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Results for “Verbal Behavior”

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At least 1,243 records · Page 69Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

A case study of successful voice imitation.

Our voices and speech behaviour give cues to the listener as to our identity. These cues make it possible for the listener to recognise a voice without seeing the speaker. A professional impersonator has to identify the salient and characteristic features of the target voice in order to succeed. The present phonetic study of a Swedish professional impersonator and one of his voice imitations compares the target voice, the voice imitation and the impersonator's own voice. The findings indicate that a successful impersonation is the result of the impersonator's ability to alter his voice in numerous ways.

Cues↗
PubMed1997

Management of the patient with disruptive vocalization.

Disruptive vocalization (DV) is a common problem in the management of cognitively and physically impaired older people. This article reports the results of a consensus meeting convened to provide guidelines for clinicians and recommendations for researchers in this difficult and little-studied behavioral problem. DV arises largely in people with cognitive impairment and generally reflects an underlying need or discomfort. A variety of factors can precipitate and aggravate DV; the key to management is appropriate identification of all possible factors and development of an individualized treatment plan.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

A dimensional classification of autism spectrum disorder by social communication domains.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether "social communication" could be used to assess severity of symptoms in autism spectrum disorder. Social communication refers to the communication of cognitive and emotional information through facial expression, gesture, and prosody and through implicit understanding of pragmatics and of theory of mind. METHOD: Subjects were evaluated by raters using the Autism Diagnostic interview-Revised and either the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule or the Pre-Linguistic Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule. Two investigators independently diagnosed autism, Asperger's disorder, or pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified in 63 subjects. Items from the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised that were judged to represent social communication behaviors were factor-analyzed. RESULTS: Three factors were identified: affective reciprocity, joint attention, and theory of mind. Comparing this new classification approach to DSM-IV led to suggestions for possible changes in the latter: (1) Vocabulary and grammar deficiencies in autistic persons should be coded under developmental language disorder, (2) The diagnosis of Asperger's disorder may not be needed. (3) Requiring that all persons with autism spectrum disorder have a symptom from the "restrictive, repetitive, and stereotypic" list may need to be reconsidered. CONCLUSIONS: The DSM-IV category of pervasive developmental disorder may be ideal for diagnosing "classic" autism, but it may be inadequate for diagnosing less severe forms of the disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Graded group procedures for long term regressed schizophrenics.

It has been suggested that a graded sequence of treatments might be the most efficacious approach to the rehabilitation of the regressed schizophrenic. To date, however, no research has been reported which examines the relative effectiveness of various treatment combinations with this difficult population. The present study is an investigation of the relative effectiveness of three treatment sequences in increasing social interaction among long term regressed schizophrenics. In this study, 32 chronic schizophrenic patients were randomly assigned to one of three treatment sequences or to a control group. Each sequence began with six sessions of remotivation group therapy. Following, this, one group participated in four sessions of activities, another had social living discussions, and a third continued with remotivation therapy. Both the remotivation-activities sequence and the remotivation-only sesequence significantly increased social interaction relative to the remotivation-social living sequence and thecontrol group. Therefore it appears that both the activities groups and the remotivation groups are effective early components of a graded treatment program to increase social interaction among withdrawn schizophrenics.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

"That is bloody revolting!" Inhibitory control of thoughts better left unsaid.

An experiment explored the hypothesis that inhibitory ability helps people stop themselves from engaging in socially inappropriate behavior. All participants completed a Stroop color-naming task, after which half of the participants were asked to remember an eight-digit number (inducing divided attention). Participants were then offered an unfamiliar and visually unappetizing food product (a chicken foot) under conditions of either low or high social pressure to pretend that it was appealing. Participants who had full attention available and were under pressure to pretend the food was appealing were least likely to emit a negative response, and performance on the Stroop task predicted the degree to which they successfully restrained negative responses. These results suggest that the cognitive ability to inhibit unwanted information facilitates socially appropriate behavior.

Humans↗
PubMed1988

The development of social referencing.

The development of social referencing in 40 infants aged 6-9, 10-13, and 14-22 months was investigated in this study. Social referencing was defined broadly to include children's looks toward parents, their instrumental toy behaviors, affective expressions, and other behaviors toward parents. Children's looks at parents were more selective with increasing age, with older infants preferring to look directly at their parents' faces and younger infants showing no preference for looks to faces over looks elsewhere at the parent. Younger infants looked most often when their parents expressed positive affect, whereas older infants looked most often when parents displayed fearful reactions toward a stimulus. Evidence of a behavioral regulatory effect on instrumental toy behaviors was found only among infants 10-13 months of age. However, only infants older than 14 months of age inhibited touching the toy until after referencing the parent. On some measures these older infants showed a preference for toys associated with fearful messages. Affective expressions were in line with positive and negative behavior toward toys. No support for mood modification or simple imitation as explanations for the effects was found. Results indicated that the looking behavior of younger children may function differently than that of older children, and that social referencing involves a number of component skills that develop during the end of the first year and throughout the second year of life.

