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PubMed2006

Dystonin deficiency reduces taste buds and fungiform papillae in the anterior part of the tongue.

The anterior part of the tongue was examined in wild type and dystonia musculorum mice to assess the effect of dystonin loss on fungiform papillae. In the mutant mouse, the density of fungiform papillae and their taste buds was severely decreased when compared to wild type littermates (papilla, 67% reduction; taste bud, 77% reduction). The mutation also reduced the size of these papillae (17% reduction) and taste buds (29% reduction). In addition, immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that the dystonin mutation reduced the number of PGP 9.5 and calbindin D28k-containing nerve fibers in fungiform papillae. These data together suggest that dystonin is required for the innervation and development of fungiform papillae and taste buds.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Taste function in patients with oral burning.

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is an oral pain disorder occurring primarily in post-menopausal women and is frequently accompanied by taste complaints. This association of symptoms suggests an interaction between the mechanisms of nociception and gustation, two senses with strong hedonic components. Seventy-three patients of the Taste and Smell Clinic at the University of Connecticut Health Center who reported experiencing 'unexplained oral burning' were evaluated for taste function. Both intensity ratings and quality identifications were measured for a concentration series of sucrose ('sweet'), NaCl ('salty'), citric acid ('sour') and quinine-HCl ('bitter'). The 57 women with BMS gave lower intensity ratings to NaCl and sucrose than comparably aged, same sex controls. Concentrations of NaCl and sucrose >0.10 M were most affected; concentrations of sucrose and NaCl <0.10 M were rated similarly by BMS and control women. No intensity differences were found for citric acid or quinine-HCl at any concentration and no differences were evident between the 16 BMS men and the 14 control men for any stimulus. The BMS women also misidentified the quality of 19% of the stimuli that were detected whereas control women misidentified 8%. Both groups detected a similar proportion of stimuli and found lower stimulus concentrations more difficult to identify than higher concentrations. Identification of NaCl as 'salty' and citric acid as 'sour' was particularly difficult for BMS women. The present findings are consistent with the hypothesis that pain pathway activation may affect neural and behavioral taste function.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Ibogaine effects on sweet preference and amphetamine induced locomotion: implications for drug addiction.

The neural basis of ibogaine's effects on drug-related behaviours is unclear. One possibility is that ibogaine interferes with the shared capacity of many addictive agents to stimulate brain dopamine activity, but reports of ibogaine effects on dopamine activity have been inconsistent. Our study suggests such inconsistencies may result from variations in prior drug exposure. If ibogaine blocks dopamine activity, then it should, like dopamine blockers, decrease preference for natural rewards such as sweet solutions. However, 40 mg/kg ibogaine i.p. did not decrease preference for a glucose + saccharin solution when it was administered to male Long Evans rats 24 h prior to test in Experiment 1. Nor did ibogaine attenuate conditioned preference for a neutral flavour previously paired with sweet taste in Experiment 2. In Experiment 3, effects of 40 mg/kg ibogaine on amphetamine-induced locomotion were investigated in drug-naive and drug-experienced (four prior doses of 1.5 mg/kg amphetamine) rats. Locomotion was significantly lower in those ibogaine-treated rats that had previously been exposed to amphetamine than in those that had not. Thus, ibogaine may serve to decrease induced levels of dopamine activity in drug-experienced animals or humans from elevated, sensitized levels back to baseline levels. This could lead to a reduction of sensitized levels of drug craving in addiction.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed2002

[Gustatory disturbance associated with putaminal hemorrhage].

48-year-old left-handed man experienced a sudden loss of taste, followed by dysarthria and dysphagia. Taste threshold examined by a small filter-paper disc method was severely elevated on both sides of the tongue. Brain CT revealed right putaminal hemorrhage that measured 9.3 ml in volume. In addition, brain MRI showed multiple cerebral infarcts bilaterally in the basal ganglia, and the corona radiata, and on the right side of the middle pontine tegmentum. His dysarthria and dysphagia seemed to be caused by interruption of bilateral cortico-bulbar tracts, and resolved within two weeks when edema around the hemorrhage regressed. The gustatory disturbance that persisted may be caused by the interruption of central gustatory pathways at the pons on one side, and subcortically close to the insular cortex on the other side.

