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PubMed1988

Neurocysticercosis in Mexico.

Cysticercosis is caused by the establishment of Taenia solium larvae (cysticerci), mainly in the central nervous system (CNS) and skeletal muscle of humans and pigs, after ingestion of eggs shed in human faeces by the adult tapeworm (see centrepage diagram). Human neurocysticercosis - often a life-threatening disease - is increasingly recognized as a public health problem, especially in developing countries. Clinical incidence of neurocysticercosis can reach 7% in Mexico and 18% in the Ekari population of New Guinea, while prevalence in autopsies ranges from 0.4% to 3.6% in several countries of Latin America, Asia and Africa. Many cases have also been recently reported in the USA, usually in immigrants. In this review, Ana Flisser focuses on the problems of cysticercosis in Mexico, where the disease is now recognized as a priority both in public health and economic terms. Recognition of the problem has been greatly aided in recent years by new developments in diagnosis - especially computed tomography (CT) to diagnose early stages of neurocysticercosis - and by improved drug treatment.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

Helminths as heirlooms and souvenirs: a review of new world paleoparasitology.

Evidence from studies on ancient human feces, intestinal contents and organs of preserved bodies has established that Enterobius vermicularis, Trichuris trichiura, Diphyllobothrium spp and probably Trichinella spiralis infected humans in the pre-Columbian New World. These species, and perhaps other common human helminths for which there is not yet convincing evidence, probably accompanied transberingeal immigrants and their dogs, and thus can be seen as heirloom parasites. Early humans on the American continents were affected by helminths of native animals such as Paragonimus and Cryptocotyle, and these have also been found in precontact human remains. Michael Kliks considers that the indigenous parasites infecting early Americans may be viewed as zoonotic souvenirs of some 50 millennia of migrations from Alaska to Patagonia. Among the most serious zoonoses would have been infection by cystic hydatid larvae of echinococcid tapeworms, the many enzootic filarial worms, and a variety of larval trematodes and nematodes.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Echinococcus multilocularis in germany: increased awareness or spreading of a parasite?

The 'small fox tapeworm' Echinococcus multilocularis has recently become a matter of intense interest in Germany. A long-term increase of its prevalence in foxes has been noted in the well-known endemic areas in Southern Germany, and reports on the occurrence of the parasite in other parts of the country suggest that the parasite is actually much more widespread than previously thought. As nearly all of the relevant studies are published in the German language in a veterinary journal and in the hunting press, accessibility to the information is limited. Richard Lucius and Brigit Bilger here describe the situation, and discuss the possible reasons and consequences.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Protective immune mechanisms against the metacestode of Echinococcus multilocularis.

Infection with the larval stage of the fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis results in a life-threatening hepatic disease concerning humans and intermediate rodent hosts. Immunoepidemiological surveys provided information that a large proportion of infected individuals may demonstrate either constitutional resistance to early post-oncospheral development of the parasite or late resistance to disease by exhibiting an intrahepatic died-out parasite lesion. Similar events have been found in secondary infections of laboratory rodents. Dissection of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in susceptible versus resistant individuals provides insight into immunological pathways associated with the different outcome of infection. Survival strategy of the metacestode obviously focuses on the crucial role played by the parasite laminated layer. This layer protects the metacestode from host effector mechanisms which can potentially kill the proliferating germinative compartments in case of resistant hosts. Bruno Gottstein and Richard Felleisen here discuss the need to search for more parameters discriminating between the different immune pathways in order to find out (immunogenetic?) predispositions responsible for the respective phenomena.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1983

PGE2 generation and release by the larval stage of the cestode, taenia taeniaeformis.

The existence of an arachidonate cascade in invertebrate species has been little explored. We therefore sought to determine if two important prostanoid compounds, PGE2 and prostacyclin, PGI2 were generated and released by the larval stage of the cat tapeworm, Taenia taeniaeformis. PGE2 and PGI2 were identified by specific radioimmunoassay after thin layer chromatography of chloroform/methanol extracts of the worms or in vitro saline culture media. We detected a release of 176-182 pg of PGE2 from 2 worms after a 60' incubation at 37 degrees C with 4.5 mM exogenous sodium arachidonate. No release of PGI2 was detected immunochemically although 41 pg of immunoreactive material was identified in chloroform/methanol extracts of the worm alone. We therefore suggest that modulation of host immune responses could occur by the generation and release of prostanoid compounds such as PGE2, lipids which markedly suppress host cellular reactivity to the parasite. Secondly, the lack of any clot formation around the living organism may well reflect PGI2 presence at the surface of the parasite membrane. Although these findings are at present limited to larval cestodes we would propose that they may be more general means of evading host responses than heretofore suspected.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Critical tests in equids with fenbendazole alone or combined with piperazine: particular reference to activity on benzimidazole-resistant small strongyles.

