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PubMed2004

Abnormal EEG synchronisation in heavily drinking students.

OBJECTIVE: In alcoholics, grey and white brain matter is damaged. In addition, functional brain connectivity as measured by EEG coherence is abnormal. We investigated whether heavily drinking students, although drinking for a shorter period than alcoholics, already show differences in functional connectivity compared to light-drinking controls. METHODS: EEG was recorded in 11 light and 11 heavy male student drinkers during eyes closed, and eyes closed plus mental rehearsal of pictures. Functional connectivity was assessed with the Synchronisation Likelihood method. RESULTS: Heavily drinking students had more synchronisation in the theta (4-8 Hz) and gamma (30-45 Hz) band than lightly drinking students during eyes closed, both with and without a mental-rehearsal task. CONCLUSIONS: Heavy student drinkers have increases in EEG synchronisation that are indicative of changes in hippocampal-neocortical connectivity. SIGNIFICANCE: Heavy student drinkers show differences in functional connectivity as compared to their lightly drinking counterparts, even though they have a relatively short drinking history.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Dependent and problem drinking over 5 years: a latent class growth analysis.

Understanding the long-term course of problematic drinking is a fundamental concern for health services research in the alcohol field. The stability of, or change in, the course of drinking--especially heavy drinking--has both theoretical and applied relevance to alcohol research. We explore the application of latent class growth modeling to 5 years of survey data collected from dependent and problem drinkers--some not in treatment at baseline--in an attempt to uncover prototypical longitudinal drinking patterns. Results indicated that five profiles of drinkers can be used to represent their longitudinal course of alcohol consumption: early quitters (N = 88), light/non-drinkers (N = 76), gradual improvers (N = 129), moderate drinkers (N = 229), and heavy drinkers (N = 572). Significant baseline factors included ASI drug severity, dependence symptoms, and marital status. Attendance at AA meetings, the size of one's heavy drinking and drug using social network, past treatment, receiving suggestions about one's drinking, and contacts with the medical system were significant influences. The size of heavy drinking and drug using social networks was noticeably larger for the heavy drinkers. Findings also support the usefulness of a semi-parametric latent group-based approach as a tool for analyzing alcohol-related behaviors.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2006

Religion and alcohol in the U.S. National Alcohol Survey: how important is religion for abstention and drinking?

OBJECTIVE: This paper examines the relative importance of three religion variables (religious preference, religiosity, and alcohol proscription) and eight demographic variables (gender, ethnicity, education, income, marital status, age, region, and employment status) as statistical predictors of drinking versus abstention and moderate versus heavy drinking. METHOD: Data from 7370 telephone interviews from the 2000 National Alcohol Survey are analyzed using bivariate cross-tabulations and multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: When analyzed by religious preference groups, the NAS showed diverse patterns of abstention and drinking that suggest that religion variables are important for drinking behaviors. It was found that the religion variables are strongly associated with abstention. For statistical prediction of heavy versus moderate drinking, religion variables significantly improve model fit but are secondary to gender and age. CONCLUSIONS: Religion variables are important for drinking patterns, especially abstention. The relationship of religion to lower levels of alcohol abuse merits further study, such as investigating religious denominations with healthy patterns of abstention and moderate drinking, to learn how these norms are initiated and maintained. Such knowledge has promise of application in programs for prevention and treatment of alcohol problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Gender and the assessment of at-risk drinking: evidence from the GENACIS Canada (2004-2005) telephone survey version of the AUDIT.

The alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) is widely used in general population surveys as a method of determining prevalence of hazardous drinking. However, its interpretation has been questioned particularly regarding the unequal contribution of the items to the total score, specifically, that the drinking frequency item contributes disproportionately to the score and may lead to inappropriate identification of some drinkers as hazardous drinkers. To explore these issues further as well as possible gender differences in the applicability of the AUDIT, we conducted analyses using a modified version of the AUDIT (AUDIT(M)) as part of a general population survey that used random digit dialing and computer-assisted telephone interviewing. Item and factor analyses were performed separately for men and women, and the impacts of excluding the frequency of drinking item in the measurement of mean scores, percentages and types of problems for men and women were examined. We found that the AUDIT(M) items loaded onto three distinct dimensions for both men and women: frequency of drinking; usual quantity and frequency of heavy-episodic drinking; problem consequences from drinking. In addition, we found that excluding the frequency question may give a more meaningful estimate of the percent of drinkers actually at risk of experiencing problems from drinking for both men and women. Finally, although our analyses identified only minor gender differences in the structure of the AUDIT and good sensitivity for identifying problem drinkers among both men and women, significant gender differences in the types of problems experienced suggest that use and interpretation of the AUDIT should routinely take gender into consideration.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2006

Relationship of binge drinking and other health-compromising behaviors among urban adolescents in China.

