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At least 1,243 records · Page 69Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Effect of dietary essential fatty acid deficiency on Ca(2+)-ATPase activity in microsomal fraction of rat submandibular gland.

1. The effect of dietary essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency on Ca(2+)-ATPase activity of rat submandibular gland microsomal fraction was studied. 2. The specific activity of Ca(2+)-ATPase per milligram of microsomal protein was depressed about 35% in rats fed the EFA-deficient diet as compared with that in those fed the control diet. 3. Lineweaver-Burk plots for Ca(2+)-ATPase activity showed no significant differences in Km values for Ca2+ and ATP, but the Vmax was decreased in the EFA-deficient rats. 4. The above results suggest that depression of the Ca(2+)-ATPase activity in rats fed the EFA-deficient diet is probably due to the decrease in the Vmax of the enzyme.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Androgen regulation of the cellular Distribution of the true tissue kallikrein mK1 in the submandibular gland of the mouse.

The kallikrein gene family encodes for at least four different proteases in the mouse submandibular gland (SMG): mK1 (true tissue kallikrein), mK9, mK13, and mK22. These enzymes and many other biologically active proteins are synthesized by the granular convoluted tubule (GCT), a specialized segment of the SMG duct system. The GCT is under multihormonal regulation by androgens, thyroid hormones, and adrenocortical hormones. Androgens suppress synthesis of mK1 in the SMG but enhance expression of the other three kallikreins. We prepared an antibody with limited immunoreactivity for mK1 and used it to examine the effects of androgen status on the distribution of this isozyme in the SMGs of developing and mature mice by immunoperoxidase staining for the light microscope and immunogold labeling for the electron microscope. In prepubertal mice, every immature GCT cell contains mK1, confined to an accumulation of small granules in the subluminal cytoplasm. In mature mice, not every GCT cell contains mK1, and in those cells that do there is considerable intergranular variation in the intensity of staining for mK1. GCT cells containing mK1 are much more abundant in the glands of females than of males, resulting in a peculiar sexually dimorphic mosaic distribution of this isozyme in the mature SMG. Castration of adult males increases the number of GCT cells expressing mK1. Administration of androgen to intact or castrated males or to intact females reduces the number of cells staining for mK1. In all cases, immunogold labeling for mK1 is confined to secretory granules. No fine structural differences were noted between cells that were positively or negatively stained for mK1. Therefore, although GCT cells appear to be composed of a uniform population of cells on the basis of morphology alone, they are not homogeneous in their content of secretory proteins. These results indicate that androgen regulation of GCT cells is more complex than has been appreciated to date.

Androgens↗
PubMed1984

Acquisition of submandibular gland nerve growth factor (SMG-NGF) responsiveness to thyroxine administration in neonatal mice.

The growth of the submandibular gland (SMG) was studied in newborn mice from birth to 15 days of age. Progressive changes in wet weight were observed to accompany changes in biochemical constituents such as RNA, protein, and lipid. Thyroxine (T4) administration from days 0-6 produced changes in SMG growth and SMG accumulation of RNA, protein, and lipid components relative to control pups treated with a similar volume of vehicle. This hormone regimen produced no measurable changes in SMG nerve growth factor (SMG-NGF) concentration. T4 responsiveness also was studied from days 0-15. Three patterns of T4 injection (from days 0-6, 7-14, and 0-14) were found to elicit a differential response in the three biochemical constituents measured, but treatment from days 7-14 and 0-14 elicited precocious increments in SMG-NGF concentrations on day 15. The effect of T4 injection from birth was more effective in augmenting SMG-NGF concentration than hormone treatment initiated from days 7-14. A persistent T4 effect on SMG-NGF also was observed on day 21 following hormone treatment from days 7-14 or 0-14. In summary, the acquisition of SMG-NGF responsiveness to T4 appears to develop during the neonatal period. The administration of T4 during this period also precociously stimulates the mechanisms that govern the normal ontogeny of SMG-NGF at the time of weaning.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

Mechanism of replenishment of androgen receptors in cytosol of mouse submandibular gland.

