SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “STIGMATIZATION”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,243 records · Page 69Linked to original sources

PubMed2004

Transformation in family nurse practitioner students' attitudes toward homeless individuals after participation in a homeless outreach clinic.

PURPOSE: To use a retrospective pre/post self-assessment survey to determine the attitudes of family nurse practitioner (FNP) students toward homeless individuals before and after participating in a homeless outreach clinic (HOC) and to elicit, through focus groups, their perspectives on the homeless population after their HOC participation. DATA SOURCES: A mixed-methods study using focus group tapes and transcripts of 15 FNP students who were divided into two separate focus groups as well as three completed survey measures: Demographic Data Form, Attitudes Toward Homelessness Inventory, and HOC Attendance Form. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the FNP students revealed no stigmatizing attitudes toward homeless people prior to their HOC participation, but a significant positive change in their attitudes occurred after the experience. There were significant mean differences in 6 out of the 11 scale items and in the overall total mean scores after the HOC experience (p = .013). The focus groups revealed the transformation of the students' attitudes toward homeless individuals after their HOC participation, supporting and illuminating the survey findings. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The study findings underscore the importance of including the care of homeless patients in FNP educational programs. Such exposure provides FNP students with an opportunity to develop the social responsibility to care for all segments of society, especially homeless people, in keeping with nursing's social contract as a helping profession.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

A preliminary study of social issues in AIDS prevention among adolescents.

Educational efforts to prevent the spread of AIDS require a combination of accurate information and the application of that information to personal behavior. In this preliminary study, a scale was developed to evaluate the social and interpersonal skills of adolescents in AIDS-related and non-AIDS-related interactions. The instrument was administered to 101 Australian students in grades 10 and 11 of an urban high school. Findings indicate ratings of AIDS-related activities of the adolescents were not significantly different from their other social activities, suggesting levels of comfort and assertiveness among adolescents in AIDS-related activities can be modified. Students felt most anxious about problems with sexually transmitted diseases or drug use, suggesting difficulty in dealing with the possible public disclosure of these stigmatized conditions. Data suggest both individual and group scores among adolescents may improve on the five dimensions of the scale following interventions to promote social and interpersonal skills designed to apply knowledge obtained from AIDS education.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2002

Boundary maintenance as a barrier to mental health help-seeking for depression among the Old Order Amish.

This paper describes "boundary maintenance" as a barrier to help-seeking for depression within an Old Order Amish enclave. Observations and qualitative interview data were collected from 50 members of the Old Order Amish enclave and from the 8 mental health providers in their rural community. The Amish reported fairly high levels of depression, concomitantly high levels of reluctance to seek treatment for depression from mental health providers, and very low levels of service utilization. The functionality of boundary maintenance to group cohesion was discovered to be a significant barrier to help-seeking for depression from outside providers. Boundary maintenance was achieved through two social control mechanisms: religious-based stigmatization of depression and the construction of mental health providers as illegitimate help agents. Suggestions have been made to assist providers in achieving cultural competence among the Amish, in order to reduce the threat that the Amish perceive to their cultural boundaries.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

A profile of sickle cell disease in Nigeria.

Nigeria has a population of 112 million with an annual growth rate of 3.2%. About 25% of adults throughout the country have the sickle cell trait, AS, while the Hb C trait is largely confined to the Yoruba people of southwestern Nigeria in whom it occurs in about 6%. Other variant hemoglobins including beta thalassemia are rare, but alpha thalassemia occurs in 39% (32% with 3 alpha-globin genes; 7% with 2 alpha-globin genes). Of a total of 5.4 million expected live births in 1988, about 90,000 will have SCD and 1.1 million the trait, AS. The clinical phenotype of sickle cell anemia is severe with manifestations occurring very early in childhood and mean Hb level 7.6 g/dl with HbF 5.9%. A very high infant mortality due to infections occurs especially in rural areas. Gallstones, leg ulcerations, and stroke appear less common than in American sicklers, and aplastic crises have not been described. Poor availability of resources to the public health and welfare sectors and economic inflation are severely curtailing access to appropriate medical and social services. This situation is frustrating to the families of a growing number of surviving patients in urban or middle to upper income groups. Efforts to create more awareness of SCD are paradoxically increasing frustration and stigmatization in the absence of a commensurate improvement of services. Any measures aimed at enhancing the sensitization of health professionals, policy makers, and resource allocators to the pertinent issues in the control of SCD would seem to be at this stage an important step in the right direction.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Psychosocial and community perspectives on alternatives to breastfeeding.

In developing countries, what advice to give HIV-positive mothers on infant feeding options remains a vexing public health issue. This paper reviews data on infant feeding practices in sub-Saharan Africa, the cultural context of breastfeeding, and the still meager literature of decision-making by HIV-positive mothers, following impartial counseling. Although prolonged breastfeeding is common, weaning foods typically are introduced early. A minority of women practice the recommended exclusive breastfeeding for 4-6 months. Breastfeeding taboos, expecially regarding colostrum, are common. The usual reason for introduction of weaning foods is to ensure that the baby has enough food. Exclusive formula feeding is perceived as stigmatizing, but acceptable with husband support. The main perceived barrier to formula is cost. Health workers may be less effective in conveying the risk of formula compared to the risk of HIV transmission in breast milk. Studies presently available regarding these issues are few and involve small samples. More studies are planned, and some are under way. By offering actual feeding choices to HIV-positive women, observing what choices they make, and monitoring the outcomes of these choices, we will be better placed to give advice.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2000

Methadone-related opioid agonist pharmacotherapy for heroin addiction. History, recent molecular and neurochemical research and future in mainstream medicine.