PURPOSE: To describe frequency and patterns of alcohol use and explore the association between binge drinking and other health-compromising behaviors among adolescents in urban China. METHODS: Data on alcohol use and other behavioral risk factors were obtained from the 2004 China Adolescent Behavioral Risk Factor Survey conducted in 18 provincial capitals. Chi-square test was used to estimate the prevalence of alcohol use and compare differences in drinking frequency by gender, school type, and grade. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between binge drinking and other health-compromising behaviors. RESULTS: Data were available on 54,040 students in grades 7 to 12. In all, 51.1% of students reported ever using alcohol (male: 58.6%; female: 44.3%), 29.7% reported drinking before 13 years of age, and 14.1% had gotten drunk at least once during the past year. In the 30 days preceding the interview, 25.2% students reported consuming at least one alcoholic drink (male: 31.4%; female: 19.6%) and 10.3% reported at least one episode of binge drinking (male: 14.4%; female: 6.6%). Male students from vocational senior high schools reported the highest frequency of alcohol use. The prevalence of other risk behaviors, such as smoking, drug use, and fighting were significantly higher among students with a positive history of binge drinking. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol use among urban adolescents is a major problem in China. A comprehensive alcohol control policy is needed, incorporating measures to educate the public about the dangers of adolescent alcohol use and regulating access and purchase of alcohol by minors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

MTII-induced reduction of voluntary ethanol drinking is blocked by pretreatment with AgRP-(83-132).

Over the last 30 years, evidence has emerged indicating that the central melanocortin (MC) peptide system is involved with neurobiological responses to drugs of abuse. Recently, rats selectively bred for high ethanol preference were shown to have altered brain levels of MC receptor (MCR) and central infusion of the potent non-selective MCR agonist, melanotan-II (MTII), attenuates their high ethanol drinking. The goal of the present report was to further characterize the effects of MTII on voluntary ethanol consumption. In alcohol preferring C57BL/6 mice with an established history of ethanol drinking, intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of a 5.0 microg dose of agouti-related protein (AgRP)-(83-132), a non-selective MCR antagonist, has no effect on 8-h ethanol drinking or food intake. However, pre-treatment with a 5.0 microg dose of (AgRP)-(83-132) significantly blocks MTII-induced (1.0 microg) reduction of 8-h ethanol drinking and food intake, consistent with a competitive antagonist action. I.c.v. infusion of MTII does not cause alteration of blood ethanol levels 2- or 4-h following intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of a 4.0 g ethanol/kg dose. Finally, when given in an i.p. injection, a 150 microg dose of MTII reduces 8-h ethanol drinking. These data extend recent findings by showing that both central and peripheral administration of MTII reduces ethanol drinking by mice. Additionally, the ability of (AgRP)-(83-132) to block the effects of MTII implies that MTII-induced reduction of ethanol drinking is receptor mediated.

Agouti-Related Protein↗
PubMed2005

Drinking spout orifice size affects licking behavior in inbred mice.

Using a lickometer, we assessed the effect of drinking spout orifice size on the licking behavior of inbred mice [C57BL/6J, SWR/J, 129P3/J and DBA/2J]. Animals licked from drinking spout sipper tubes that had what were defined as either a large (2.7 mm) or a small (1.5 mm) orifice. Mice took approximately twice as many licks from a stationary single small orifice drinking spout than when licking from a spout with a large orifice during separate 30-min sessions. However, their total intake volume was approximately the same. We calculated that mice received a mean of 0.55 muL per lick from the drinking tubes with a small orifice and a mean of 1.15 muL per lick from the drinking tubes with a large orifice. Thus, the animals appear to have regulated their fluid intake by proportionally adjusting their licking as a function of the lick volume. On average, this regulation occurred through modulation of the size of licking bursts and not their frequency. However, strain differences in compensation strategy were observed. When licking was restricted to a series of 5-s trials in a 30-min brief access test session, the smaller orifice size increased the range of responsiveness that was expressed. Mice increased their average licks per trial by 20% and took 60% more trials when licking from a spout with a small orifice. Interestingly, when the orifice size was quasi-randomly varied within a brief access session, licking was greater from large orifice drinking spouts, suggesting that water delivered from the two orifice sizes differs in its reinforcement efficacy. These findings demonstrate that drinking spout orifice size can significantly influence experimental outcomes in licking tests involving mice and care should be taken in controlling this variable in testing the effects of taste or other factors on ingestive behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