Cerebral Infarction↗
PubMed2003

Are your patients depressed? Implications for dental practice.

Depressive disorders traditionally reside outside the realm of customary dental practice. Nonetheless, one in every five patients who visits a dentist experiences clinically significant symptoms of depression. The clinical implications of this are substantial. Depression is associated with diminished salivary flow and the complaint of dryness of mouth. It is associated with a diminished and distorted taste sensation, and a higher oral lactobacillus count. Depression is a risk factor for the development of dental caries, periodontal disease, and the erosive variant of oral lichen planus. Antidepressant medications can produce xerostomia, dysgeusia and bruxism. Depressive illness is a legitimate medical condition, with recognizable signs and symptoms, definable pathophysiology, and a significant response to treatment. Unfortunately, despite the availability of effective therapeutic measures, the majority of patients remain untreated. Routine dental checkup visits provide an opportunity for screening.

Antidepressive Agents↗
PubMed1982

Is taste related to anorexia in cancer patients?

Intensity and pleasantness of five suprathreshold concentrations each of citric acid, NaCl, urea, and sucrose in beverages were scaled by 62 patients with primary tumors in upper gastrointestinal or thoracic areas, 22 of whom had chemotherapy within the month before testing. Mean intensity scores directly correlated with concentration of sour, salty, bitter, and sweet stimuli and indicated no abnormalities of taste perception among patients grouped by tumor site, therapy, or appetite. In contrast, mean hedonic functions differed among individuals and groups. Patients on chemotherapy were less likely to display a distinct preference for any of the five concentrations of sucrose, particularly high levels, than those not on chemotherapy. Anorectics were more likely to prefer lower sweetness levels than nonanorectics, but sweet foods constituted a greater percentage of their daily caloric intake. Current theories for regulation of hunger and satiety were examined to elucidate the pathogenesis of anorexia in cancer patients.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Lithium-chloride-induced conditioned taste aversions in the Lewis and Fischer 344 rat strains.

Conditioned taste aversions (CTAs) are differentially induced by cocaine and morphine in the Lewis and Fisher 344 (LEW and F344, respectively) rat strains. Although the acquisition of LiCl-induced aversions has recently been reported to be comparable between the two strains, these aversions were induced by the oral consumption of LiCl, and the possibility exists that, given their different weights, that differential doses were functionally administered. To address the issue of LiCl-induced aversions in LEW and F344 rats (and to control for this possible confound), the present study assessed the ability of intraperitoneally (ip) administered LiCl to induce aversions in the two strains. Specifically, rats from both strains were given 20-min access to saccharin and injected immediately, thereafter, with 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 or 1.2 mEq/kg, 0.15 M LiCl (or its distilled water vehicle). Under these conditions, both strains acquired dose-dependent aversions that increased over repeated trials. Although there was no overall strain difference in LiCl-induced aversions, LEW rats displayed a stronger aversion at the 0.3 mEq/kg dose (on Trial 3) and acquired the aversion at this dose more rapidly than the F344 rats did (by Trial 2 vs. Trial 3). Although evident, this strain difference with LiCl does not parallel that reported with morphine (in which F344 rats are more sensitive than LEW rats) or with cocaine (in which the differences between LEW and F344 rats are larger and occur at more doses and on more trials). These cross-drug comparisons suggest that strain differences in aversion learning are drug dependent. Because drug acceptability has been reported to be a function of the balance between the reinforcing and aversive effects of various compounds, the examination of possible strain differences in aversion learning with a range of such compounds may provide insight into drug acceptability (and use) in these strains.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (author's transl)].