Seven critical tests in equids were conducted with single doses of fenbendazole (5 mg kg-1) alone (Panacur--American Hoechst, Somerville, NJ); (2 tests with paste and 1 with suspension formulation) or in combination with piperazine (American Hoechst); (40 mg base kg-1); (4 tests with paste formulation). The main purpose of the tests was evaluation of activity against benzimidazole-resistant small strongyles (Cyathostomum catinatum, Cyathostomum coronatum, Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cylicostephanus goldi, and Cylicostephanus longibursatus). Natural infections of 2 populations of benzimidazole-resistant small strongyles were evaluated; 1 was population B in 2 horses and the other was population S in 5 ponies. Removal of the 5 species of population B was 49-91% in the animal treated with fenbendazole paste alone and 100% (4 of these species present) in the animal treated with the combination. For population S, 2 of the 5 resistant species were present in small numbers in 1 animal treated with fenbendazole paste alone and all were removed; the 1 animal receiving fenbendazole suspension alone had removals of 0-70% for the 5 benzimidazole-resistant species. Also for population S, the 5 resistant species were present in 2 animals treated with the paste combination and removal was 98-100% and of 4 of the 5 resistant species in 1 animal, removal was 76-99%. Removal of large strongyles (Strongylus vulgaris and Strongylus edentatus) was 92-100% for fenbendazole paste alone or in combination with piperazine in the 5 infected animals. For Oxyuris equi, present in 1 animal treated with the combination, there was 91% removal of immature and 100% removal of mature specimens. There probHably was no activity by fenbendazole alone or the combination against bots, tapeworms, and parenteral stages of S. vulgaris and S. edentatus. The combination may have had some activity against immature Habronema spp. and mature abronema muscae.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Efficacy of a substituted methyl benzimidazole carbamate against developing and adult helminth parasites.

The efficacy of a substituted methyl benzimidazole carbamate, methyl 5(6)-[4-N-(2-pyridyl)] piperazino carbamoyl benzimidazole-2-carbamate, was assessed against larval and adult forms of Ancylostoma ceylanicum (hookworm), Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (trichostrongylid), Hymenolepis nana (tapeworm) and Brugia malayi (filariid) in experimentally-infected animals. The compound was found to have high efficacy against the developing stages (L3, L4, L5) of A. ceylanicum in hamsters at a single dose of 12.5 mg kg-1, against larvae of N. brasiliensis at 17.5 mg kg-1 and against cysticercoids of Hymenolepis nana at 100 mg kg-1 daily for 3 days given per os (p.o.) or intraperitoneally (i.p.). All the stages of B. malayi in Mastomys were killed when the compound was given i.p. at a dose of 6.25 mg kg-1 for 5 consecutive days. A dose of 6.25 mg kg-1 eliminated all adult A. ceylanicum from infected hamsters, 100 mg kg-1 resulted in complete removal of Syphacia obvelata adults from 63.6% of infected mice, 25 mg kg-1 X 5 dose eliminated 100% of adult B. malayi from infected Mastomys and a single 50 mg kg-1 dose expelled all H. nana adults from infected rats.

Ancylostoma↗
PubMed1987

Prevalence of internal parasites in horses in critical tests of activity of parasiticides over a 28-year period (1956-1983) in Kentucky.

