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PubMed1988

Phagocytosis, intracellular pH, and cell volume in the multifunctional analysis of granulocytes by flow cytometry.

Phagocytosis of Escherichia coli K12 strain bacteria was used to measure by flow cytometry the functional activities of human granulocytes in whole blood or buffy coat preparations. In a first measurement, the increase in electric cell volume and acridine orange (AO) green and red fluorescence were used to quantify the degree of phagocytosis. In a second measurement, the intracellular pH and esterase activity of each cell were determined with 1,4-diacetoxy-2,3-dicyanobenzene to obtain information on the metabolic activities during phagocytosis and degradation of bacteria. The DNA of dead cells was simultaneously counterstained with propidium iodide in both assays. The volume, the AO green and red fluorescence, the internal pH, and esterase activity were automatically averaged for all granulocytes or lymphocytes of a measurement. The calculated mean values were transferred into the self-learning database of the DIAGNOS1-program system. The functional granulocyte parameters of normal healthy individuals can be used as reference values for the automated diagnosis of abnormal granulocytes in various infectious disease states. The assays require 1 ml of heparinized whole blood and the results are available within 1 hour.

Acridine Orange↗

PubMed2002

Developmental aspects of the control of manual aiming movements in aligned and non-aligned visual displays.

The goal of the present study was to determine for children and adults whether practice of a manual aiming task performed on a vertical computer display by moving a mouse facilitates performance of the same task but with a different display orientation. Children (6, 7-8, and 9-10 year olds) and adults practiced a video aiming task using a vertical display. Prior to and after this practice phase, they performed the same task but this time using a horizontal display simulating aiming performance in a normal environment. For all age groups, the results indicated that, on the amplitude component of the task, what has been learned with a vertical display transferred positively to performance of the same task with a horizontal display. No transfer, either positive or negative, was noted on the direction component of the task. A kinematic analysis of the participants' aiming movements revealed that the positive transfer noted on the amplitude component of the task resulted from positive transfer occurring for both the response planning and the motor control processes. Also differences in aiming performance noted between the children and the adults were caused by both more efficient movement planning and online control processes. Finally, the kinematic analysis revealed that both children and adults were able to modulate online their initial movement impulse, providing evidence of continuous or pseudo-continuous movement control based on visual afferent information.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Cognitive and sensori-motor functioning in the absence of the corpus callosum: neuropsychological studies in callosal agenesis and callosotomized patients.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of the corpus callosum in cognitive and sensori-motor functioning as measured by a neuropsychological test battery. After a brief review and analysis of the literature, we report our own studies in acallosal subjects (n = 9) and callosotomized patients (n = 25). The main instrument of evaluation was the Michigan Neuropsychological Test Battery. This battery was supplemented by age-appropriate intelligence tests. The performance of the acallosal group was compared to that of two matched control groups: one group consisting of children and adolescents that attended the same school as the acallosals and a second group of subjects recruited from regular schools. The callosotomized patients, tested pre- and post-operatively, served as their own controls. Taken together, the results of the reviewed and personal studies suggest that absence of the corpus callosum does not necessarily impede cognitive functioning. However, samples drawn from clinical populations tend to show a larger variability as to their mental abilities. In keeping with previous findings, our results indicate that the corpus callosum does play a role in bimanual motor coordination although other pathways (probably ipsilateral and/or subcortical) may provide adequate compensation in many cases. The data further suggest that the corpus callosum may be important for interhemispheric transfer of tactuo-motor learning when a spatial component is involved. Finally, our results are consistent with a facilitatory role of the corpus callosum in cognitive and sensori-motor functioning which allows for interhemispheric compensation as part of cerebral reorganization in the case of unilateral brain damage.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Oddity performance in preschool children at risk for mental retardation: transfer and maintenance.