The occupations of drink drivers: using occupational information to identify targetable characteristics of offenders.

Data collected by the Victoria Police at the time an alleged drink-driving offender undergoes an evidential breath test for the presence of alcohol were analyzed to investigate the possibility that occupational information could be used to define groups of drink-drivers with similar characteristics. Such groups could then be utilized in the development of targeted public education campaigns in the Victorian (Australia) context where there are already high levels of enforcement and mass-media publicity. It is argued that drink-drivers in this context are likely to share some characteristics which might reduce the impact of current programs. Analysis of the data relied on the application of a theory of the relationship between career choice and other behavioral characteristics (Holland, 1973, Making Vocational Choices, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.; Holland, 1975, Manual for the Vocational Preference Inventory, Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA). The analysis identified two potential groups which accounted for 58% of the male drink-drivers. These groups differed from other male drink drivers in a number of ways, underlining the potential for their use as targets in future campaigns. One occupational category accounted for 42% of the male drink drivers, including occupations such as carpenter, electrician, chef, mechanic, gardener, and laborer. The behavioral characteristics associated with these occupational codes in the Holland model included asocial, conforming, reserved, introspective, unpopular, orderly, careful, unimaginative, and defensive. The other occupational category accounted for 16% of the male drink drivers and included occupations such as business manager, company director, public servant, and sales representative. Behavioral characteristics associated with this combination included acquisitive, adventurous, ambitious, energetic, extroverted, friendly, and generous.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Interleukin-1 inhibits drinking behaviour through prostaglandins, but not by nitric oxide formation.

Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) causes inhibition of drinking behaviour. Moreover it induces formation of prostaglandins (PGs) and nitric oxide (NO). Both PGs and NO are able to inhibit drinking stimulated by water deprivation or by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of angiotensin II. In this study, we studied in the preoptic area (POA) the possible role of PGs and NO in the antidipsogenic action induced by IL-1 beta. IL-1 beta was injected in the lateral cerebral ventricle (i.c.v.) (2.5, 10, 20, and 40 ng/rat) or into POA (0.625, 1.25, 2.5, and 10 ng/rat). L-arginine (12.5, 25, 50, and 100 ng/rat), the precursor of NO, or NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (25, 50, and 100 ng/rat), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), were injected only into POA. Drinking behaviour was induced by water deprivation (24 h). IL-1 beta injected either i.c.v. or into POA caused dose dependent inhibition of drinking. In the POA a treatment with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) (33, 66, and 135 micrograms/rat), but not with L-NAME, antagonized the inhibition of drinking behaviour induced by the highest doses of IL-1 beta in the POA. In the POA, a treatment with ASA or L-NAME antagonized the inhibition of drinking behaviour caused by injection of the highest doses of L-arginine. Our data suggest that the central inhibition of drinking behaviour of IL-1 beta is mediated through the formation of PGs, but not NO, in the POA.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The role of mouth state in the termination of drinking behavior in humans.

Drinking behavior produces a reduction in the unpleasant dry-mouth sensations that accompany thirst. However, it is unclear whether or not the termination of drinking behavior is governed by a mechanism that meters this process. Twenty-two participants were tested in both a "dry mouth" and a control condition. In the dry-mouth condition, they exercised for 20 min. Participants then placed two cotton-wool rolls in each cheek, adjacent to the upper and the lower teeth with the mouth closed, and then drank water through a straw until they felt satiated. The control condition was identical except that participants placed only a single roll in each cheek, adjacent to the lower teeth. Pilot testing confirmed that using two rolls in each cheek reduced saliva volume in the main oral cavity more effectively than one roll. In both conditions, thirst increased after exercise. However, intake volumes, the number of drinking bouts, and the duration of the drinking episodes, were significantly greater in the dry-mouth condition (means; episode = 93.8 s, bouts = 7.0, volume = 428 mL) than in the control condition (means; episode = 69.3 s, bouts = 4.7, volume = 300 mL). These findings suggest that the termination of drinking behavior is governed by changes in mouth dryness. More specifically, saliva production increases during drinking, and this attenuates the need to continue drinking to relieve mouth dryness.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Effect of castration and gonadal hormones on insulin-induced drinking.

