Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Stereotyped Behavior”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,243 records · Page 69Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Pharmacological evaluation of minaprine dihydrochloride, a new psychotropic drug.

Minaprine (3-[2-morpholino-ethlamino]-4-methyl-6-phenyl-pyridazine dihydrochloride; 30038CM; trade name in France: Cantor) is a new psychotropic drug. The therapeutic profile of minaprine differs from that of other known psychotropic agents; in man the drug antagonizes the "inhibitory syndrome" characterized by decreased spontaneous activity, reduction in basic drives, slowed thoughts, feelings of tiredness and social withdrawal. Preliminary clinical trials have indicated that minaprine may also be effective in certain depressive states. This finding prompted us to study the effects of minaprine in animal models for depression. Like most antidepressants minaprine antagonizes behavioral despair, but the effect exhibits a slow onset and maximal activity is reached 24 h after administration. Minaprine also antagonizes reserpine-induced ptosis, this effect has a rapid onset, and is long-lasting. In contrast, minaprine poorly antagonizes reserpine-induced hypothermia. Unlike most antidepressants minaprine does not potentiate yohimbine-induced lethality. Minaprine potently antagonizes prochlorperazine-induced catalepsy in rats and potentiates amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior, suggesting that the drug may enhance dopaminergic transmission. Finally, minaprine does not antagonize either oxotremorine-induced tremors or physiostigmine-induced lethality. Taken together the results of the present study indicate that minaprine is active on certain, but not all, animal models for depression and suggest the drug may have a potential clinical utility in the treatment of human depressions.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sleep problems as possible predictors of intensified symptoms of autism.

Researchers have been placing an increased importance on discovering what variables contribute to better prognosis during behavioral interventions for children with autism. This article preliminarily identifies sleep problems that may exacerbate symptoms of autism; thus, possibly influencing effectiveness of daytime interventions. A data-base of parent report of sleep problems of children with autism (N=55), ranging from 5 to 12 years of age (M=8.2 years) was evaluated. Results suggested that fewer hours of sleep per night predicted overall autism scores and social skills deficits. Similarly, stereotypic behavior was predicted by fewer hours of sleep per night and screaming during the night. Increased sensitivity to environmental stimuli in the bedroom and screaming at night predicted communication problems. Finally, sensitivity to environmental stimuli in the bedroom also predicted fewer developmental sequence disturbances. The results indicate that sleep problems and the diagnostic characteristics of autism may be related. However, future research must be completed to determine the specific relationship.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed2002

Schizophrenia-like illness in velo-cardio-facial syndrome: a genetic subsyndrome of schizophrenia?

BACKGROUND: The study of genetic illnesses that have a behavioral phenotype resembling psychosis can provide important insights into the genetic basis of psychotic disorders and their patho-mechanisms. An important example of such a genetic disorder is the velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS) associated with 22q11 microdeletion. CASE REPORT: The case of a 22-year-old male, who had the typical genotype and phenotype of VCFS and developed a psychotic illness characterized by withdrawal, catatonic posturing, inappropriate affect, stereotyped behavior, negativism and poverty of speech, is described. He had a partial response to an atypical neuroleptic, but developed myoclonus that was controlled with an anticonvulsant. CONCLUSION: The association of VCFS with schizophrenia-like psychosis is worthy of further study as it may provide insights into the molecular basis of neurodevelopment and its aberrations in psychotic disorders.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1980

Behavioral and electrocortical effects after intrastriatal cefazolin in rats are antagonized by drugs enhancing GABA-ergic transmission.

Cefazolin, a semisynthetic cephalosporin, reported to reproduce in several animal species an experimental model of epilepsy, was microinjected into the head of the caudate nucleus in rats. The effects on behavior, electrocortical activity and the antagonism by GABA receptor agonists and GABA-transaminase activity inhibitors were studied. Cefazolin given into the III cerbral ventricle produced an intense pattern of behavioral and locomotor stimulation culminating into several episodes of wild-running crisis, myoclonic jerks of the limbs and in some occasions generalized clonic seizures, these effects lasting over 2 h. At the same time bursts of electrocortical high-voltage spikes followed bu intermittent high-voltage single spikes were recorded. Similarly cefazolin, given into the caudate nucleus produced contralateral circling, an increase locomotor activity, myoclonic jerks of contralateral limbs, intense stereotyped behavior and occasionally generalized clonic convulsions. In addition postural changes consisting in tonic contralateral head-neck deviation were observed. This picture was accompanied by epileptic electrocortical changes, i.e. high-voltage spikes, spike-waves complexes, recruiting polyspikes. The subsequent intraventricular or intrastriatal infusion of GABA, GABOB, muscimol or of GABA-transaminase inhibitors, ethanolamine-o-sulphate and GABA-vinyl-GABA was able to antagonize clinical and electrocortical changes evoked by cefazolin. In conclusion, the present results suggest that cefazolin motor and electrocortical effects are due to an impairment of GABA-ergic transmission.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Exploratory and displacement behavior in transgenic mice expressing high levels of brain TNF-alpha.