Female mice were used to examine the process of depletion and replenishment of cytosolic androgen receptors in submandibular glands, and to investigate the effects of cycloheximide and actinomycin D on these processes. The dose-dependence of receptor depletion and replenishment in the cytosolic fraction, and that of receptor accumulation in the nuclear fraction were investigated. Almost 100% depletion was revealed 1 h after the injection of testosterone propionate at a dose of 500 or 50 micrograms testosterone/100 g body weight. With a 5 micrograms dose, depletion of cytosolic receptors was not complete and replenishment proceeded rapidly compared with that which occurred with the 50 or 500 micrograms dose. The nuclear receptor level increased 1 h after injection of testosterone, and the raised level was gradually reduced to the pretreatment level with all doses. However, the time required for this return to pretreatment level was dependent on the dose of testosterone. The change in the levels of cytosolic and nuclear androgen receptors following injection of testosterone was parallel to the level of circulating androgen. To determine the requirements for transcriptional and translational events in the replenishment process, cycloheximide and actinomycin D were given in vivo. The process of replenishment of cytosolic receptors was inhibited by the injection of cycloheximide. However, actinomycin D exerted no inhibitory effect on receptor replenishment. Neither cycloheximide nor actinomycin D had any effect on the nuclear receptor level until 6 h after the injection of testosterone. Cycloheximide or actinomycin D alone had no effect on the cytosolic or nuclear receptor level. These results suggest that receptor replenishment involves protein synthesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Ca2+-dependent inactivation of a store-operated Ca2+ current in human submandibular gland cells. Role of a staurosporine-sensitive protein kinase and the intracellular Ca2+ pump.

Stimulation of human submandibular gland cells with carbachol, inositol trisphosphate (IP3), thapsigargin, or tert-butylhydroxyquinone induced an inward current that was sensitive to external Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]e) and was also carried by external Na+ or Ba2+ (in a Ca2+-free medium) with amplitudes in the order Ca2+ > Ba2+ > Na+. All cation currents were blocked by La3+ and Gd3+ but not by Zn2+. The IP3-stimulated current with 10 microM 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate and 10 mM 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid in the pipette solution, showed 50% inactivation in <5 min and >5 min with 10 and 1 mM [Ca2+]e, respectively. The Na+ current was not inactivated, whereas the Ba2+ current inactivated at a slower rate. The protein kinase inhibitor, staurosporine, delayed the inactivation and increased the amplitude of the current, whereas the protein Ser/Thr phosphatase inhibitor, calyculin A, reduced the current. Thapsigargin- and tert-butylhydroxyquinone-stimulated Ca2+ currents inactivated faster. Importantly, these agents accelerated the inactivation of the IP3-stimulated current. The data demonstrate that internal Ca2+ store depletion-activated Ca2+ current (ISOC) in this salivary cell line is regulated by a Ca2+-dependent feedback mechanism involving a staurosporine-sensitive protein kinase and the intracellular Ca2+ pump. We suggest that the Ca2+ pump modulates ISOC by regulating [Ca2+]i in the region of Ca2+ influx.

Calcium↗
PubMed1979

Synergistic effects of thyroxine and glucocorticoid in induction of trypsin-like esteroprotease in mouse submandibular gland.

The actions of thyroxine, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and hydrocortisone singly or in combination in enzyme regulation in the submandibular gland were studied in intact and adrenalectomized female mice. 1. Adrenalectomy decreased the activity of trypsin-like esteroprotease (EC 3.4.4.-), and administration of hydrocortisone to adrenalectomized mice restored the activity to normal. 2. Hydrocortisone and thyroxine had synergistic effects in induction of esteroprotease in adrenalectomized mice, but 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and hydrocortisone did not have synergistic effects in either intact or adrenalectomized mice. 3. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) was not influenced by change in the glucocorticoid level, but was increased by thyroxine and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone in both adrenalectomized mice and intact mice.4. Isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel showed that there are three distinct activities of esteroprotease in this gland with isoelectric points of 5.6, 6.2 and 7.3. Both thyroxine and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone similarly induced these activities and glucocorticoids did not affected the isozyme patterns induced by the other two hormones.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1989

Comparative study of androgen binding in rat submandibular gland and prostate.

A comparative study of androgen binding in the cytosol and nuclear extract of the rat submandibular gland (SMG) and ventral prostate (VP) was investigated by using methyltrienolone (R1881), testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) as the labeled ligands. The 3H-labeled steroid was incubated with the cytosol or nuclear KCl extract in a Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.4) at 4 degrees C for 20 h. A sephacryl S-200 column chromatography showed a single binding peak in the nuclei and two critical peaks on the binding in the cytosol of SMG. The eluation patterns of SMG were similar to those of the nuclei and cytosol from rat VP. The binding proteins were recovered predominantly in the cytosol as 150-200 kDa mol wt and in the nuclei as 14-20 Kda mol wt. The cytosol and nuclei of rat SMG and VP have a common androgen binding subunit of the molecular weight of 14-20 kDa. R1881 bound to cytosolic protein with a higher affinity than DHT in SMG and VP. The amount of the R1881 specific binding in the cytosol of male SMG was similar to that of VP, and the DHT specific binding in the male SMG cytosol was about 1/3 of the binding in the cytosol of VP. R1881, DHT and T suppressed the 3H-R1881 binding completely in the cytosol of rat VP. Whereas, in the cytosol of rat SMG, the 3H-R1881 binding was slightly suppressed by R1881 at low concentrations and effectively suppressed by R1881 at higher concentrations. DHT and T were weak inhibitors to the 3H-R1881 binding in SMG, and E2 was almost ineffective on the binding in male SMG and VP. DHT bound specifically to the nuclear extract protein in VP. The DHT specific binding was not so significant as T and R1881 in the nuclei of SMG. However, the T binding in the male nuclei was strikingly augmented by simultaneous adding of T and DHT to the incubation medium. Such androgen binding augmentation was not shown in VP. This means that the nuclear 14-20 kDa protein in SMG have an ability to bound a large amount of androgen, whose character is far different from the androgen binding mechanisms in VP, and that transformed binding protein is androgen dependent in the nuclei of rat SMG. These results demonstrated that rat SMG and VP had the same of similar molecular weight of androgen binding protein in the cytosol and nuclei. However, the protein in the nuclei of SMG had a marked different character from VP.