Female Wistar rats in any of the estrual phases have been shown to drink significantly more water than males (p < 0.05), after a single I.P. insulin injection (5 U/kg b.wt.). Sexual differences in insulin-induced drinking persisted after castration when it was made in adult rats (4.6 +/- 1.2 ml/2 h, males = 8; vs. 13.0 +/- 3.1 ml/2 h, females = 8; p < 0.05). On the other hand, when animals were castrated before puberty or when newborn, sexual differences in insulin-induced drinking disappeared. Hence, insulin-induced drinking seems to be a sex-dependent phenomenon that differentiates just before or during puberty since it is abolished by castration prior to sexual maturation. Sex hormone administration in male and female rats castrated at different ages showed a variety of actions on insulin-induced drinking. A pattern emerged showing that androgenized (testosterone treated) rats drank usually less in response to insulin than estrogen-treated rats (independent of their genetic sex). According to the above results, we can conclude that insulin-induced drinking is a phenomenon sensible to gonadal hormones, both by conditioning the differentiation of some physiological structure or mechanisms that underlay drinking behavior in that paradigm and by a direct action on these or other related mechanisms.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Drinking related direct current positive potential shift in the human EEG depends on thirst.

Scalp recorded direct current (DC)-potential shifts were examined in 11 human subjects who had either thirsted for 16 h or had quenched thirst before recordings. The recording epoch included a 3-min baseline, an interval of about 5 min during which subjects drank 400 ml of water, and a 7-min post-drinking interval. Consistent with previous data, when thirsty, subjects displayed a widespread negative DC-potential shift during drinking which was replaced by a positive DC shift at the transition to the post-drinking interval. The positivity after drinking lasted for about 2 min and averaged 146 microV at frontal recording sites. Quenching thirst before recordings reduced the positive DC-potential shift upon drinking, whereas changes in preceding drinking related DC negativity appeared to be secondary. The post-drinking positive DC-potential shift depending on the subject's motivational state can be considered an indicator of reward associated with quenching thirst, pointing to a lowered frontocortical excitability during reward.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Preventing underage drinking: a "roll of the dice".

This study examines the efficacy of a video entitled "Underage Drinking: A Roll of the Dice," and accompanying discussion guide. The video illustrates the civil and criminal consequences of underage drinking. The video and discussion aimed to: (1) increase awareness about the problem of underage drinking; (2) increase viewers' and participants' knowledge and perceptions of the risks and responsibilities and reduce the perceived acceptability of underage drinking; and (3) encourage discussion between youths and adults about underage drinking. The "Roll of the Dice" was evaluated in 19 school and community groups in Hawaii. Groups were randomly assigned to receive follow-up materials or no follow-up materials. Evaluation involved three surveys: pretest, posttest, and follow-up. Three hundred youths and adults responded to the first two surveys, and 220 people completed a third survey. Youths and adults showed increases in short-term knowledge, perceived risk, and perceived responsibility, and a decrease in perceived acceptability of underage drinking after viewing the video. Significant improvement between the pretest and follow-up was observed, although the changes were not entirely maintained at the time of the posttest. The results showed that legal consequences of underage drinking are not common knowledge, and that a well-designed one-time program can make a difference. This video and discussion session provide an inexpensive way to raise adults' and youths' awareness of the laws and penalties, resulting in effects maintained for at least a month after the program. Additional follow-up materials did not enhance retention of changes in knowledge and attitudes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Alcohol expectancies, alcohol consumption, and problem drinking: the moderating role of family history.