Studies reported recently have shown that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) a cytokine released by macrophages and monocytes plays a key role in inflammatory processes and immune and neuro-endocrine regulation. TNF-alpha is also produced in the central nervous system (CNS). However, the role of this cytokine in the CNS is largely unknown, although evidence indicates that it is involved in various neurobehavioral manifestations. Using transgenic mice expressing high amounts of murine TNF-alpha transgene in the neurons of the CNS, we investigated the stereotyped, exploratory, and displacement activities in the hole-board and black/white box. Transgenic mice and their normal control littermates were hybrids of the CBA x C57BL/6 genetic backgrounds and were obtained by backcrossing the CBA x C57BL/6 founder female and her progeny with F1 hybrid mates. Transgenic mice did not show changes in the stereotyped behavior on the hole-board, but they displayed several alterations in the exploratory activities both in the hole-board and black/white box. Transgenic mice also exhibited an increase in grooming when exposed to a highly unfamiliar environmental stimuli in the black/white box. The study suggests that supranormal endogenous TNF-alpha in the brain affects the behavioral responses to stressful conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Behavioral impairments in acute and chronic manganese poisoning in white rats.

Single p.o. doses of manganese chloride (MnCl2 x 4H2O; 50 mg/kg) induced significant and reversible decreases in total activity in white rats, along with worsening of the acquisition of an avoidance reaction in response to unconditioned and conditioned stimuli, increases in the latent period of conditioned reflex activity, and a temporary worsening of the learning process. Chronic manganese poisoning (daily p.o. manganese chloride at 20 or 50 mg/kg for one month) led to significant impairment of learning processes in a multipath maze but had no significant effect on reproduction of previously acquired stereotypical behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

The distal hindlimb musculature of the cat: interanimal variability of locomotor activity and cutaneous reflexes.

During stereotyped behaviors such as locomotion, patterns of muscle recruitment are usually quite consistent from animal to animal, even in the face of many surgical and pharmacological reductions. However, as studies of musculoskeletal structure, neuromuscular architecture, and sensorimotor circuitry become more detailed, it is important to ask whether there is some level of organization at which individual differences begin to dominate. This study concentrated on the small muscles of the foot and ankle, using standardized methods that consistently record stereotypical electromyographic activity from prime mover muscles and that permit well-calibrated stimulation of cutaneous nerves to elicit reflexes during treadmill locomotion. Some muscles (particularly the main ankle extensors, triceps surae, and plantaris) had stereotyped activity during both unperturbed locomotion and reflex responses. Others had stereotyped activity during locomotion but variable reflex patterns among animals (tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, and peroneus brevis). Still others had variable locomotor activity but reflexes that were consistent (flexor digitorum longus) or variable for only peroneal nerve stimulation (peroneus longus), only plantar nerve stimulation (peroneus tertius), or the two (flexor digitorum brevis). Among muscles with interanimal variability, there seemed to be no particular correlation between locomotor and reflexive recruitment in a given animal. This functional heterogeneity is discussed in terms of the development of locomotor and reflex programs and in the context of structural heterogeneity of some of these muscles that is described in the companion paper.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Expression of candidate pheromone receptor genes in vomeronasal neurons.

In mammals, olfactory sensory perception is mediated by two anatomically and functionally distinct organs: the main olfactory epithelium (MOE) and the vomeronasal organ (VON). Pheromones activate the VNO and elicit a characteristic array of innate reproductive and social behaviors, along with dramatic neuroendocrine responses. Recent approaches have provided new insights into the molecular biology of sensory transduction in the VNO. Differential screening of cDNA libraries constructed from single sensory neurons from the rat VNO has led to the isolation of a family of genes which are likely to encode mammalian pheromone receptors. The isolation of these receptors from the VNO might permit the analysis of the molecular events which translate the bindings of pheromones into innate stereotypic behaviors and help to elucidate the logic of pheromone perception in mammals.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

Molecular biology of pheromone perception in mammals.