Androgen-Binding Protein↗
PubMed1996

Pulsed dye laser lithotripsy of submandibular gland salivary calculus.

An in vivo study was performed to evaluate the use of pulsed-dye laser beam for the fragmentation of salivary calculus. In accordance with the absorption and reflection spectra of sections of salivary stones, optimal fragmentation was achieved with a pulsed-dye laser with a pulse width of 1.4 microns and tuned to a wavelength of 504 nm. Further studies on particle size were conducted, and a new "sialoendoscope" technique was developed. Fifteen patients with sialolithiasis of the submandibular gland were treated. Under continuous endoscopic monitoring laser-induced shock wave lithotripsy was performed. In six patients complete fragmentation and removal of the salivary stones was achieved and in another patient 50 per cent fragmentation was sufficient to restore salivary flow. Laser lithotripsy of salivary stones with endoscopic monitoring permits treatment on an outpatient basis with little inconvenience to the patient, and this is a breakthrough in otolaryngology.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Decreased beta-adrenergic stimulation of glycoprotein secretion in CF mice submandibular glands: reversal by the methylxanthine, IBMX.

beta-adrenergic stimulation of glycoprotein secretion was shown to be decreased in submandibular glands of Cystic Fibrosis (CF) mice. The defective response was partially restored by the methylxanthine, IBMX or cpt-cyclic AMP. Cholinergic stimulation of pancreatic amylase secretion was not affected in CF mice, demonstrating that this is not a generalised depression of protein secretion. The data are the first to show that the CF mouse mimics the protein secretion defect in CF human submandibular cells and that the mechanism of correction of the CF defect is via elevation of cyclic AMP. The results are therefore invaluable towards devising a rational pharmaceutical therapy for CF patients.

1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine↗
PubMed1995

[Diagnostic and surgical problems in a case of post-traumatic retention of a foreign body in the submandibular gland].

We report a particular case of a traumatically introduced foreign body in the sub-mandibular gland. A breaking object (plastic pen) penetrated, through the anterior oral floor, the submandibular gland. Such foreign bodies should be removed before suturing the wounds, as they can disturb healing and cause problems long after the accident. An adequate history, clinical and imaging studies should reveal the possibility of foreign body penetration and its localization, when it isn't previously removed. We compare the use of ultrasound detection of foreign bodies in soft tissue and conventional plain radiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. The usefulness of US in this kind of research does not justify TC or RM studies and allows a less invasive surgical operation.

Child↗
PubMed1993

DNA synthesis and development strategies with possible consequences on sexual dimorphism in adult mouse submandibular glands.

This article summarizes a series of recent studies that broaden the criteria for sexual dimorphism in adult mouse submandibular gland. From these observations, a hypothesis is presented, suggesting that the gross histological differences that are characteristic of adult sexual dimorphism in the gland secondarily result from differences in the activities of three fundamental cellular processes, that is, rates of cell proliferation, cell sizes, and ongoing patterns of differentiation.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Dopamine-induced amylase secretion from guinea-pig submandibular gland.

1. The effects of dopamine, 5-hydroxydopamine (5-OHDA) and noradrenaline on amylase secretion from the guinea-pig submandibular gland were investigated under in vitro conditions. 2. All three amines greatly enhanced amylase secretion. Blockade of dopamine beta-hydroxylase did not inhibit the response to dopamine. 3. Noradrenaline and dopamine stimulated amylase release from salivary glands of reserpine-treated animals, whereas 5-OHDA had no stimulatory effect on secretion in guinea-pigs pretreated with reserpine. 4. Haloperidol completely inhibited dopamine-induced enzyme discharge, but did not affect noradrenaline-initiated secretion. 5. Apomorphine caused a slight enzyme release by itself; it diminished the dopamine secretory effect, but did not modify that of noradrenaline. 6. Pimozide and fluspirilene attenuated the dopamine-induced enzyme discharge, but compared with haloperidol they were less effective. 7. It is concluded that dopamine exerts a secretagogic action different from that of noradrenaline. The possible presence of a specific dopamine receptor in salivary glands is discussed.