Functional disroders are the most important cause for complaints in the gastrointestinal tract. Dysfunction may concern one or more physiologic properties like tonus, motility, secretion, sometimes also resorption and digestion, or their interaction. Functional disorders of the esophagus (esophagospasm and achalasia) become manifest as dysphagia. Halitosis, bad taste, burning tongue, and flatulent abdomen are frequent symptoms of functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Irritable bowel syndrome is probably the functional disorder most freqently found in the gastrointestinal tract. Characteristic symptoms are pain in the lower and upper middle abdominal region, obstipation and/or diarrhea, flatulent abdomen, mucous discharge with the stools and urgent defecation with cramps relieved after discharge. Prognosis quoad vitam is good, the course, however, is subject to many changes. Therapie is symptomatic. Diagnostic and psychotherapeutic measures are intended to help remove carcinophobia and to overcome conflicts and fears.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Bulimia and swallowing: cause for concern.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there is evidence of a relationship between bulimia and abnormalities in swallowing function. METHOD: Literature review across a variety of professional areas concerning the physiological effects of bulimia on oropharyngeal swallow structures and function. RESULTS: Investigations of bulimic subjects have identified abnormalities in the oral cavity and oropharynx including dental erosion, changes in taste, tissue manifestations, and potential motility disorders that could impact swallowing function. DISCUSSION: While there is cause for concern regarding the effects of repeated self-induced vomiting behavior in bulimic subjects on swallowing function, more research is needed.

Bulimia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of acupuncture on smoking cessation or reduction for motivated smokers.

BACKGROUND: This study was undertaken to examine the effects of acupuncture on smoking reduction and possibly also cessation and to examine whether some acupoints are more effective than others for smoking cessation. METHODS: A total of 46 healthy men and women, 39 +/- 9 years of age (mean +/- SD), who smoked 20 +/- 6 cigarettes per day and had smoked for 23 +/- 8 years, and who wanted to quit smoking, volunteered to participate. The subjects were randomly assigned to two groups. One group was given acupuncture treatment at points previously used for anti-smoking (test group, TG). The other group was given acupuncture treatment at points assumed to have no effect for smoking cessation (control group, CG). Before each treatment and after the last treatment each subject answered questionnaires about his or her smoking habits and attitudes. In addition the concentrations of serum cotinine, serum thiocyanate, serum peroxides, and plasma fibrinogen were measured before the first and after the last acupuncture treatment. RESULTS: The daily cigarette consumption fell during the treatment period in both groups, but the reduction was larger for TG than for CG (P < 0.002). Altogether 31% of subjects in TG had quit smoking completely at the end of the treatment, compared with none in CG. For TG the concentrations of cotinine and thiocyanate were reduced significantly after the treatment period (P < 0.001), but no significant reductions were observed for CG. For both groups the taste of tobacco worsened during the treatment period, but the effect was more pronounced for TG than for CG (P < 0.05). The desire to smoke fell significantly in both groups after treatment, and the reduction was larger for TG than for CG (P < 0.001). No significant changes in serum peroxides and plasma fibrinogen concentrations were observed during the treatment period for either group. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that acupuncture may help motivated smokers to reduce their smoking or even quit smoking completely. Different acupoints appear to have different effects for smoking cessation and reduction.

Acupuncture Therapy↗
PubMed2006

Periadolescent and adult rats respond differently in tests measuring the rewarding and aversive effects of nicotine.