The prevalence and number of naturally acquired gastrointestinal parasites were compiled for horses used in critical tests of activity of parasiticides over a 28-year period (1956-1983). Data are presented as follows: n = number of horses examined; % = mean prevalence; number in parentheses after % = aggregate mean number of parasites in infected horses. Parasites found were: bots (n = 513) - Gasterophilus intestinalis, 2nd instar, 61%(58); 3rd instar, 94%(168); G. nasalis, 2nd instar, 36%(28); 3rd instar, 81%(51); stomach worms (n = 200) - Habronema muscae, 65%(179); Draschia megastoma, 29%(95); Trichostrongylus axei, 46%(3000); ascarids (n = 513) - Parascaris equorum, mature, 50%(25); immature, 23%(33); tapeworms (n = 513), Anoplocephala perfoliata, 17%(15); A. magna, 14%(10); large strongyles (n = 487), Strongylus vulgaris, 84%(80); S. edentatus, 79%(101); S. equinus, 6%(14); small strongyles (n = 210), 100%(142,000); pinworms (Oxyuris equi), immature (n = 210), 78%(9000); mature (n = 506), 40%(62); Probstmayria vivipara (n = 210), 12%(10(7]; S. vulgaris in cranial mesenteric artery (n = 472), 89%(57). The majority of the horses examined were mixed lighthorse type but several Thoroughbreds were included. Ages varied from about 4 months to 20 years old, with most being approximately 1-3 years old. They probably had either no or infrequent previous treatment with parasiticides. Most of the horses were selected for presence of certain internal parasites, usually large strongyles, prior to usage in the critical tests.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

New trends in parasitic infections of cultured freshwater fish.

The 1980s are characterized by the appearance of new fish parasitoses, the clarification of the aetiology of diseases and new insights into the process of infection and the development of important parasites, especially myxosporidians. Two phaerosporoses have entered into the foreground: swimbladder inflammation (SBI) caused by Sphaerospora renicola in common carp and proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in salmonids. Both diseases must be reported in the German Democratic Republic (GDR). The connection between the "C-protozoa" in the blood and S. renicola in SBI was recently clarified by experiments by Molnar (1988). The results of our own investigations indicate that the "K-protozoa" phase of S. renicola parasitizes mainly the brain and sometimes the spleen, pancreas and liver before appearing in the swimbladder. Hedrick et al. (1988) in the USA and Odening et al. (1988b) in Europe first reported a Sphaerospora sp. in Salmo gairdneri in connection with PKD. The spectacular findings by Wolf and Markiw (1984) and El-Matbouli (1988) elucidating on the life cycle of Myxobolus cerebralis have not yet brought the revolutionary change expected for a general new estimation of myxosporidian transmission as a basis for ecotechnological control measures. Examples for the formation of new regionally specific parasite colonizations offer the far Eastern cyprinids introduced into Europe. In the GDR the silver carp is infected by Chloromyxum barbi (Myxosporidia) (Sedlazsek), the pathogenic Gyrodactylus sprostonae and two new Gyrodactylus species (Pectobathrii) (Lux). Eel parasites new to Europe are the obviously imported and highly pathogenic nematodes Anguillicola crassus and A. novaezelandiae (Paggi et al., 1982; Moravec and Taraschewski, 1988). In Central Europe the infestation of rainbow trout by the tapeworm Proteocephalus neglectus is increasing (Priemer, 1980; Hanzelova et al., 1988).

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Coenurus in the muscles of a gemsbok (Oryx gazella).

Several swellings in the muscles of a gemsbok were found to be caused by coenurus. The finding is discussed and the relevant literature reviewed with regard to the occurrence of this tapeworm larva in domestic and wild animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Infectivity of Moniezia benedeni and Moniezia expansa to oribatid mites from Ohio and Georgia.

Six species of oribatid mites belonging to four families and five genera were successfully infected by M. benedeni. They were Scheloribates laevigatus (Scheloribatidae), Exoribatula sp. cf. biundatus (Scheloribatidae), Xylobates capucinus (Haplozetidae) and Zygoribatula undulata (Oribatulidae) from Ohio, and Galumna ithacensis (Galumnidae) and Scheloribates lanceoliger (Scheloribatidae) from Georgia. Cysticercoids were also recovered from S. laevigatus infected with M. expansa. Among the six species of mites, S. laevigatus is the major intermediate host of M. expansa and M. benedeni worldwide, while the other five species have not been previously reported as transmitters of Moniezia spp. This is also the first report of any species from the genera Exoribatula and Xylobates as intermediate hosts of tapeworms. Different species of oribatid mites varied in their efficiency as intermediate hosts of M. benedeni. Moniezia benedeni had higher infection rate and infection intensity in S. laevigatus than in other species. Development in S. laevigatus was also more rapid than in the other species. Mite size was only one of the determinants of intermediate host efficiency. Storage at 4 degrees C for 1 to 5 weeks reduced the viability of M. benedeni eggs. Stored eggs had lower infection rates and infection intensity and slower development in S. laevigatus. They also had lower infection rates in X. capucinus and Exoribatula sp. cf. biundatus.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Parasite spectrum and seasonal epidemiology of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants in The Gambia.

