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PubMed1997

White blood cells, C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in pneumococcal pneumonia in children.

We evaluated the applicability of C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), white blood cell count (WBC), and absolute neutrophil count (ANC), in the screening of pneumococcal (PNC) pneumonia in children. In 1981-1982, 161 children were treated for radiologically verified community-acquired pneumonia in the hospital during a period of 12 months. The Streptococcus pneumoniae aetiology of infection was studied by antigen, antibody and immune complex assays in acute and convalescent sera. In acute blood samples, CRP was measured by the immunonephelometric method, ESR by the Westergren method, WBC using an automatic cell counter, and thereafter the ANC was calculated after microscopic examination of peripheral smears. CRP and ESR were significantly higher in patients with alveolar (n=53) than in those with interstitial (n=108) pneumonia. CRP, ESR and ANC were significantly higher in PNC (n=29) than in viral (n=23) pneumonia. The values in mixed PNC and viral infections (n=17) were approximately midway between PNC and viral cases. All cases with serologic evidence of S. pneumoniae aetiology were combined (n=46) for calculation of diagnostic parameters. When a cut-off limit of 60 mg x L(-1) was used, CRP had a sensitivity of 26% and a specificity of 83% in the screening of PNC pneumonia. We conclude that C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate have a limited capacity to differentiate between pneumococcal and nonpneumococcal pneumonia. C-reactive protein is recommended as the first-line method of screening, and the value of 60 mg x L(-1) as the cut-off limit.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Flow cytometry instrumentation in research and clinical laboratories.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the basic components of a flow cytometer and the features unique to research and clinical instruments. DATA SOURCES: Recent review articles and textbooks on cytometry or laboratory diagnosis. STUDY SELECTION: Not applicable. DATA EXTRACTION: Performed by the authors. DATA SYNTHESIS: A cytometer is used for counting and measuring the physical and chemical characteristics of cells and other biological particles. A flow cytometer is different from other cytometers in that a single-cell suspension is passed through it in a fluid stream. A flow cytometer is a complex combination of optics, fluidics, and electronics. A labeled cell is forced through the system, causing the cell to scatter light and emit fluorescence. This output is sensed by photodetectors and then amplified and converted to digital signals for storage in computers. This stored data can be displayed or used for further analysis. CONCLUSION: Some instruments can separate cells that meet certain preselected criteria. Therefore, the flow cytometer is widely used in research as well as in clinical immunology and hematology to perform rapid immunophenotyping, cell sorting, and DNA analysis.

Cell Separation↗

PubMed1990

[Criteria of high caries risk in the targeted preventive-curative care of 16- to 35-year-olds. The Dresden prevention study].

Among 300 patients 16-35-yr-old 21 of them showed a high individual caries risk. Estimation of caries risk was based on the following criteria: caries experience, sugar consumption, fluoride application, dry mouth, plaque accumulation, secretion rate, buffer capacity and S. mutans and lactobacillus counts in saliva. In case of high caries risk a sure diagnosis and directed preventive-therapeutic intervention depend on a complex consideration of all the risk factors.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

Preventing wound infections.

Quantitative bacterial studies have demonstrated that successful wound closure and healing can be expected if fewer than 10(5) bacteria per gram of tissue are present. The aim of wound management techniques is to reduce bacterial counts. Among the techniques are pulsatile jet lavage, with or without mechanical debridement; the application of biologic dressings; meticulous hemostasis and evacuation of hematomas, and antimicrobial therapy.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1985

Theoretical aspects of diagnostic histopathology and their relation to morphometry.

The theoretical aspects of diagnostic histopathology are discussed and their relationship to morphometry is examined. In diagnostic pathology, one tends to look at certain structural features, overlooking other details regarded as unimportant. In fact, the pathologist is continuously reducing the images under observation into a new simplified reality, based on a theoretical model (concept). The model is composed of features in a structural interrelation that is thought to be specific for the pathologic diagnosis being considered. The pathologist also selects appropriate regions for study in order to enhance the possible successful application of the appropriate criteria for the given diagnosis; the diversity of different tissues within, between and at different levels requires a vast experience in order to select the appropriate criteria in a specific situation. Analytical histopathology and morphometry require a more conscious construction of a model comprising the concept of the pathologic process and the criteria for its diagnosis. The theoretical background subconsciously used in the pathologist's daily practice is thus the essential knowledge for the application of morphometry in diagnostic histopathology, the basis on which elements for measurement or counting and on which compartments for calculation are selected.

Biopsy↗

PubMed1994

[Cell Dyn 3000: technical performance and applications in hematologic pathology].