RATIONALE: Initiation of tobacco use typically begins during adolescence, and the nature of these first experiences with nicotine may affect the probability of continued use. In rodents, a number of studies suggest that periadolescents are more responsive to the rewarding effects of nicotine compared to adults. OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to determine if there are age differences in the rewarding and aversive effects of nicotine by using the conditioned place preference (CPP) and conditioned taste avoidance (CTA) paradigms, respectively. We also examined age differences in locomotor responses to nicotine. METHODS: In the CPP paradigm, male periadolescent and adult Wistar rats received nicotine (0.2, 0.4, or 0.8 mg/kg, s.c.) or vehicle prior to place conditioning trials. In the CTA paradigm, in separate groups of rats, periadolescents and adults were exposed to a 0.1% saccharin solution, followed by the administration of nicotine (0.2, 0.4, or 0.8 mg/kg, s.c.) or vehicle. Four saccharin-nicotine pairings were followed by a preference test and three extinction sessions. RESULTS: In the CPP paradigm, nicotine produced a dose-dependent place preference in periadolescent, but not in adult, rats. In the CTA paradigm, adult rats expressed a dose-dependent avoidance of saccharin after pairings with nicotine, whereas periadolescents were resistant to CTA formation. With regard to locomotor activity, adults and periadolescents showed comparable locomotor responses to nicotine. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that periadolescent rats find nicotine more rewarding and less aversive, compared to adult rats. This shift in the balance between the rewarding and aversive effects of nicotine may make adolescents more susceptible to continued nicotine use.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Does a reduced sensitivity to bitter taste increase the risk of becoming nicotine addicted?

Cigarette smoking appears to be on the increase in adolescents. The initiation of regular smoking nearly always begins before adulthood. It is therefore crucial to find ways of identifying those children most vulnerable to nicotine addiction and prioritizing them for preventive measures. We hypothesized that individuals who, in a simple taste test, perceive phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) as bitter may find the taste of cigarettes aversively bitter and could therefore have a reduced vulnerability to nicotine addiction compared to nontasters, who would be the group at greater risk of addiction. We studied 242 Plains American Indians, 136 women and 106 men aged 18-59 years, and found that (allowing for gender differences and the possible direct effects of smoking on taste) the proportion of PTC nontasters to tasters in smokers, even light smokers, was significantly greater than in both nonsmokers and social smokers (chi2= 15.875, 4 df; P=.003), suggesting that nontasters, who are not aversive to the bitter taste of cigarettes, may be more at risk for heavy smoking and therefore more vulnerable to nicotine addiction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1974

Lemon-juice therapy: the control of life-threatening rumination in a six-month-old infant.

Chronic, life-threatening rumination was eliminated in a six-month-old infant by squirting a small amount of lemon juice into her mouth whenever rumination or its precursors were detected. A brief suspension of this therapy demonstrated its crucial role. Lemon-juice therapy offers a practical and acceptable alternative to other therapies for rumination, namely electric shock and massive noncontingent attention. However, since this study is limited to a single case, claims as to the effectiveness of this therapy across children are premature.

Attention↗
PubMed2001

A bibliographical survey of bruxism with special emphasis on non-traditional treatment modalities.

After proposing a common-sense definition of bruxism, this partial review distills its various symptoms and consequences from the literature. That literature suggests that the splint-the most popular treatment modality-falls short in some respects. The research literature is even less sanguine about the efficacy of such other traditional therapies as sound alarms and stress reduction. Given the limited success of traditional approaches, and given, moreover, the high incidence of bruxism and its harmful consequences, clinicians may occasionally be interested in experimenting with non-intrusive, safe, less widely known, treatment modalities. To meet this need, this review-unlike all other reviews of the subject-focuses on such comparatively unpopular or recent approaches.

Bruxism↗
PubMed1990

[A pragmatic assessment of sense of smell].

A new clinical odour test was developed and validated in a clinical trial including 50 healthy volunteers as well as 35 patients suffering from smell disorders. The aromas were incorporated in an inert gas under disclosure from oxygen, avoiding impairment caused by oxidative transformation. Conventional smell test by Elsberg bottles was used as standard. The spray test proved to be equally effective in discriminating subjects suffering from smell disorders as the standard procedure. Moreover the spray test is feasible and long term constance of the substances is guaranteed.

Aerosols↗