One hundred and four post mortem examinations of randomly selected sheep (52) and goats (52) were carried out weekly from March 1990 to February 1991. Gastrointestinal parasites were identified and counted. A large spectrum of 16 helminth species was found in 101 (97%) infected animals. The nematodes infecting small ruminants were, in order of predominance: Trichostrongylus colubriformis (96% of all animals), Oesophagostomum columbianum (82%), Haemonchus contortus (67%), Strongyloides papillosus (55%), Gaigeria pachyscelis (38%), Cooperia spp. (49%) and Trichuris ovis (12%). Forty-five (43%) necropsies revealed an infection with Moniezia benedeni, Avitellina centripunctata or Stilesia globulosa. Infections with Schistosoma bovis and Paramphistomum spp. were rarely seen. Goats carried significantly lower worm burdens than sheep and were less often infected by tapeworms. Nematode worm burdens followed a similar seasonal pattern in both host species. While Trichostrongylus colubriformis was also recovered in high numbers in the mid dry season, other species such as H. contortus, Strongyloides papillosus and Oesophagostomum columbianum reached distinct peaks in the rainy season (July-October). Different survival strategies for the prolonged dry season were observed. Haemonchus contortus outlived the unfavourable climatic conditions as inhibited larvae in the abomasal mucosa, while the other nematode species survived as adults with a reduced fecundity. Egg production per adult worm specimen was found to depend heavily on the season and egg counts in the dry season (November-June) did not correspond to the size of worm burdens. Unexpectedly high worm burdens were recovered from adult and old animals. Investigations of young animals indicated that no reinfection can occur during the dry season. The findings are discussed with regard to their relevance for strategic control of gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants.

Abomasum↗
PubMed1994

Parasitic infections of Indian yak Bos (poephagus) grunniens--an overview.

For centuries, the yak and its hybrids with domestic cows (dzomo/dzo) have been contributing to the socio-economic status of their owners in desolate regions of the Greater Himalayas. Studies on the prevalence of parasitic diseases in these animals were undertaken in Ladakh (Jammu and Kashmir), Sikkim and villages near the Indo-Nepal border of Uttar Pradesh. Visceral organs of necropsied animals were observed for the presence of adult metazoan parasites, fresh or preserved faecal samples were examined for the eggs of helminth parasites and protozoan cysts, and blood smears were examined for haemo-protozoa and microfilariae. In all, examination of 225 faecal samples, 180 blood smears and the visceral organs of thirteen yaks and dzomo/dzo was undertaken. On necropsy, visceral organs revealed various adult liver and stomach flukes, gastrointestinal nematodes, tapeworms, cysts of Coenurus spp. and hydatid cysts, as well as Setaria cervi worms and large and/or small sized Sarcocystis cysts. On coprological examination, egg prevalences of 10% for Fasciola spp., 6.6% for various amphistomes, 10% for Moniezia spp., 76.4% for Strongylate spp., 24% for Neoascaris spp. and 13.7% for Nematodirus spp. were recorded. Identification of infective larvae from the faecal cultures showed that a majority of eggs (86.3%) in the host faeces were contributed by nematodes belonging to Trichostrongyle spp., Ostertagia spp. and Cooperia spp. This was followed by Chabertia spp. (6.5%). Haemonchus spp., Bunostomum spp. and Nematodirus spp. together contributed only 7.2% of the eggs found. Among protozoan infections, Eimeria brasiliensis and E. zurnii were common. None of the blood smears evidenced any haemoprotozoa or microfilariae. Likewise, none of the animals were positive for Trichuris spp.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Studies on the influence of age in the infection of caged chickens by Raillietina laticanalis and on the susceptibility to reinfection.

The aim of the experiments was to explain the high number of worms found in chickens from a poultry facility. Infections by Raillietina laticanalis were achieved in chickens kept in the laboratory. Thirty cysticercoids obtained from beetles (Dermestes ater) caught at the poultry facility were administered by pipette to each chicken. The rate of recovered worms was employed to evaluate the persistence of the infection, the influence of bird age on susceptibility to infection, and the possibility of reinfection. To verify the persistence of the infection, a group of ten chickens was infected. At each of five different intervals, two chickens were necropsied. Tapeworms were recovered up to the 46th day. To verify the influence of bird age on susceptibility to infection, three different age groups were used in the experimental design: 3-4 weeks, 6-9 weeks, and 17-20 weeks. There was no difference in susceptibility to the infections across the groups. To investigate the possibility of reinfection, a group of birds received an additional dose of cysticercoids a few days after the first doses. Another group received the second dose only after the worms had already been established. There was a significant increase in the number of recovered worms in both groups when compared with the control. The short worms found in some experiments may be due to natural destrobilization. Thus, the high number of worms found in chickens from the poultry facility could result from both infections being acquired earlier and infections acquired at the laying stage, since we demonstrated the possibility of reinfection and the long lifespan of the worm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