The Abbott Cell-Dyn (CD) 3000 is an automatic analyser, designed to give cell blood counts (CBC) and white blood differential (WBCD) by 4 angels diffraction analysis. Evaluation was performed by comparison between results obtained by CD and those obtained by Technicon H1 and by microscopic examination. Technical performances as reproducibility, linearity, carryover were quite well acceptable. On normal samples, neutrophils (NE), lymphocytes (LY) and eosinophils (EO) were found to correlate with optical method with coefficient (R) values higher than 0.9. Weaker R coefficients were found for monocytes (MO) and basophils (BA), however it didn't involve clinical consequences. Significant threshold for immature granulocytes (IG) and variant lymphocytes (VL) flags were built. By using those, a false positive rate of 7% was shown. In hematological diseases, no false negative was detected because all samples were flagged. However, no acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was studied, so the detection of lymphoblast, as known as a real difficulty for analyser, was not yet evaluated. Blasts in acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) and hairy cells were both noticed by CD. Moreover, for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), three groups were described, according to the flags released. Knowing its performances and its limits, CD is a good analyser usable in an all round or a hematological laboratory with high number of WBCD per day.

Autoanalysis↗

PubMed1994

[Drug consumption in diabetes mellitus (IV). The utilization of reactive material and systems for assessing blood glucose control from the viewpoint of primary care. The Group for the Study of Diabetes in Tarragona (GEDT)].

BACKGROUND: A study was performed to analyze the use of reactive material in the periodic follow up of diabetes. Likewise, the use of systems to assess glycemic control by primary care physicians was investigated. METHODS: Analysis of the habits of use of reactive material was performed on the diabetic population of Tarragona (548,900 inhabitants) by randomized survey of prescription in 525 patients attended in 12 primary care centers. The estimation of amount was carried out by a counting of the public prescriptions made. Similarly the periodicity and the results of the applications of glucoproteins in the reference laboratories were studied. RESULTS: A total of 253 diabetics (48%) were exclusively attended in the centers and 272 (52%) performed some type of home self-analysis; 26 (5%) in urine samples, and 246 (47%) in capillary blood. The estimated mean consumption was of 14 blood sugar strips per patient per month (168 strips/year) and 2.7 glucosuria-glucocetonuria strips (32.4 strips/year). The relative urine/blood ratio was 1/5.2. In 343 cases (65%) some glucoprotein measurement was reported within the last year, 330 (63%) corresponding to glucohemoglobin A1. The mean value was 8.3% (normal: 5-8%). The mean number of applications was 1.6 applications per patient per year. CONCLUSIONS: An enormous increase was observed in the amount consumed at the province of reactive material in blood and in the measurement of glucoproteins as the system to assess carbohydrate control in diabetes. A significant reduction was found in the use of reactive strips in urine by the diabetic population.

Blood Glucose↗

PubMed1993

Rapid differentiation of untreated, autoclaved and ozone-treated Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts using dielectrophoresis.

A novel automated dielectrophoretic electrode apparatus and procedure was used to differentiate between untreated, autoclaved and ozone treated Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts recovered from water. A freeze-frame video technique enabled images of oocysts to be captured when they collected at sites above and between the electrodes upon application of an electric field. The number of oocysts collecting could then be conveniently counted. Varying the frequency of the applied electric field allowed the construction of characteristic spectra for each sample.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

An animal model for external ear canal inflammation.

OBJECTIVE: To develop an animal model for testing efficacy of anti-inflammatory drugs designed to treat external ear canal (EAC) disease. METHODS: Histological and morphometric methods were used to characterize EAC inflammation produced by topical application of tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA) in mice. The effects of both single and repeated TPA applications were studied. A treatment trial was performed to evaluate the effects of a ciprofloxacin/hydrocortisone suspension on TPA-induced EAC inflammation. In 10 animals, two bilateral applications of TPA were made, spaced 24 hours apart. Immediately after the second TPA application, otic suspension was applied unilaterally four times over a 48-hour period. The contralateral EACs were left untreated to provide TPA-only controls. RESULTS: Twenty-four hours after a single TPA application, EAC skin showed polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte infiltration, vascular dilation, and thickening of the dermis and epidermis. Dermal and epidermal thickening were more pronounced after two TPA applications and PMN leukocyte infiltration remained high 48 hours after a second TPA placement. After treatment with the otic suspension, PMN leukocyte counts were reduced by an average of 76% relative to EACs that received TPA only. There was also statistically significant reduction of dermal swelling and a trend toward reduced epidermal thickness. Vascular dilation was clearly reduced as well EACs that received four applications of the suspension alone showed no adverse effects compared with those that received saline. CONCLUSION: TPA-induced inflammation of the mouse EAC provides a suitable model for testing the therapeutic efficacy of anti-inflammatory agents being considered for clinical use.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed2004

The effects of substratum on the pH response of Streptococcus mutans biofilms and on the susceptibility to 0.2% chlorhexidine.

