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At least 1,243 records · Page 69Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Intelligibility and localization of speech from virtual directions.

We studied the intelligibility of speech and the ability of listeners to localize speech when synthetic direction information was added to the signal. Masked thresholds for single synthesized words were measured for simulated, horizontal angular separations of speech in the presence of a masking noise. Speech recognition was measured using the Modified Rhyme Test; the masker was broad-band white noise. A single set of head-related transfer functions conditioned the speech and noise waveforms presented over headphones, and listeners were free to move their heads relative to the apparent directions of these signals. The masker was fixed at 0 deg, and when speech was presented from other azimuths, its intelligibility typically increased by 4 to 5 dB. Individuals' masked thresholds were variable yet repeatable, and the plot of threshold by azimuth seemed unique to each subject. In a separate test, the same listeners were asked to estimate the azimuth of items from the rhyme test. Localization was accurate and performance was similar to previous work, except that confusions of source locations in the front and rear hemispheres were evenly distributed across azimuth.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relation between Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test and WISC-III scores of children with RD.

Concurrent validity of the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (K-BIT) with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (WISC-III) was evaluated, as well as the K-BIT's accuracy as a predictor of WISC-III scores, in a sample of young children with reading disabilities. The two measures were administered to 65 children from Atlanta, Boston, and Toronto who ranged from 6-5 to 7-11 years of age at testing. Correlations between the verbal, nonverbal, and composite scales of the K-BIT and WISC-III were .60, .48, and .63, respectively. Mean K-BIT scores ranged from 1.2 to 5.0 points higher than the corresponding WISC-III scores. Standard errors of estimation ranged from 10.0 to 12.3 points. In individual cases, K-BIT scores can underestimate or overestimate WISC-III scores by as much as 25 points. Results suggest caution against using the K-BIT exclusively for placement and diagnostic purposes with young children with reading disabilities if IQ scores are required.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The relation of LD and gender with emotional intelligence in college students.

This study examined the relation of learning disabilities (LD) and gender with emotional intelligence in 128 college students. Fifty-four students with LD (32 men and 22 women) and 74 without LD (34 men and 40 women) attending two colleges and one university participated in the study. Emotional intelligence was assessed using the Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i; BarOn,1997), a self-report instrument designed to measure interpersonal and intrapersonal skills, stress management, adaptability, and general mood. A 2-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was performed to examine the main effects of LD and gender and the interaction of the two main effects on the five composites of the EQ-i. Students with LD had fewer credits and lower scholastic aptitude test (SAT) scores, high school grade point averages (GPAs), and college GPAs than students without LD; women students were older and had higher college GPAs than men students. Results of the MANOVA indicated significant main effects of both LD and gender; no significant interaction occurred. Post hoc univariate analyses of the five composites revealed significant differences between students with LD and students without LD on stress management and adaptability, significant differences between men and women students on interpersonal skills, and significant differences of the interaction of LD and gender on interpersonal skills.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Measuring the intelligence of college students with learning disabilities: a comparison of results obtained on the WAIS-R and the KAIT.

This study compared results obtained on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised and the Kaufman Adolescent Test and Adult Intelligence; these tests were individually administered to college students with and without learning disabilities. Participants were 30 students with learning disabilities and 30 students without learning disabilities between the ages of 18 and 30. Students were administered both IQ tests and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised, used as a covariate measure. The results were analyzed through a repeated-measures analysis of variance. No significant differences were found between groups or between tests. A significant difference was found for both groups when Performance IQ and Fluid Scale scores were compared.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of cue-enhancement on consonant intelligibility in noise: speaker and listener effects.

Our previous work (Hazan & Simpson, 1998) has shown that increasing the salience of perceptually important regions of nonsense word and sentence materials aids speech perception in noise. This study aimed to extend these findings by investigating the robustness of these enhancement techniques in improving consonant intelligibility for a range of different speakers and for groups of listeners with different language backgrounds. In Experiment 1, nonsense vowel-consonant-vowel (VCV) tokens produced by two female and two male speakers without phonetic training were annotated to highlight segments of the signal corresponding to the consonant constriction/occlusion and vowel onset/offset regions. These regions were selectively amplified to enhance the cues they contained, then combined with speech-shaped noise at 0 dB SNR and presented to normally hearing listeners. Significant improvements in intelligibility were found for all speakers although the extent of the improvement varied across speakers. In Experiment 2, a subset of these stimuli were presented to two groups of learners of English--a Japanese-L1 group and a Spanish-L1 group--and a new group of native-English controls. Results showed a significant effect of enhancement in all listener-groups and similar speaker effects for the non-native and native English listeners. Error patterns were related to the distance between the phonological systems of listeners' L1 and L2.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Emotional intelligence and social interaction.