Transmission of some species of internal parasites in horses born in 1990, 1991, and 1992 in the same pasture on a farm in central Kentucky.

Studies were conducted on transmission of natural infections of several species of internal parasites in horses born and kept on the same pasture on a farm in central Kentucky. Data for the first year (1989) of a 4 year study on this farm have been published recently. The present research represents the second (1990), third (1991), and fourth (1992) years of the investigation. The number of animals (n = 28) examined varied from eight born in 1990 to ten each born in 1991 and 1992. For each year, examination was made of one horse per month, beginning in June of the year of birth and extending through January (1990) or March (1991 and 1992) the following year. Ages of the horses at necropsy ranged from 87 to 251 days. Major parasites present and months of recovery were: bots--Gasterophilus intestinalis in the mouth September-January and in the stomach August-March; stomach worms--Trichostrongylus axei in August and November, Habronema spp. (immature) in July-November and January, and Habronema muscae in October, January, and February; ascarids--Parascaris equorum in the small intestine and lungs all months; intestinal threadworms--Strongyloides westeri in all months except February; large strongyles--Strongylus vulgaris in the large intestine in all months except July and August and in the cranial mesenteric artery in all months, and Strongylus edentatus in the large intestine in January and in the ventral abdominal wall in all months; pinworms--Oxyuris equi in June and January-March; tapeworms--Anoplocephala perfoliata in August-October and December-March; and eyeworms--Thelazia lacrymalis August-February. Yearly differences and similarities of infections in the horses are discussed. The value of this type of research is mentioned.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

In vitro hydroxylation of proline in the collagen of the cysticercus of Taenia solium.

1. In vitro hydroxylation of proline in cysticercus collagen was carried out using two different vertebrate enzymes. 2. Chick embryo enzyme is more active on cysticercus collagen than new-born rabbit enzyme. 3. Hydroxylation of cysticercus collagen is more efficient at 40 than at 37 degrees C. 4. No prolyl hydroxylase activity was detected in cysticercus extracts. 5. Collagen from the adult tapeworms Taenia solium and T. saginata lack hydroxyproline. 6. SLS crystallites from T. solium and T. saginata collagen show the same band pattern as cysticercus collagen.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Independent characterization of thymidine transport and subsequent metabolism in Hymenolepis diminuta--I. Comparison of short- and long-term transport kinetics.

1. Initial transport kinetics of thymidine in the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta have been characterized independently of subsequent metabolic activity, using short term (5s) incubation times. 2. Thymidine uptake by 10 day old worms using long-term (2 min) incubation times underrepresents actual transport capabilities by allowing subsequent phosphorylation to act as a rate limiting step in the coupled transport-metabolism pathway. 3. Apparent Kt values for 6 and 10 day old H. diminuta thymidine transport at 5s incubation times (0.073 nM and 0.091 mM) are close in value. Distinctions previously observed at 2 min incubation times may actually represent metabolic (and not transport) differences.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Homeoboxes in flatworms.

A search for homeobox-containing genes was done in the genome of a primitive metazoan, the parasitic tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. Five different homeoboxes were isolated, none of them belonging to the classical Antennapedia-type. Three of the homeodomains are similar to those from the Drosophila melanogaster NK-type genes. The fourth homeodomain shares extensive identity with that of the recently reported homeobox-containing gene goosecoid from Xenopus laevis. The third helix (the recognition helix) of the fifth isolated homeodomain is identical to that of the Xlim-1 gene of X. laevis and the lin11 gene of Caenorharbditis elegans. Using PCR, some Antennapedia-type homeoboxes were cloned from the genome of two other Platyhelminthes, Dugesia tigrina (planaria) and Fasciola hepatica. These data suggest that, contrary to what is found for the majority of the more complex metazoans, Platyhelminthes contain few homeobox genes belonging to the Antennapedia-type.

Amino Acid Sequence↗