Affect↗
PubMed1982

Nursery nurses and nursery teachers II: Their attitudes towards pre-school children and their parents.

A survey of nursery nurses' and nursery teachers' attitudes towards children and their parents produced clear differences between the professional groups. Day nursery nurses expressed more sympathetic attitudes towards both children and parents than did their colleagues in centres and schools, while teachers had more sympathetic attitudes than nursery nurses. Teachers' attitudes towards parents were not related to their attitudes towards the children, while this was the case for nursery nurses. The difference between teachers and nursery nurses in their attitude towards parents is discussed in relation to differences in educational levels, consequences and possible mediation strategies.

Attitude↗
PubMed1978

Family interaction and communication deviance in disturbed and normal families: a review of research.

Recent family interaction studies are reviewed with an emphasis on looking for dimensions along which disturbed and normal families differ. Several areas of consistency in the literature were found, including: family coalition patterns, patterns of conflict, flexibility versus rigidity, family effectiveness and efficiency, and deviant styles of communication. It was concluded that several measures reliably discriminate disturbed from normal families and that one type of measure in particular is a reliable predictor of thought disorder in offspring. Implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1980

The training and generalization of conversation behaviours in psychiatric in-patients: a controlled study employing multiple measures across settings.

This report provides an account of a conversation training programme for psychiatric in-patients, developed on the basis of previous work in the area and on analyses of normal conversations carried out by the author. A further aim was to generalize these increases in social behaviour to patients' general ward settings. Generalization procedures include tasks for patients to do between training sessions and a reduction in the number of stimulus differences between treatment and generalization settings. Two control groups were employed to assess the effectiveness of this treatment as compared to (1) an existing behavioural approach to the problem of withdrawn patients and (2) a group who received similar increases in staff attention, tangible reinforcement, and who also had their own attention focused on social behaviour. This latter control group then went on to receive the training given to the experimental group. Patients were assessed before treatment, after treatment and at 8-week follow-up. Measures were taken on frequency of conversation during treatment, frequency of conversation on the ward, quality of various social behaviours during videotaped interviews and quality of social behaviours during audiotaped conversations. The results indicate the following: (1) both behavioural treatments increased patients' utterances during treatment sessions; (2) the experimental treatment was superior in generalizing this increased frequency, although these increases reduced at follow-up; (3) the experimental group show some superiority when assessed on videotape, and gains made in the quality of interaction do not reverse as markedly as in frequency; (4) on the audiotaped conversations, the experimental group improved their social ability considerably and these improvements were still evident at follow-up. The behavioural treatment control showed some improvements on generalized measures but not as much or as consistently as the experimental group. The attention control group went on to replicate the experimental group treatments and results.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Ward crowding and incidents of violence on an acute psychiatric inpatient unit.

OBJECTIVE: Violence in psychiatric wards is common, and it is on the rise. This study examined the relationship between ward occupancy level and staff-to-patient ratio and incidents of aggressive behavior, both physical and verbal, on an acute inpatient unit in rural New Zealand. METHODS: Logistic regression was used to analyze data collected from the ward's log of adverse incidents and the ward census over a 12-month period. A physical incident was defined as an unwelcome physical contact or willful damage to property. Incidents of self-harm were excluded. Verbal aggression was any threat of physical or sexual harm. RESULTS: Among 381 admissions during the study period, 58 incidents were recorded--25 incidents of verbal aggression and 33 incidents of physical violence. Logistic regression demonstrated that the occupancy level was positively associated with the occurrence of any type of violent incident. The average occupancy level when an incident occurred was 77 percent, compared with 69 percent when no incidents occurred. The average occupancy level was significantly higher when verbal incidents occurred (80 percent) than when physical incidents occurred (70 percent). No association was found between violence and staff-to-patient ratio. Incidents were significantly more likely to occur during the afternoon shifts (3 p.m. to 11 p.m.). CONCLUSIONS: Crowding was found to be significantly associated with aggressive incidents, and in particular with verbal aggression.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1972

"Thank you".

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Anxiety↗