In mammals, olfactory sensory perception is mediated by two anatomically and functionally distinct sensory organs: the main olfactory epithelium (MOE) and the vomeronasal organ (VNO). Pheromones activate the VNO and elicit a characteristic array of innate reproductive and social behaviors, along with dramatic neuroendocrine responses. Recent approaches have provided new insights into the molecular biology of sensory transduction in the vomeronasal organ. Differential screening of cDNA libraries constructed from single sensory neurons from the rat VNO has led to the isolation of a family of genes which are likely to encode mammalian pheromone receptors. The isolation of these receptors from the vomeronasal organ might permit the analysis of the molecular events which translate the bindings of pheromones into innate stereotypic behaviors and help to elucidate the logic of pheromone perception in mammals.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Extinction and amnesia in aggressive and submissive mice with various terms of agonistic interaction].

Dependence of the passive avoidance retrieval on the duration of agonistic interactions was analyzed in C57BL/6J mice in procedures of extinction and amnesia during formation of aggressive and submissive behavioral stereotypes. The resistance to amnestic stimulation was lower in aggressive mice with 10-day experience of victories than in aggressive animals after 20 daily confrontations. Prolongation of extinction in aggressive mice and fast extinction in submissive animals did not depend on the number of agonistic interactions.

Aggression↗
PubMed1978

Behavioral and neuropharmacological toxicology of the macrocyclic ether 18-crown-6.

18-CROWN-6 was assessed for neurologic effects in rats, mice, and rabbits by intravenous (IV) and intraperitoneal (IP) routes of administration. Male rats and mice exhibited no effects with IV doses to 20 mg/kg. Given IP doses of 20 to 160 mg/kg/day, rats and mice exhibited numerous signs, including aggression, tremors, muscle weakness and a degradation of some reflexes. All signs faded after four days when dosage levels were kept constant, but returned when the dose was doubled. All signs disappeared upon discontinuance of exposure. Treatment with PCPA (p-chlorophenylalanine) or dibenzyline caused most signs to disappear. Rabbits given 6.0 mg/kg/day IV displayed tremors, hyperactivity, unsteady gait and stereotypic behavior, with acclimation as in rats and mice. 18-CROWN-6 had no activity in isolated tissue preparations unless it was first incubated with tissues. PCPA and dibenzyline reversibly blocked the actions of incubated 18-CROWN-6 on isolated tissue. 18-CROWN-6 is hypothesized to be metabolized to a serotonergic agonist.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[The correlation between brain weight and behavior changes in response to ethanol administration in laboratory mice].

The effects of ethanol injections on the F2 offspring of the cross between large-brain (LB) and small-brain (SB) mouse strains selected for high and low relative brain weights, respectively, have been studied. The parental strains have significantly differed in brain weight for many generations. The effects of ethanol (2.4 g/kg) have been compared in four subpopulations of mice that differ pairwise in brain weight. One pair of subpopulations has been isolated from the hybrid group and the other, from generation 22 of selection of the parental strains. The results of ANOVA have demonstrated that brain weight is related to the response to ethanol injections. The parameters of stereotyped behavior, which increased in after ethanol injections and reflected the decrease in exploratory activity) were different in mice with high and low relative brain weights. The pattern of behavioral changes after ethanol injections is the second (after increased learning ability) behavioral trait found to be correlated with brain weight.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1994

Neuropeptide induction of cyclic GMP increases in the insect CNS: resolution at the level of single identifiable neurons.

In insects, the neuropeptide eclosion hormone (EH) acts on the CNS to evoke the stereotyped behaviors that cause ecdysis, the shedding of the cuticle at the end of each molt. Concomitantly, EH induces an increase in cyclic GMP (cGMP). Using antibodies against this second messenger, we show that this increase is confined to a network of 50 peptidergic neurons distributed throughout the CNS. Increases appeared 30 min after EH treatment, spread rapidly throughout these neurons, and were extremely long lived. We show that this response is synaptically driven, and does not involve the soluble, nitric oxide (NO)-activated, guanylate cyclase. Stereotyped variations in the duration of the cGMP response among neurons suggest a role in coordinating responses having different latencies and durations.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Effect of d-amphetamine and sydnocarb on the extracellular level of dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and hydroxyl radicals generation in rat striatum.