The oddity performance of five preschool children at risk for mental retardation was facilitated by increasing the number of nonodd elements in a visual array. A combination intrasubject reversal and multiple baseline across subjects design indicated the internal validity of interventions designed to enhance the perceptual salience and consequent stimulus control of the odd stimulus. Results demonstrate that transfer and maintenance of oddity learning can be obtained even with individuals for whom correct oddity responding is uncommon. The typically poor performance of young and developmentally delayed children as compared to nondelayed children on tasks such as the oddity task may be attributable to a lower sensitivity to relational information.

Attention↗

PubMed1998

Modulation of ipsilateral motor cortex in man during unimanual finger movements of different complexities.

To understand the role of the ipsilateral motor cortex in the control of unimanual movements, we evaluated changes in cortical motor evoked potentials (MEP) from the left abductor pollici brevis (APB) to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the right hemisphere in nine normal subjects during execution of right finger movements of different complexities. The motor tasks were (a) repetitive opposition movement (thumb tapping the 3rd finger); (b) isolated finger movements in a 'usual' sequence (thumb tapping fingers 2, 3, 4 and 5) and (c) in an 'unusual' sequence (thumb tapping fingers 3, 5, 2 and 4). Subjects were trained before the study up to disappearance of EMG synkinetic activity in the left APB. As compared to the rest condition, MEP amplitude was enhanced in all subjects during paradigm (b) and even more during (c), but remained unchanged during paradigm (a). The MEP increase disappeared in four out of the nine subjects undergoing overtraining. No significant modifications in MEP amplitude were found in the left proximal muscle (biceps, five subjects). The H reflex induced by left median nerve stimulation at the elbow (four subjects) and MEPs from the left APB to transcranial electrical stimulation (three subjects) were not significantly affected by any of the motor paradigms, indicating that the motor cortex was the site of change. These results provide evidence of an increased excitability of cortical motor outputs targeting the unmoving hand muscles during contralateral sequential finger movements which disappears with overtraining. We conclude that during motor learning there is an interhemispheric transfer of information, possibly in order to inhibit the opposite hemisphere from interfering when a fine unimanual movement is required.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Utilization of screening mammography--1990.

Although much has been accomplished in the last few years toward the early detection of breast cancer, we are far from a goal of universal acceptance of the recommended preventive health program of screening mammography. To take an analogy from the Papanicolaou smear, we are somewhere in the 1960s. Both women and physicians have more to learn, and they need to transfer that knowledge into practice.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Decision support in medicine: lessons from the HELP system.

PURPOSE: This report describes an ongoing transition from the HELP Hospital Information System to HELP II, a replacement Health Information System built to manage clinical information captured in a variety of medical settings. The focus of the article is on the medical decision support provided by this system and studied by researchers at the University of Utah and Intermountain Health Care (IHC), a large health care organization in Utah, for many years. METHODS: Select success features of the original HELP system's decision support environment are identified and lessons learned are related. Plans for transferring these features to HELP II are discussed. RESULTS: The article focuses on four features: (1) the importance of easy access to patient data essential for decision support, (2) the commitment to continued measurement and revision of both the logic and the interventional strategy in a decision support application, (3) experience with data mining as a tool for developing decision support tools, and (4) the role of clinical reports in supporting the decision making process.

Decision Support Systems, Clinical↗

PubMed1988

The journal of motor behavior in the 1960s and the 1980s.

Between the 1960s and the 1980s there has been an increase in the Journal of Motor Behavior (JMB) of neuromuscular theories of control, of continuous records showing amplitude or force over time, and of electromyograms (EMGs). Investigations of the advance programming of complex movements have also increased. There has been a decrease in paced manual tracking, in movements along a fixed path, and in studies of proprioception. Investigations of transfer or interference, of motor learning, and of muscular fatigue have also decreased. Some investigators still appear to be unaware of the contraction bias or regression effect.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1989

Rethinking patient education.

