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PubMedDate not supplied

How REM sleep deprivation and amantadine affects male rat sexual behavior.

There are conflicting findings about the sexual effects of REM sleep deprivation (REMd). Otherwise, several studies show a dopaminergic hypersensitivity after REMd. The effect of REMd and amantadine (AMA) was studied for standard measures and temporal patterning in the first experiment, in four groups: normal with vehicle, normal with AMA (5.0 and 10 mg/kg), REMd with vehicle and REMd with AMA (5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg). REMd reduced mount latency (ML), intromission latency (IL) and mount number (MN) and increased copulatory efficiency (CE) and hit rate factor. REMd also reduced the mount bout number (MBN) and increased the sexual interaction (mount bout time, MBT) among male and female during copula. AMA stimulates initiation and hit rate factors and accelerates the temporal patterning of sexual behavior, evoking fewer and quicker mount bouts. In the experiments with combination of REMd and AMA administration, AMA did not increase behavior effects evoked by REM deprivation, probably due to a top or a bottom effect, depending on the measures considered. A second experiment studied the effects of AMA (1.25 to 5.0 mg/kg) and REMd on the sexual reflexes of nonimmobilized male rats. REMd enhanced the AMA effects upon the seminal emission reflex, but inhibited the penile erection reflex elicited by 1.25 mg/kg of AMA. Curiously, our results showed that REMd, like AMA, a dopaminergic agonist, causes similar effects of sexual behavior in the male rat, particularly those related to arousal mechanism and hit rate factor. The results are discussed and the effects of REMd probably involve dopaminergic hypersensitivity and increased sexual motivational response.

Amantadine↗
PubMed2005

Sleep deprivation induces the unfolded protein response in mouse cerebral cortex.

Little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying sleep. We show the induction of key regulatory proteins in a cellular protective pathway, the unfolded protein response (UPR), following 6 h of induced wakefulness. Using C57/B6 male mice maintained on a 12:12 light/dark cycle, we examined, in cerebral cortex, the effect of different durations of prolonged wakefulness (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 h) from the beginning of the lights-on inactivity period, on the protein expression of BiP/GRP78, a chaperone and classical UPR marker. BiP/GRP78 expression is increased with increasing durations of sleep deprivation (6, 9 and 12 h). There is no change in BiP/GRP78 levels in handling control experiments carried out during the lights-off period. PERK, the transmembrane kinase responsible for attenuating protein synthesis, which is negatively regulated by binding to BiP/GRP78, is activated by dissociation from BiP/GRP78 and by autophosphorylation. There is phosphorylation of the elongation initiation factor 2alpha and alteration in ribosomal function. These changes are first observed after 6 h of induced wakefulness. Thus, prolonging wakefulness beyond a certain duration induces the UPR indicating a physiological limit to wakefulness.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Does paradoxical sleep deprivation and cocaine induce penile erection and ejaculation in old rats?

A recent study has established that paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) and cocaine administration elicit genital reflexes (penile erection and ejaculation) in young rats. To discover whether the same effects occurred in old animals submitted to PSD, we administered cocaine (15 mg/kg) to young (3-month) and old (22-month) male rats after a 4-day period of PSD or at the equivalent time-point in control animals. We then evaluated erections and ejaculations. Sixty per cent of the old-PSD group displayed erection, although ejaculation was not observed. Genital reflexes were absent in young and old control groups. We found that PSD reduced testosterone and increased progesterone levels in both young and old PSD groups. In conclusion, our results suggest that although genital reflexes usually decrease with age, testosterone levels alone cannot account for these changes. The interaction of PSD and cocaine probably enhances dopamine transmission in the brain and may elicit penile erection in old rats.

Aging↗
PubMed2006

Total sleep deprivation inhibits the neuronal nitric oxide synthase and cytochrome oxidase reactivities in the nodose ganglion of adult rats.