Two studies found positive relationships between the ability to manage emotions and the quality of social interactions, supporting the predictive and incremental validity of an ability measure of emotional intelligence, the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT). In a sample of 118 American college students (Study 1), higher scores on the managing emotions subscale of the MSCEIT were positively related to the quality of interactions with friends, evaluated separately by participants and two friends. In a diary study of social interaction with 103 German college students (Study 2), managing emotions scores were positively related to the perceived quality of interactions with opposite sex individuals. Scores on this subscale were also positively related to perceived success in impression management in social interactions with individuals of the opposite sex. In both studies, the main findings remained statistically significant after controlling for Big Five personality traits.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

An advanced artificial intelligence tool for menu design.

The computer-assisted menu design still remains a difficult task. Usually knowledge that aids in menu design by a computer is hard-coded and because of that a computerised menu planner cannot handle the menu design problem for an unanticipated client. To address this problem we developed a menu design tool, MIKAS (menu construction using incremental knowledge acquisition system), an artificial intelligence system that allows the incremental development of a knowledge-base for menu design. We allow an incremental knowledge acquisition process in which the expert is only required to provide hints to the system in the context of actual problem instances during menu design using menus stored in a so-called Case Base. Our system incorporates Case-Based Reasoning (CBR), an Artificial Intelligence (AI) technique developed to mimic human problem solving behaviour. Ripple Down Rules (RDR) are a proven technique for the acquisition of classification knowledge from expert directly while they are using the system, which complement CBR in a very fruitful way. This combination allows the incremental improvement of the menu design system while it is already in routine use. We believe MIKAS allows better dietary practice by leveraging a dietitian's skills and expertise. As such MIKAS has the potential to be helpful for any institution where dietary advice is practised.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2004

Effect of inbreeding on Wechsler intelligence test scores among North Indian children.

The effects of inbreeding in humans on the intelligence has been investigated in the present study of offspring of second cousin matings (F=0.0156, n=138 male, 132 female), first cousins once removed (F=0.03125, n=148 male, 138 female), first cousins (F=0.0625, n=161 male, 151 female), and unrelated (F=0, n=194 male, 182 female) among North Indian Muslims. The Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-R)-74 was given to the children in the both groups. An overall significant (p<0.001) reduction of means has been observed in inbred series. The results of this study confirm the appreciable inbreeding depression especially among the offspring of first cousins.

Child↗
PubMed2002

Validity of the Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence and other very short forms of estimating intellectual functioning.

Performance on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III) was compared to performance on the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI), as well as short form estimations of intellectual functioning derived from WAIS-III performance, in a mixed clinical sample of 72 participants. The WASI verbal IQ (VIQ) score was significantly higher than the WAIS-III VIQ, whereas performance IQ (PIQ) estimates all differed from actual WAIS-III PIQ and full scale IQ (FSIQ). Correlations of WAIS-III scores with WASI scores were consistently lower than were correlations between the WASI-III and all other short forms. Although maintaining administration times of 15 minutesfor a two-subtest FSIQ and 30 minutes for a four-subtest FSIQ, the WASI did not consistently demonstrate desirable accuracy in predicting scores obtained from the WAIS-III. The results suggest that clinicians should use the WASI cautiously if at all, especially when accurate estimates of individuals' WAIS-III results are needed.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

Non-significance of early speech delay in children with autism and normal intelligence and implications for DSM-IV Asperger's disorder.

According to the DSM-IV, children with Asperger's disorder do not have significant cognitive or speech delays, whereas children with autistic disorder may or may not. In our study, children with normal intelligence who had clinical diagnoses of autism or Asperger syndrome were divided into two groups: those with and without a significant speech delay. The purpose was to determine if clinically meaningful differences existed between the two groups that would support absence of speech delay as a DSM-IV criterion for Asperger's disorder. No significant differences were found between the 23 children with a speech delay and the 24 children without a speech delay on any of the 71 variables analyzed, including autistic symptoms and expressive language. Results suggest that early speech delay may be irrelevant to later functioning in children who have normal intelligence and clinical diagnoses of autism or Asperger syndrome and that speech delay as a DSM-IV distinction between Asperger's disorder and autism may not be justified.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed2006

How artificial intelligence tools can be used to assess individual patient risk in cardiovascular disease: problems with the current methods.

BACKGROUND: In recent years a number of algorithms for cardiovascular risk assessment has been proposed to the medical community. These algorithms consider a number of variables and express their results as the percentage risk of developing a major fatal or non-fatal cardiovascular event in the following 10 to 20 years DISCUSSION: The author has identified three major pitfalls of these algorithms, linked to the limitation of the classical statistical approach in dealing with this kind of non linear and complex information. The pitfalls are the inability to capture the disease complexity, the inability to capture process dynamics, and the wide confidence interval of individual risk assessment. Artificial Intelligence tools can provide potential advantage in trying to overcome these limitations. The theoretical background and some application examples related to artificial neural networks and fuzzy logic have been reviewed and discussed. SUMMARY: The use of predictive algorithms to assess individual absolute risk of cardiovascular future events is currently hampered by methodological and mathematical flaws. The use of newer approaches, such as fuzzy logic and artificial neural networks, linked to artificial intelligence, seems to better address both the challenge of increasing complexity resulting from a correlation between predisposing factors, data on the occurrence of cardiovascular events, and the prediction of future events on an individual level.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1983

Suggestibility, intelligence, memory recall and personality: an experimental study.