The aim of this paper is to critically examine and challenge some of the assumptions which underpin the research and non-research based literature on patient education. Doubts are expressed concerning the transferability of theories of adult learning to patient education; and concern is expressed over the imbalance in the literature where emphasis is placed on the psychological benefits of teaching, rather than physical outcomes. In the light of the available evidence which suggests that nurses are not 'good patient teachers' the case is made to support the suggestion that patient education should become the responsibility of specialist nurses. In addition, computer-assisted learning (CAL) is proffered as the solution to a number of the problems facing patient educators. CAL is seen as a means of empowering the patient, rather than the nurse to take control, and this is viewed as a positive move in the direction of self-care. The paper concludes by suggesting that CAL might be used with good effect by patients with particular learning difficulties; for example the blind or partially sighted, and people who are illiterate or have a low reading ability.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗

PubMed1993

Coping strategies of abstainers from alcohol up to three years post-treatment.

This study characterizes the experiences and coping strategies of 23 alcohol-dependent persons who maintained abstinence from alcohol use up to three years post-treatment. Interview, journal, and mail questionnaire data were collected at 12, 18 and 36 months post-treatment. The results support and extend the theoretical model of change proposed by Prochaska and DiClemente (1984). Hallmarks of successful change included factors that can be learned, practiced, perfected and are transferable to other alcohol-dependent persons who decide to break the addictive cycle.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2004

The environmental context of patient safety and medical errors.

The environmental context of patient safety and medical errors was explored with specific interest in rural settings. Special attention was paid to unique features of rural: healthcare organizations and their environment that relate to the patient safety issue and medical errors (including the distribution of patients, types of adverse events associated with learning, information flows, triage and transfer decisions, and culture of safety). Relevant organizational theories and strategies fo medical error reduction and prevention in rural health care settings were identified. Financial and technical assistance are needed to support the systematic collection of data from rural hospitals and other entities and to enhance relevant patient safety practices for rural America.

Humans↗

PubMed2002

The many selves of social insects.

Social insects show multiple levels of self identity. Most individuals are sterile workers who selflessly labor for their colony, which is often viewed as a superorganism. The superorganism protects itself with colony recognition systems based on learned odors, typically cuticular hydrocarbons. Transfer of these odors within the colony obscures separate clan identities. Residual individual interests do appear to cause conflicts within colonies over sex ratio, male production, caste, and reproductive dominance. However, genomic imprinting theory predicts that the individual's maternal and paternal genes will evolve separate infraorganismal identities, perhaps leaving virtually no coherent individual identity.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Dietary interventions to prevent disease.

Changing dietary behaviors to prevent chronic disease has been an important research focus for the last 25 years. Here we present a review of published articles on the results of research to identify methods to change key dietary habits: fat intake, fiber intake, and consumption of fruits and vegetables. We divided the research reviewed into sections, based on the channel through which the intervention activities were delivered. We conclude that the field is making progress in identifying successful dietary change strategies, but that more can be learned. Particularly, we need to transfer some of the knowledge from the individual-based trials to community-level interventions. Also, more research with rigorous methodology must be done to test current and future intervention options.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Reflections on the early years of nuclear medicine.

In the early years of nuclear medicine, physicians explored applied nuclear physics, and physicists pursued uncharted areas in medicine. Reflections from Jim Adelstein, MD, PhD, John McAfee, MD, Henry Wagner, MD, Fred Bonte, MD, Dave Kuhl, MD, and Alex Gottschalk, MD, add to the appreciation of the diversity in those early years. These reflections may serve many purposes. For some, they may provoke nostalgia for the better life gone by. For others, reflections may create an awareness of the people and the process of what it took to be where we are today. For still others, this may provide some impetus to better understand the origins of modern imaging technologies and their diffusion. Which techniques in use today will be in use 30 years from now? Why will some survive and others go by the wayside? From research into the process of technology transfer and diffusion, can we learn to put our efforts today where they will have the greatest benefits to human beings some 30 years from now? How can we maximize the present value of our efforts to improve diagnostic imaging? Reflections from the past may help.

Diffusion of Innovation↗

PubMed2006

Towards an automated virtual slide screening: theoretical considerations and practical experiences of automated tissue-based virtual diagnosis to be implemented in the Internet.