Antimicrobial agents are now being studied in bacterial biofilms rather than in suspensions. However, no data are available whether the choice of substratum influences biofilm properties or the assessment of antimicrobial efficacy. This study compared dentin and polyacrylate (PA) grooves as substratum for biofilm formation on pH profiles after sugar challenge, as well as biofilm susceptibility to chlorhexidine. Streptococcus mutans biofilms were formed in a constant depth film fermenter (CDFF) by alternate pulsing with sucrose solutions and bacterial growth medium. Spatial and temporal pH profiles were measured using a pH microelectrode outside the CDFF in a flow reactor. Also, 15-d biofilms were treated with either water or 0.2% chlorhexidine and tested for total viable counts and organic acid content. The results show that in PA grooves, compared with dentin grooves, minimum pH was lower but recovered faster after a sucrose pulse. The pH response to sugar application decreased with the age of the biofilm more in PA than in dentin grooves. Chlorhexidine treatment in PA grooves gave greater reductions in viable counts and acid formation than in dentin. We conclude that the nature of the substratum not only affects metabolic activity of biofilms but also their susceptibility to antimicrobials.

Acrylic Resins↗

PubMed1993

A parallel evaluation of four automated hematology analyzers.

A parallel evaluation was performed on four automated hematology analyzers: the Celldyn 3000 (Unipath Corp., Mountain View, CA), the Coulter STKS (Coulter Electronics Inc., Hialeah, FL), the Sysmex NE-8000 (Baxter Healthcare Corp., McGaw Park, IL), and the Technicon H*2 (Miles Corp., Tarrytown, NY). The protocol included evaluation of the complete blood count and differential leukocyte count (DLC) parameters. The DLC evaluation was performed using the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Studies H20-A protocol. Based on this evaluation, the authors could not identify a single instrument that was clearly superior to the others. Overall, the four instruments were found to be safe and effective for diagnostic use; however, there were areas in which their performance was less than optimal. Particular questions were raised regarding the clinical usefulness of instrumental "flags" to identify qualitative leukocyte abnormalities. The results are discussed in relation to the selection of instruments for specific clinical applications.

Blood Cell Count↗

PubMed2001

The effect of external pressure, catheter gauge, and storage time on hemolysis in RBC transfusion.

BACKGROUND: RBC transfusions are often administered using externally applied pneumatic pressure. The effect of this practice on RBC hemolysis was studied during simulated transfusion performed in the laboratory. MATERIALS AND METHODS: RBC transfusions were performed sequentially via 16-, 18-, 20-, and 22-gauge cannulas with the application of a pneumatic pressure device at pressures of 150 and 300 mm Hg. Hb concentration, Hct, RBC count, free Hb, potassium, and LDH concentrations were measured in 5 mL of transfusate. RESULTS: Forty-seven RBC units, 20 fresh units (mean age, 10.8 days) and 27 old units (mean age, 28.9 days) were studied under all conditions. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the age of the unit and the external pressure applied were significant determinants of the degree of hemolysis. CONCLUSIONS: The application of an external pressure device results in minimal destruction of transfused RBCs, even under the most stringent conditions examined. Thus, external pressure application to expedite an RBC transfusion is likely to be a safe procedure for the majority of patients. Unusual clinical situations, such as massive transfusion in pediatric patients, should be specifically examined to confirm the safety of this procedure.

Air Pressure↗

PubMed1991

Microlavage: a technique for determining the volume of epithelial lining fluid.

A new technique ("microlavage") was used to determine the volume of epithelial lining fluid recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage. A standard bronchial brush tube is used to lavage a peripheral lung subsegment rapidly with 20 ml of normal saline and the concentrations of urea and total protein are measured in the aspirated fluid. Using a very short dwell time for fluid (less than 20 seconds), this technique allows the urea dilution method to be used to quantify the epithelial lining fluid protein concentration, which is then used as an endogenous marker of the epithelial lining fluid in conventional bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The reproducibility of the calculation of the concentration of the lining fluid protein was assessed in 10 patients by performing the method in three separate lung subsegments. The mean coefficient of variation of the urea to protein ratio was 9.0%. A comparison of microlavage and conventional lavage was made in a further 28 patients. The differential cell counts were similar by the two methods, suggesting that similar epithelial lining fluid was sampled. The application of the microlavage technique to the calculation of epithelial lining fluid volume gave a lower value than the urea dilution method in association with conventional lavage. Microlavage should provide more accurate quantification of epithelial lining fluid volume and could be used in conjunction with conventional lavage, which is still required for an adequate harvest of alveolar cells.