A new suggestibility test, potentially useful in the context of police interrogation, was administered to 45 subjects who also completed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Suggestibility was significantly related to low intelligence, poor memory recall, neuroticism and social desirability.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Diagnostic classification of cancer using DNA microarrays and artificial intelligence.

The application of artificial intelligence (AI) to microarray data has been receiving much attention in recent years because of the possibility of automated diagnosis in the near future. Studies have been published predicting tumor type, estrogen receptor status, and prognosis using a variety of AI algorithms. The performance of intelligent computing decisions based on gene expression signatures is in some cases comparable to or better than the current clinical decision schemas. The goal of these tools is not to make clinicians obsolete, but rather to give clinicians one more tool in their armamentarium to accurately diagnose and hence better treat cancer patients. Several such applications are summarized in this chapter, and some of the common pitfalls are noted.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2004

The effects of test anxiety, age, intelligence level, and arithmetic ability on Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test performance.

This study investigated the effects of test anxiety, intelligence, arithmetic ability, and age on the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) performance of 45 participants ages 16 to 54. Level of anxiety as measured by a short form measure of state anxiety and retrospective report during the PASAT appeared to have no significant effect on performance. Intelligence and arithmetic ability, however, together accounted for 46% of the variance on PASAT scores. Although no significant correlation was found between PASAT performance and age, those over 26 years of age performed significantly better on the 2.0 second paced presentation.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2004

Long-term effects of temporal lobectomy on intelligence.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the long-term effects of anterior temporal resection on intelligence. METHODS: Twenty-eight left temporal lobectomy (LTL) and 43 right temporal lobectomy (RTL) patients were followed at standard time points for at least 6 years after surgery. RESULTS: The average gain 6 years after operation was 3.6 Verbal IQ (VIQ) points and 10.3 Performance IQ (PIQ) points in LTL patients and 2.9 VIQ points and 7.7 PIQ points in RTL patients. A seizure-free outcome did not influence the increase in IQ, nor was the extent of resection related to IQ scores at the 6-year follow-up. Patients with exclusively mesial temporal sclerosis did not perform as well as patients with other pathologies, both before and after surgery. Major predictors of improved performance at 6 years were initial higher level of performance and lower age at surgery. Much of the observed improvement may be related to retest effects. CONCLUSIONS: The effects of epilepsy surgery on intelligence in the long term are limited. The largest gain in VIQ is seen from 2 to 6 years after surgery.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Relationships between intelligence and electroencephalographic epileptiform activity in adult epileptics.

Intellectual correlates of electroencephalographic epileptiform activity were examined by administering the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale to epileptic patients divided into groups on the basis of presence or absence, average rate, and topographic distribution of discharges. The results showed that lower intelligence levels were associated with the presence of discharges, especially when they were generalized rather than focal and when they occurred at an average rate of more than one per minute. An examination of patients having discharges ipsilateral and contralateral to their handedness showed few findings, as did an analysis based on an assessment of strengths and weaknesses within individuals. The results suggest that electroencephalographic epileptiform activity is significantly related to the intellectual functioning of epileptics.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Intelligence and education as predictors of cognitive state in late life: a 50-year follow-up.

We evaluated the relation of education and intelligence in early adult life to cognitive function in a group of elderly male twins. The Army General Classification Test (AGCT) was administered to US armed forces inductees in the early 1940s. Fifty years later, as part of a study of dementia in twins, we tested the cognitive status of 930 of these men using the modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS-m). TICS-m scores obtained in later life were correlated with AGCT scores (r = 0.457) and with years of education (r = 0.408). Thus, in univariate analyses, the AGCT score accounted for 20.6% and education accounted for 16.7% of variance in cognitive status. However, these two effects were not fully independent. A multivariable model using AGCT score, education, and the interaction of the two variables as predictors of the TICS-m score explained 24.8% of the variance, a slightly but significantly greater proportion than was explained by either factor alone. In a separate analysis based on 604 pairs of twins who took the AGCT, heritability of intelligence (estimated by AGCT score) was 0.503. Although this study does not address the issue of education and premorbid IQ as risk factors for dementia, the findings suggest that basic cognitive abilities in late life are related to cognitive performance measures from early adult life (ie, education and IQ).

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Effect of amplification on the intelligibility of speech produced with an electrolarynx.

The purpose of this study was to look at the effect of orolabial amplification on the intelligibility of speech spoken with a neck model electrolarynx for two distance conditions, three noise conditions, and in relative quiet. A speaker using a neck model electrolarynx read single-answer questions to six listeners. The questions were read with and without amplification at 1.5 and 2.5 m distance, in relative quiet as well as in 66 dB, 72 dB, and 76 dBSPL (A-weighted) prerecorded cafeteria noise. The results of the study showed that speech-to-noise ratios were improved for amplified speech, with improvement in intelligibility for speech spoken in moderate background noise (66 and 72 dBSPL). The effect of the "buzz" of the artificial larynx is reduced, and speakers are better understood in moderate background noise with this amplification system.

Amplifiers, Electronic↗