AIMS: To develop and implement an automated virtual slide screening system that distinguishes normal histological findings and several tissue--based crude (texture-based) diagnoses. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS: Virtual slide technology has to handle and transfer images of GB Bytes in size. The performance of tissue based diagnosis can be separated into a) a sampling procedure to allocate the slide area containing the most significant diagnostic information, and b) the evaluation of the diagnosis obtained from the information present in the selected area. Nyquist's theorem that is broadly applied in acoustics, can also serve for quality assurance in image information analysis, especially to preset the accuracy of sampling. Texture-based diagnosis can be performed with recursive formulas that do not require a detailed segmentation procedure. The obtained results will then be transferred into a "self-learning" discrimination system that adjusts itself to changes of image parameters such as brightness, shading, or contrast. METHODS: Non-overlapping compartments of the original virtual slide (image) will be chosen at random and according to Nyquist's theorem (predefined error-rate). The compartments will be standardized by local filter operations, and are subject for texture analysis. The texture analysis is performed on the basis of a recursive formula that computes the median gray value and the local noise distribution. The computations will be performed at different magnifications that are adjusted to the most frequently used objectives (*2, *4.5, *10, *20, *40). The obtained data are statistically analyzed in a hierarchical sequence, and in relation to the clinical significance of the diagnosis. RESULTS: The system has been tested with a total of 896 lung cancer cases that include the diagnoses groups: cohort (1) normal lung--cancer; cancer subdivided: cohort (2) small cell lung cancer--non small cell lung cancer; non small cell lung cancer subdivided: cohort (3) squamous cell carcinoma--adenocarcinoma--large cell carcinoma. The system can classify all diagnoses of the cohorts (1) and (2) correctly in 100%, those of cohort (3) in more than 95%. The percentage of the selected area can be limited to only 10% of the original image without any increased error rate. CONCLUSION: The developed system is a fast and reliable procedure to fulfill all requirements for an automated "pre-screening" of virtual slides in lung pathology.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

Prior classical olfactory conditioning improves odour-cued flight orientation of honey bees in a wind tunnel.

Odours are key cues used by the honey bee in various situations. They play an important role in sexual attraction, social behaviour and location of profitable food sources. Here, we were interested in the role of odours in orientation at short distance, for instance the approach flight to a floral patch or in close proximity to the hive entrance. Using a newly designed wind tunnel, we investigated the orientation behaviour of the bee towards two different odours: a social odour and a floral component, linalool. We then tested the effect of prior olfactory conditioning (conditioning of the proboscis extension reflex) on subsequent flight orientation. We showed that both stimuli induced orientated behaviour (orientated flights, circling around the odour source) in up to 70% of the worker bees, social odour being slightly more attractive than the linalool. We found thereafter that orientation performance towards the floral compound can be significantly enhanced by prior classical olfactory learning. This type of information transfer, from a Pavlovian associative context to an orientation task, might allow future foragers to acquire, within the hive, relevant information about the odours and food they will encounter during their later foraging bouts.

Acyclic Monoterpenes↗

PubMed2004

A microswitch program including words and choice opportunities for students with multiple disabilities.

Two students with multiple disabilities were provided with two or three request microswitches and one choice microswitch. Activation of a request microswitch triggered the verbal announcement of one of the stimulus events related to it. The student could choose such an event through the choice microswitch or bypass it. The request microswitches were introduced individually and made available simultaneously by the end of the intervention and the postintervention period. Analysis showed that both students learned to use the microswitches. Transfer of the microswitch program into the students' home was very successful with one student and presented some difficulties with the other. Implications of the findings and new possible developments were discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

When disaster strikes. The concerns of staff nurses.

1. This study determined how involvement with an earthquake affected patient care delivery and ascertained what nurses need to continue providing safe and efficient care in future disasters. 2. Although 60% of the staff had experienced a previous disaster, the literature described that learned coping does not automatically "transfer" to present loss experiences. 3. Providing staff with debriefing sessions and other support groups is helpful in the post-trauma period. At all levels, there is a need to communicate concerns and to be involved in disaster drills and other disaster preparedness sessions.

Adaptation, Psychological↗