In 1963, Professor Vincent P. Dole at the Rockefeller University formed a small team to develop a pharmacotherapy for the management of heroin addiction. They hypothesized that heroin addiction is a disease of the brain with behavioral manifestations, and not merely a personality disorder or criminal behavior and began to address the specific question of whether a long-acting opioid agonist could be used in the long-term maintenance treatment of heroin addiction. Over the next 35 years, many studies documented the safety, efficacy and effectiveness of methadone pharmacotherapy for heroin addiction, but Federal regulations and stigmatization of heroin addiction prevented implementation of treatment. Finally, in 1999, NIH published a report unequivocally supporting methadone maintenance pharmacotherapy for heroin addiction. Two other effective opioid agonist treatments have been developed: the even longer acting opioid agonist l-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) has been approved for pharmacotherapy for heroin addiction, and still under study is the opioid partial agonist-antagonist buprenorphine-naloxone combination. A variety of studies, both laboratory based and clinical, have revealed the mechanisms of action of long-acting opioid agonists in treatment, including prevention of disruption of molecular, cellular and physiologic events and, in fact, allowing normalization of those functions disrupted by chronic heroin use. Recent molecular biological studies have revealed single nucleotide polymorphisms of the human mu opioid receptor gene; the mu opioid receptor is the site of action of heroin, the major opiate drug of abuse, analgesic agents such as morphine, and the major treatment agents for heroin addiction. These findings support the early hypotheses of our laboratory that addiction may be due to a combination of genetic, drug-induced and environmental (including behavioral) factors and also, that atypical stress responsivity may contribute to the acquisition and persistence of, as well as relapse to, use of addictive drugs.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗

PubMed2001

Moral problems in the use of coercion in dealing with nonadherence in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis.

Coercion and detainment can be a morally acceptable strategy to fight the spread of tuberculosis, but these measures need to be placed into a much broader context than that of their short-term potential effectiveness. TB should be de-stigmatized by full acknowledgment that we all share the blame for its perpetuation. When coercion and detention are necessary, they should incorporate a strategy of optimum protection for minimum violation of autonomy. National and international health care programs should provide effective and nonthreatening treatments for TB and other related illnesses such as HIV and should develop policies to tackle the environmental causes of TB and provide support for vulnerable victims. Corporate pressures to continue world poverty must be undermined.

Civil Rights↗

PubMed2000

Training issues for supervisors of marriage and family therapists working with persons living with HIV.

The purpose of this article is to address the special issues and considerations Martial and Family Therapy (MFT) supervisors might face with the increasing HIV/AIDS epidemic. Three primary issues will be addressed in this article. First, the importance of educating therapists regarding various aspects of the disease process and its transmission will be discussed, followed by educational strategies programs might adopt. Second, we will discuss the ethical and legal considerations that may need monitoring by supervisors and trainees. Third, special therapeutic considerations will be provided to supervisors of therapists working with stigmatized populations.

Confidentiality↗

PubMed1976

The children of imprisoned parents: a psychosocial exploration.

This study of children's reactions to the imprisonment of a parent identifies temporary behavioral symptoms that commonly follow the incarceration of a parent, as well as antisocial behavior on the part of a few pubertal children. The stigmatizing and traumatizing effects of imprisonment on the spouse and child left behind are discussed, and suggestions for clinical intervention are offered.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Stigma and state hospital patients.

This study set out to measure the degree of social stigma experienced by discharged mental hospital patients and the extent to which these patients were viewed as a burden by family and friends. Predictors of stigma included social class and demographic factors, posthospital situation, emotional functioning, and use of aftercare facilities. However, available measures were able to account for little of the variance in stigma, and further research is suggested to establish more reliable predictors of mental patient stigmatization.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

Divorcees and widows: similarities and differences.

Based on findings from age-standardized survey data, divorced women feel more restricted in their relationships with others and have less favorable attitudes toward their ex-spouses than do widows. The greater clarity of the widowed role may provide more social support and ease adjustment to the end of a marriage for the widow in ways unavailable to the still somewhat stigmatized status of the divorcee.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1985

The traumatic impact of child sexual abuse: a conceptualization.

A framework is proposed for a more systematic understanding of the effects of child sexual abuse. Four traumagenic dynamics--traumatic sexualization, betrayal, stigmatization, and powerlessness--are identified as the core of the psychological injury inflicted by abuse. These dynamics can be used to make assessments of victimized children and to anticipate problems to which these children may be vulnerable subsequently. Implications for research are also considered.

Child↗

PubMed1989

Development of the Grief Experience Questionnaire.