Amylases↗
PubMed1993

Nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor in mouse submandibular glands: identical diurnal changes and rates of secretagogue-induced synthesis.

The granular convoluted tubule cells of the mouse submandibular gland contain high concentrations of nerve growth factor (NGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF). Levels of the two growth factors increase in parallel during development and after stimulation by thyroid hormone, androgens, and glucocorticoids, suggesting that similar controls regulate the production of both proteins. At the same time, however, the granular convoluted tubules hypertrophy, with resulting increases in glandular size and protein content. In this study, we have monitored changes in salivary concentrations of NGF and EGF in the absence of detectable changes in submandibular size or protein concentration. Both growth factors exhibited identical diurnal changes, peaking between 1200-2000 h. In addition, after secretagogue-stimulated release of the proteins into saliva, reaccumulation began after 2 h, with normal levels of both molecules attained 6 h posttreatment. These data indicate that submandibular NGF and EGF can be controlled by similar cellular or molecular mechanisms independent of the regulation of generalized growth responses.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Complementary role of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and acetylcholine for cat submandibular gland blood flow and secretion. II. Effects of cholinergic antagonists and VIP antiserum.

The effects of atropine and hexamethonium on submandibular vasodilation, secretion and VIP release in response to parasympathetic nerve stimulation were studied in cats. It was found that salivary secretion was completely atropine sensitive at all frequencies. The vasodilatory response was characterized by an initial phase (most marked at lower frequencies) followed by a maintained phase (most pronounced at high frequencies). Atropine reduced the initial phase at all frequencies while the maintained phase was reduced only at low stimulation frequencies. At 15 Hz the maintained blood flow response was paradoxically increased after atropine, particularly with regard to the duration. The increase in blood flow after atropine was accompanied by an about eight fold increase in VIP output as compared to control stimulations at 15 Hz. This may suggest that the acetylcholine levels regulate the VIP release in a feed-back system via muscarinic autoreceptors. No increase in VIP output by atropine was, however, observed at 2 Hz while a small but significant increase was found at 6 Hz. Treatment with VIP antiserum reduced both phases of the vasodilation as well as the secretion in response to stimulation at 2 Hz. Thus, VIP and acetylcholine seem to be important for both phases of vasodilation as well as for salivary secretion. The relative contributions of VIP and acetylcholine are, however, hard to evaluate since atropine appears to increase VIP release. This fact complicates the characterization of cholinergic and noncholinergic vasodilator mechanisms by the use of atropine. Hexamethonium treatment abolished both the vasodilation, the secretion and the VIP release seen during parasympathetic nerve stimulation implying that it was preganglionic and that the preganglionic transmitter is acetylcholine which activates postganglionic transmitter is acetylcholine which activates postganglionic neurons via nicotinic receptors. Somatostatin had no blocking effect on parasympathetic mechanisms in the cat submandibular gland.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1985

Decrease of extracellular fluid in dog submandibular glands during secretion under arterial clamping conditions.

Microscopic observations were made of volume changes in ECF of the dog submandibular glands during resting state and stimulated state without blood supply. The interlobular space, one of the compartments of ECF, decreased significantly during stimulation when blood supply was absent. The results show that the interlobular space plays an important role as a reservoir of fluid in salivary secretion.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Effects of cystic fibrosis serum and fibroblast culture medium on ion distribution in rat submandibular gland.

The effects of cystic fibrosis (CF) serum and culture medium from CF fibroblasts on ion distribution in rat submandibular gland cells were investigated by X-ray microanalysis. These effects were compared to the effects of normal serum and culture medium from normal fibroblasts, of cholinergic and adrenergic agonists, and of the uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol. Incubation of gland tissue with CF serum or normal serum caused a significant decrease in potassium and calcium concentrations and an increase in sodium in mucous acinar and serous granular duct cells. CF serum gave a significantly larger decrease of the potassium level than normal serum. Culture medium from CF fibroblasts altered the cellular ion content in a way similar to CF serum. Exposure to medium from cultured normal fibroblasts did not affect the elemental composition of the gland cells significantly, compared to incubation with fresh medium or buffer. Hence, fibroblast culture medium is more suitable than serum to test specific effects of CF-associated factors. The changes in elemental composition of gland cells caused by CF serum or CF fibroblast culture medium mimic some of the effects of the agonist carbachol. They could, however, also in part result from nonspecific changes in membrane permeability.

Adolescent↗