d-AMPH and its congeners are able to produce several neurotoxic effects, including behavioral evidences of dopaminergic dysfunction, enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species, and depletion of endogenous DA. As has been shown, Sydnocarb produces a slow and gradual increase of the parameters of dopaminergic dysfunction. Present investigations report that Sydnocarb, the original Russian psychostimulant, at a dose of 23.8 mg/kg (equimolar to 5 mg/kg d-AMPH) elicited a moderate increase in the extracellular level of DA. We found that Sydnocarb increased OH generation in less degree than that by d-AMPH. Sydnocarb was also able to elicit stereotyped behavior, but to a less extent than d-AMPH. Differences between the mode of action of this drug were previously observed. In our study, the DOPAC extracellular level was significantly decreased after the fourth injection of Sydnocarb, unlike with d-AMPH treatment. Taken together, this finding probably reflects less neurotoxic potential of the novel, original psychostimulant Sydnocarb with good clinical efficaciousness in comparison to the amphetamine.

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗
PubMed2001

The long-term influence of low-level sarin exposure on behavioral and neurophysiological functions in rats.

1. Long term effects of low doses of highly toxic organophosphorus agent sarin on behavioral and neurophysiological functions were studied in rats exposed to sarin by inhalation. The toxic effects of sarin were monitored using a functional observational battery (FOB), an automatic measurement of motor activity and a test of excitability of central nervous system at 3, 6 and 12 months following sarin exposure. 2. The results indicate that sarin at symptomatic as well as asymptomatic doses (level 2 and 3) is able to induce some neurotoxic effects (a decrease in activity and mobility, an alteration of gait, an increase in stereotyped behavior) including an increase in the excitability of central nervous system (an increase in convulsive activity following the administration of pentamethylenetetrazole) in rats at 3 months following inhalation exposure. Some sings of increased excitability were also observed in sarin-exposed rats following 6 or 12 months (an increase in exploratory activity, body temperature and a hindlimb grip strength at 6 months following exposure to sarin at asymptomatic doses, an increase in tail-pinch response at 12 months following exposure to sarin at symptomatic doses). 3. Therefore, nerve agents such as sarin seem to be harmful not only at high, clinically symptomatic doses but also at low, clinically asymptomatic doses because of long term manifestation of alteration of neurophysiological functions in sarin-exposed rats without disruption of cholinergic nervous system.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Influence of eticlopride on cocaine- and DA D2 agonist-induced behavioral effects in rats.

The influence of the DA D2 antagonist (-) eticlopride on cocaine- and DA D2 agonist-induced behavioral effects was investigated by means of two series of experiments, in rats. In the first 10-day series, coadministration of (-) eticlopride (10 and 50 micrograms/kg, SC) always potently inhibited cocaine (15 mg/kg, IP)-induced hypermotility but did not modify the penile erection (PE)-enhancement produced by the drug at the first injection; it actually counteracted the inhibitory effect of subchronic cocaine on PE. In the second series, (-) eticlopride, at the same doses, antagonized PE elicited by various DA D2 agonists at nonstereotyping doses; when, along with PE, stereotyped behavior was induced, only the latter was inhibited by (-) eticlopride, which even increased PE.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

A second-generation vaccine protects against the psychoactive effects of cocaine.

The effects of immunization with the second-generation cocaine immunoconjugate GND-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) or with the anti-cocaine mAb GNC92H2 were assessed in a model of acute cocaine-induced locomotor activity. After i.p. administration of cocaine small middle dotHCl (15 mg/kg), rats were tested in photocell cages, and stereotypy was rated to determine preimmunization drug response (baseline). Experimental animals were subjected to an immunization protocol with GND-KLH or treated with the mAb GNC92H2. Rats were then challenged with systemic cocaine, and their locomotor responses were again measured. Active immunization with GND-KLH produced a 76% decrease in the ambulatory measure (crossovers) in the experimental group and a 12% increase in the control group compared with baseline values. Also, stereotypic behavior was significantly suppressed in the vaccinated animals. Decreases in both measures were seen in the experimental group on two subsequent challenges. The maximum effect was observed at the time of the second challenge with a dramatic 80% decrease in crossovers. Treatment with GNC92H2 resulted in a 69% decrease in crossovers compared with baseline. This effect persisted across two additional challenges over 11 days with decreases of 46--47%. In contrast, the control group showed increases of up to 28%. Significant differences between groups were observed in the stereotypic measure in all three challenges. The results indicate that these immunopharmacotherapeutic agents have significant cocaine-blockade potential and therefore may offer an effective strategy for the treatment of cocaine abuse.

Animals↗