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the moderating role of family history (FH) of alcohol use disorders on the association between positive alcohol expectancies and drinking behavior (quantity/frequency of drinking and alcohol-related problems). Lifetime DSM-III-R diagnoses of alcohol abuse/dependence in probands from the Yale Family Study were used to classify FH status of adult relatives, yielding 149 relatives of probands with alcohol abuse/dependence and 110 relatives of controls. Significant main effects were found for FH of alcoholism on problem drinking symptoms and for alcohol expectancies concerning both problem drinking symptoms and quantity/frequency of alcohol use. Regarding moderating effects, there was a significant interaction between alcohol expectancies and FH only for problem drinking symptoms. When familial density of alcoholism was examined as a moderator, significant effects were found for all drinking variables, thus demonstrating that the degree to which alcohol expectancies was associated with the drinking outcomes varied by the extent to which alcohol use disorders clustered in families. The findings are discussed in terms of the interaction of alcohol-related risk factors and the importance of using multiple indicators of familial vulnerability.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of drink familiarity on tolerance to alcohol.

Cues associated with familiar alcoholic drinks such as beer may, through repeated association with the unconditioned stimulus properties of alcohol, acquire the status of classically conditioned stimuli. It has been proposed that such drug-related conditioned stimuli mediate drug tolerance. Thus, the aim of the present experiment was to test this proposition on cognitive, subjective, and psychophysiological indicators of alcohol tolerance using human subjects. Two groups of subjects received alcohol in the form of a familiar drink (beer) or an unfamiliar drink (blue peppermint mixture). Both drinks contained the same dose of alcohol and were consumed at the same rate. Although conditioned heart rate and skin conductance responses occurring while subjects looked at and tasted the test drinks were weak, there were strong indicators of conditioned tolerance on the performance measures following consumption. Subjects who consumed the unfamiliar drink were significantly poorer on cognitive and motor tasks, and they rated themselves more intoxicated than did those who consumed the familiar drink.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Alcohol consumption in university students: the role of reasons for drinking, coping strategies, expectancies, and personality traits.

Despite the popularity of the social learning perspective of alcohol abuse, there have been limited efforts devoted to developing comprehensive models that delineate the roles of the constituent components of this approach. In the present study, we determined whether reasons for drinking, coping strategies, alcohol expectancies, and personality traits predict binge drinking and alcohol consumption levels in university students. Escape drinking was the sole positive direct predictor of binge drinking. Social drinking predicted alcohol consumption and thereby exerted an indirect influence on binge drinking. Alcohol expectancies played a significant role in the model but only by influencing reasons for drinking. Although the use of alcohol and/or drugs to cope predicted alcohol consumption, none of a variety of other coping strategies exerted a significant influence in the model. Stress responsivity-related personality traits played a significant role, primarily via an influence on alcohol expectancies. These findings provide support for the social learning perspective of alcohol abuse and offer further insight into the factors that contribute to the development of risky alcohol consumption patterns.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Self-control in relation to problem drinking and symptoms of disordered eating.

The present study investigated problem drinking and symptoms of disordered eating in relation to (a) restrained drinking and eating, and (b) cognitive self-control. One hundred and ninety-eight high school students (97 males and 101 females; mean age = 16.45 years) completed questionnaires that assessed problem drinking, symptoms of disordered eating, restrained eating and drinking, and cognitive self-control. Using principal components analysis, three factors with eigenvalues greater than 1 were found to summarize the interrelationships among the examined measures. For both sexes, the first two factors primarily reflected problem drinking and restrained drinking, and problem eating and restrained eating, respectively. The third factor reflected a more general problem with control underlying aspects of both problem drinking and problem eating.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Naltrexone improves outcome of a controlled drinking program.

Naltrexone is widely used in therapeutic programs with abstinence as a goal. However, it has been used in only a few studies aimed at reducing alcohol consumption. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of naltrexone as an adjunct in controlled drinking programs. This was an open randomized study of 12 weeks duration that compared two therapeutic strategies: use of naltrexone in a controlled drinking program (NTX+CD) and the controlled drinking program alone (CD), without NTX. Each group comprised 30 male patients with mild alcohol dependence. During treatment, there were no differences between groups in drinking behavior, though the NTX+CD group showed significantly less craving. In the 12-month follow-up period, the NTX+CD group showed significantly fewer drinking days and heavy drinking days and less craving than the CD group. The results of this study suggest a role for naltrexone in controlled drinking programs.

Adult↗