The development of the Grief Experience Questionnaire (GEQ) is reported. This questionnaire is an instrument for measuring various components of grief, including somatic reactions, general grief reactions, search for explanation, loss of social support, stigmatization, guilt, responsibility, shame, rejection, self-destructive behavior, and reactions to a unique form of death. Initial results with the GEQ suggest its potential to differentiate grief reactions experienced by suicide survivors from those experienced by survivors of accidental death, unexpected natural death, and expected natural death. Conclusions support its use in redressing common methodological criticisms of suicide survivor research. Six additional benefits derived from use of this instrument are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

A membrane-anchored protein kinase involved in Brassica self-incompatibility signaling.

Self-incompatibility (SI) response in Brassica is initiated by haplotype-specific interactions between the pollen-borne ligand S locus protein 11/SCR and its stigmatic S receptor kinase, SRK. This binding induces autophosphorylation of SRK, which is then thought to trigger a signaling cascade that leads to self-pollen rejection. A recessive mutation of the modifier (m) gene eliminates the SI response in stigma. Positional cloning of M has revealed that it encodes a membrane-anchored cytoplasmic serine/threonine protein kinase, designated M locus protein kinase (MLPK). Transient expression of MLPK restores the ability of mm papilla cells to reject self-pollen, suggesting that MLPK is a positive mediator of Brassica SI signaling.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1998

In search of the first flower: A jurassic angiosperm, archaefructus, from northeast china

Angiosperm fruiting axes were discovered from the Upper Jurassic of China. Angiosperms are defined by carpels enclosing ovules, a character demonstrated in this fossil. This feature is lacking in other fossils reported to be earliest angiosperms. The fruits are small follicles formed from conduplicate carpels helically arranged. Adaxial elongate stigmatic crests are conspicuous on each carpel. The basal one-third of the axes bore deciduous organs of uncertain affinities. No scars of subtending floral organs are present to define the individual fertile parts as floral units, but the leaf-like structures subtending each axis define them as flowers. These fruiting axes have primitive characters and characters not considered primitive.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1984

Genetic screening: marvel or menace?

Genetic screening is a systematic search in the population for persons of certain genotypes. The usual purpose is to detect persons who themselves or whose offspring are at risk for genetic diseases or genetically determined susceptibilities to environmental agents. Is genetic screening a marvel about to free us from the scourge of genetic disease or a menace about to invade our privacy and determine who may reproduce? There are three different types of genetic screening. Newborn screening identifies serious genetic disease at birth, permitting prompt treatment to prevent mental and physical retardation. Fetal screening and prenatal diagnosis identify genetic disease in the fetus permitting selective termination of pregnancy and the opportunity to have children free of defects detectable in utero. Carrier screening identifies individuals heterozygous for a gene for a serious recessive disease who may be at risk for affected offspring. The challenge to society is to provide (by way of cost-effective programs) expert services, including genetic counseling and follow-up, to all who may benefit, to ensure confidentiality and freedom of choice, and to avoid misunderstanding and stigmatization. It is recommended that the objective of screening programs should be to maximize the options available to families at risk rather than to reduce the incidence of genetic diseases. Whenever possible, the providers of these services should be the providers of primary health care. Urgently needed are a greater awareness of avoidable genetic diseases on the part of primary care providers and efforts to familiarize the public with the basic concepts of human genetics through the public school system.

Amniocentesis↗

PubMed2004

NorM, an Erwinia amylovora multidrug efflux pump involved in in vitro competition with other epiphytic bacteria.

Blossoms are important sites of infection for Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight of rosaceous plants. Before entering the tissue, the pathogen colonizes the stigmatic surface and has to compete for space and nutrient resources within the epiphytic community. Several epiphytes are capable of synthesizing antibiotics with which they antagonize phytopathogenic bacteria. Here, we report that a multidrug efflux transporter, designated NorM, of E. amylovora confers tolerance to the toxin(s) produced by epiphytic bacteria cocolonizing plant blossoms. According to sequence comparisons, the single-component efflux pump NorM is a member of the multidrug and toxic compound extrusion protein family. The corresponding gene is widely distributed among E. amylovora strains and related plant-associated bacteria. NorM mediated resistance to the hydrophobic cationic compounds norfloxacin, ethidium bromide, and berberine. A norM mutant was constructed and exhibited full virulence on apple rootstock MM 106. However, it was susceptible to antibiotics produced by epiphytes isolated from apple and quince blossoms. The epiphytes were identified as Pantoea agglomerans by 16S rRNA analysis and were isolated from one-third of all trees examined. The promoter activity of norM was twofold greater at 18 degrees C than at 28 degrees C. The lower temperature seems to be beneficial for host infection because of the availability of moisture necessary for movement of the pathogen to the infection sites. Thus, E. amylovora might employ NorM for successful competition with other epiphytic microbes to reach high population densities, particularly at a lower temperature.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1974

The aftermath of suicide.

Forty-four spouses of suicides followed up after five years showed no significant differences from the widowed by other causes in respect of mortality and remarriage rates. A minority were stigmatized and most found the inquest unpleasant. Outcome was evenly polarized into better off and worse off.

Adult↗