesus monkey kidney cells yielded six more parainfluenza virus isolates. Except possibly for parainfluenza virus, cynomolgus monkey kidney cells appear to be as sensitive as rhesus monkey kidney cells for viral isolation from clinical specimens.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Gianotti-Crosti syndrome. A review of ten cases not associated with hepatitis B.

Studies of data from ten cases of infantile acrodermatitis and from eight cases reported in the North American literature disclose distinctive papular dermatosis of the face and extremities, often related to virus infection. None of our eight patients who were tested had evidence of hepatitis B infections, although transaminase values were elevated in two. All five patients who were tested had lymphocytosis. Six patients had antecedent upper respiratory tract symptoms. Data from our cases and from the other previously reported cases indicate that the eruption is a virus-related response. Although the hepatitis virus has been the most frequently encountered causative agent to date, other viruses, including Epstein-Barr virus, coxsackievirus, and parainfluenza virus, may produce a similar cutaneous response.

Acrodermatitis↗
PubMed1984

Treatment of respiratory viral infection in an immunodeficient infant with ribavirin aerosol.

An infant with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCIDS) secondary to adenosine deaminase deficiency had pneumonitis and combined infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3). Four separate courses of ribavirin were delivered by small-particle aerosol. The PIV3 disappeared during the first course, and RSV disappeared after the fourth course on the 58th hospital day. Neither virus returned during profound immunosuppression for bone marrow transplantation. Secretory antibody to both viruses was found and may have assisted in recovery. Strains of RSV from the 9th, 15th, 29th, and 55th hospital days showed similar sensitivities to ribavirin in vitro. Ribavirin can be a useful drug in the treatment of respiratory viral infections in patients with SCIDS.

Adenosine Deaminase↗
PubMed1988

Contribution of rhinoviruses to respiratory viral infections in childhood: a prospective study in a mainly hospitalized infant population.

A prospective study was carried out to investigate the contribution of rhinoviruses to respiratory viral infections in children and to investigate the influence of age, passive smoking, and educational level of the head of the family on the clinical course of viral respiratory disease. Nasopharyngeal aspirates from 519 infants (90.8% inpatients, 9.2% outpatients) were screened for the presence of rhinoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenoviruses, parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, 3, influenza virus types A and B, and enteroviruses by tissue culture isolation procedure, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and/or indirect immunofluorescence method. The total detection rate was 42.4%. The rate decreased with increasing age. Higher detection rates were observed in specimens from children suffering from a more severe respiratory disease, and the highest rate of virus-positive specimens was found in those aged 0-6 months. Second to RSV (23.1%), rhinoviruses were the most frequently recovered pathogens found in 11.8% of children with acute respiratory tract infections (RTI). In the age group 0-6 months the majority of severe respiratory illnesses was due to RSV. In infants aged 6 months to 1 year a decrease in the number of severe illnesses caused by RSV and an increase in the number of children suffering from a more severe RTI caused by rhinoviruses was found. With the possible exception of one group of children infected with rhinoviruses, a negative effect of passive smoking on the incidence and severity of viral RTI could not be established. A beneficial effect of breast feeding on the severity of viral RTI could not be definitely demonstrated.

Austria↗
PubMed2005

Few but severe viral infections in children with cancer: a prospective RT-PCR and PCR-based 12-month study.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of low-risk febrile episodes with oral administered antibiotics at home is a new approach in pediatric oncology and protective isolation is loosened in more centers. The impact of viral respiratory infections in febrile diseases in this population is still unclear in terms of occurrence and morbidity. PROCEDURE: A prospective follow-up study of all febrile episodes during 12 months in a pediatric oncology department with a high level of protective isolation was set-up with expanded molecular viral examinations. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and PCR diagnostics of ten viruses, two atypical bacteria, and one fungus were performed and clinical information on all infections was registered. RESULTS: A total of 250 febrile episodes in 66 patients were registered. In all, 198 respiratory secretions, predominantly oral washes, and 165 anal swabs were analyzed. Twenty-two infections were diagnosed: 7 rhinovirus infections, 4 respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections, 2 herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections, 2 varicella-zoster-virus (VZV) infections, 1 influenza B virus infection, 1 parainfluenza virus type 3 infection (PIV3), 1 human metapneumovirus (HMPV) infection, 1 enterovirus infection, 0 adenovirus infections, 0 influenza A virus infections, and 3 non-viral pneumonias: 1 M. Pneumonia, 1 C. Pneumonia, and 1 P. Carinii. The detected pathogens correlated well to the clinical disease. Patients with viral infections were as affected as patients with bacteria in the blood. One of 19 viral infections was lethal, a RSV pneumonia. C-reactive protein concentrations were not able to distinguish viral infections from bacteremias. CONCLUSIONS: The applied sampling method was acceptable and molecular diagnosis of viruses, atypical bacteria and P. Carinii increased the microbiological verification of infections by 35%. Viral infections were few in our protected population but caused severe infectious complications in these patients.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Role of viruses and atypical bacteria in exacerbations of asthma in hospitalized children: a prospective study in the Nord-Pas de Calais region (France).