Aged↗

PubMed1991

Application of mathematical model to multiple-dose experimental chemotherapy for fatal murine pneumonia.

Two beta-lactam antibiotics, cefazolin and cefmenoxime, were administered for 7 days to mice with pneumonia caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae by using dosage regimens that would simulate multiple dosing in usual clinical treatments at dosing intervals of 8 or 12 h. Viable numbers of the bacteria in the lungs were measured at 12- or 24-h intervals. The mathematical model established in a previous single-dose study was applied in this study to explain the time courses of the changes in bacterial count over 7 days. However, because the error in viable count measurements was larger than that in the previous study, the time course of the changes in mean viable count was not regular and the viable count reduction rate changed during multiple dosing, and therefore it was difficult to explain the time course by repeated application of the mathematical model described previously. This study suggests that the changes in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters during multiple dosing need to be considered.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

[Residual effect of commercial applications of larvicides temefos and Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis on Aedes aegypti larvae in recipients with water renewal].

The residual effect of temefos (commercial applications A, B and C) and Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (D and E) on Aedes aegypti larvae was evaluated, in recipients with water renewal. Forty-four beakers of 1,000ml each (8 for each application and 4 controls) were used. In each beaker, 25 larvae were introduced daily. After 24 hours, the dead larvae were counted, the beakers emptied to 200ml and refilled to original volume, with addition of new larvae. The duration of the maximum residual effect (100% of mortality) was: A-19; B-39; C-40; D-8; E-19 days. The mortality ratio of all applications remained equivalent for 25 days; B, C and E maintained MR equivalent up to 45 days; B and C showed MR 2.40 times greater than E, between 46-95 days; B, compared with A, showed MR 1.90-7.51 times greater between 26-95 days. The conclusion was greater effectiveness of two presentations of temefos, even in an epidemiological situation with long exposure to the product and renewal of water in recipients.

Aedes↗

PubMed2000

Linking numbers for self-avoiding loops and percolation: application to the spin quantum hall transition

Nonlocal twist operators are introduced for the O(n) and Q-state Potts models in two dimensions which count the numbers of self-avoiding loops (respectively, percolation clusters) surrounding a given point. Their scaling dimensions are computed exactly. This yields many results: for example, the number of percolation clusters which must be crossed to connect a given point to an infinitely distant boundary. Its mean behaves as (1/3sqrt[3] pi) |ln( p(c)-p)| as p-->p(c)-. As an application we compute the exact value sqrt[3]/2 for the conductivity at the spin Hall transition, as well as the shape dependence of the mean conductance in an arbitrary simply connected geometry with two extended edge contacts.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2001

Quantitative trait loci affecting clinical mastitis and somatic cell count in dairy cattle.

Norway has a field recording system for dairy cattle that includes recording of all veterinary treatments on an individual animal basis from 1978 onwards. Application of these data in a genome search for quantitative trait loci (QTL) verified genome-wise significant QTL affecting clinical mastitis on Chromosome (Chr) 6. Additional putative QTL for clinical mastitis were localized to Chrs. 3, 4, 14, and 27. The comprehensive field recording system includes information on somatic cell count as well. This trait is often used in selection against mastitis when direct information on clinical mastitis is not available. The absence of common QTL positions for the two traits in our study indicates that the use of somatic cell count data in QTL studies aimed for reducing the incidence of mastitis should be carefully evaluated.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Environmental persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis spores following aerial application.

Soil and leaf populations of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) were monitored following aerial application of commercial Bt formulations at the rate of 72 billion international units per acre per year during a 5-year period. Data from soil sample spore counts suggested that Bt spores persisted in Wasatch forest soils for up to 2 years but they did not proliferate. Bt isolates were recovered from leaf samples 12 months post application from sprayed, previously sprayed and from nonsprayed areas. The frequency and diversity of Bt isolates recovered from leaves was independent of sample area spray history. In accordance with U.S. Forest Service criteria, aerial application of Bt during a 5-year period resulted in the eradication of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar, L) from the Wasatch Front region of the Wasatch Mountain Range, Utah.

Bacillus thuringiensis↗