We studied the role of viruses and atypical bacteria in children hospitalized with exacerbated asthma by a prospective study of children with acute asthma admitted to the Department of Pediatrics in Lille, and to 15 hospitals in the Nord-Pas de Calais region, from October 1, 1998-June 30, 1999. We included children aged 2-16 years with active asthma, defined as three or more recurrent episodes of reversible wheezing. The severity of asthma and of asthmatic exacerbations was recorded. Immunofluorescence assays (IFA) on nasopharyngeal secretions (NPS), serological tests, or both, were used for detection of influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, and coronavirus. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays on NPS were used for rhinovirus and enterovirus. Serological tests for Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae were performed. A control group of asymptomatic asthmatic outpatients was examined for respiratory viruses (using IFA and PCR). Eighty-two symptomatic children (mean age, 7.9 years) were examined. Viruses were detected in 38% (enterovirus, 15.8%; rhinovirus, 12%; RSV, 7.3%). Serological tests for atypical bacteria were positive in 10% of patients (C. pneumoniae, 5%; M. pneumoniae, 5%). Among the 27 control subjects (mean age, 7.9 years), one PCR was positive for enterovirus. There was no correlation between severity of chronic asthma or asthmatic exacerbations and the diagnosis of infection. Atypical bacterial pathogen infections were linked with prolonged asthmatic symptoms. In conclusion, we confirmed the high incidence of viral infection in acute exacerbations of asthma, especially enteroviruses or rhinoviruses. Persistent clinical features were more frequently associated with atypical bacterial infections, suggesting that these infections should be investigated and treated in cases of persistent asthmatic symptoms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Studies with cross-linking reagents on the oligomeric form of the paramyxovirus fusion protein.

The oligomeric form of the paramyxovirus simian virus 5 (SV5) fusion (F) glycoprotein has been examined by using chemical cross-linking and sucrose density gradient fractionation. In addition, chemical cross-linking was used to examine the kinetics of assembly of the F oligomer. Analysis by SDS-PAGE on 3.5% gels of the cross-linked F molecules indicated three major species with calculated molecular weights of M(r) approximately 65, M(r) approximately 130, and M(r) approximately 195 kDa, suggesting F monomers, dimers, and trimers, respectively. The cross-linked F species of M(r) approximately 195 kDa migrated on gels faster than influenza virus hemagglutinin trimers and between the dimeric and tetrameric forms of paramyxovirus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN). Furthermore, the F protein oligomer was found to sediment slower than the HN tetramer on sucrose gradient centrifugation. SDS-PAGE analysis of the cross-linked F protein of Newcastle disease virus and human parainfluenza virus 3 showed a pattern very similar to that found for SV5. The data are consistent with those expected for the paramyxovirus F protein being a homotrimer.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Dynamics of virus infections involved in the bovine respiratory disease complex in Swedish dairy herds.

The dynamics of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (PIV-3), bovine corona virus (BCoV) and bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infections were studied in 118 dairy herds in south western Sweden. By using serology on paired samples from three approximately 7 vs. approximately 15-month-old calves per herd, the propagation of infections was investigated over about a 1-year period. The results implied that at least 74% of calves had experienced one or more of the monitored infections at the age of approximately 7 months (Sample 1, Spring); 30%, 48%, 34% and 8% were seropositive to BRSV, PIV-3, BCoV and BVDV, respectively. Seroconversions to BRSV, PIV-3, BCoV and BVDV occurred in 26%, 38%, 50% and 3% of seronegative animals and 63% had antibodies against two or more infections at approximately 15 months (Sample 2). In total, 90-97% of animals that were seropositive in Sample 1 remained positive in Sample 2. A significant association was found between BVDV and BCoV (P = 0.01). Moreover, a significantly higher proportion of herds in which no calves had a recorded history of respiratory disease (n = 15) were classified as negative to all four infections monitored when compared to herds in which disease was observed (P = 0.0002). This study showed a high infection burden in young animals and effective spread of BRSV, PIV-3 and BCoV in one area of Sweden. BVDV infections were restricted to a few herds, reflecting the effect of a voluntary control program against BVDV in Sweden.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1994

Viral respiratory infections.

Viral infections constitute more than 60% of acute lower respiratory illnesses. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza viruses are the most frequent etiologic agents. After transmission by large droplet aerosol or direct contact, the viruses gain entry into host cells through specific viral surface proteins; subsequently, pathogenetic mechanisms cause tissue injury and result in clinical disease. In the intensive care unit the mainstay of treatment is primarily supportive. Nonspecific treatment may include nebulized beta-agonists, aminophylline, and steroids. Ribavarin is the only specific antiviral agent approved for respiratory syncytial virus infection but its efficacy remains controversial. New therapies and vaccines offer hope for improved outcome from viral respiratory infections such as RSV.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The seasonality of rhinovirus infections and its implications for clinical recognition.

BACKGROUND: Rhinoviruses are the most common cause of acute respiratory infections. Isolation of rhinoviruses occurs in a distinct and consistent seasonal pattern that can be used to help determine whether an acute respiratory illness is caused by a rhinovirus. OBJECTIVE: This article reviews information on the seasonality of rhinovirus infection derived from early and recent studies of rhinovirus occurrence and treatment. METHODS: PubMed was searched from 1965 to the present to identify all potentially relevant papers. The search terms used were rhinovirus and seasonality. A total of 1998 papers were screened. RESULTS: Rhinoviruses comprise more than three quarters of viruses circulating in early autumn. In some years and perhaps some geographic areas, spring is an even more important time for rhinovirus transmission. Although overall rates of respiratory illness are lower in summer, rhinoviruses are the most frequently isolated virus at this time of year. Other viral agents, including influenza viruses and respiratory syncytial virus (particularly with parainfluenza virus), predominate in the winter. Thus, for most of the year, rhinoviruses are the cause of the majority of acute viral respiratory infections. CONCLUSION: Understanding the seasonal incidence of rhinovirus infection may help determine how best to employ currently available antirhinoviral agents in patients presenting with symptoms of an acute viral respiratory infection.

Humans↗