Sleep disorders are a form of stress associated with increased sympathetic activity, and they are a risk factor for the occurrence of cardiovascular disease. Given that nitric oxide (NO) may play an inhibitory role in the regulation of sympathetic tone, this study set out to determine the NO synthase (NOS) reactivity in the primary cardiovascular afferent neurons (i.e. nodose neurons) following total sleep deprivation (TSD). TSD was performed by the disc-on-water method. Following 5 days of TSD, all experimental animals were investigated for quantitative nicotinamine adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d, a co-factor of NOS) histochemistry, neuronal NOS immunohistochemistry and neuronal NOS activity assay. In order to evaluate the endogenous metabolic activity of nodose neurons, cytochrome oxidase (COX) reactivity was further tested. All the above-mentioned reactivities were objectively assessed by computerized image analysis. The clinical significance of the reported changes was demonstrated by alterations of mean arterial blood pressure (MAP). The results indicated that in normal untreated rats, numerous NADPH-d/NOS- and COX-reactive neurons were found in the nodose ganglion (NG). Following TSD, however, both the labelling and staining intensity of NADPH-d/NOS as well as COX reactivity were drastically reduced in the NG compared with normal untreated ganglions. MAP was significantly higher in TSD rats (136+/-4 mmHg) than in normal untreated rats (123+/-2 mmHg). NO may serve as an important sympathoinhibition messenger released by the NG neurons, and decrease of NOS immunoexpression following TSD may account for the decrease in NOS content. In association with the reduction of NOS activity, a defect in NOS expression in the primary cardiovascular afferent neurons would enhance clinical hypertension, which might serve as a potential risk factor in the development of TSD-relevant cardiovascular disturbances.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Sleep deprivation and reading comprehension.

Ten older subjects (50-60 years of age) took a college level reading comprehension test after two nights without sleep. Their performance was compared with performance on an alternate form given prior to sleep deprivation. The six subjects who completed the test showed little evidence of reduced reading rate or comprehension. However, only three subjects were able to sustain their levels of non-deprived performance.

Arousal↗
PubMed1984

Relationship of response to sleep deprivation and carbamazepine in depressed patients.

The responses of 16 patients with major depressive disorder to one night's sleep deprivation and a subsequent double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of carbamazepine were compared. There was a significant association between the presence or absence of an antidepressant response to each of these treatments. Further studies are required to assess the clinical utility of this relationship and whether it is based on antidepressant response to any agent or is more specific to carbamazepine.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Sleep deprivation, allergy symptoms, and negatively reinforced problem behavior.

We studied the relation between the presence versus the absence of sleep deprivation or allergy symptoms and the rate and function of problem behavior. Three students whose problem behavior was negatively reinforced by escape form instruction were studied across several weeks using analogue functional analyses. Our results indicated that the extraexperimental events were associated with (a) termination of instruction functioning as a negative reinforcer, (b) increased rates of negatively reinforced problem behavior, or (c) increased rates of problem behavior across all conditions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Effects of sleep deprivation in patients with parkinsonism].

The paper is concerned with a pilot detailed study of a single 24-h sleep deprivation (SD) in parkinsonism patients (n-35). The score estimation of the disease clinical signs demonstrated diminution of rigidity, bradykinesia, gait defects as well as of the total score of the patients condition severity. The clinical observations were verified by computer processing of motor tests. SD proved antidepressant in parkinsonism patients. The combination of drug treatment with SD permits a 2-fold and 50% decrease in the treatment duration and daily dose, respectively. A test is proposed for assessing tonicity of facial muscles.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Activation of bioelectric activity of the brain by sleep deprivation after closed craniocerebral injuries].

The study was undertaken for establishing the practical usefulness of 24- or 48-hour sleep deprivation test for activation of bioelectric changes in electroencephalographic investigations of patients after craniocerebral injury with loss of consciusness. For clinical and EEG investigations 84 patients were qualified. The age range was mostly 20--26 years with a low standard deviation. Positive activation was obtained in 33 cases (39.3%). A correlation was found between the frequency of positive activation was obtained in 33 cases (39.3%). A correlation was found between the frequency of positive activation and the severity of past trauma. Focal temporal-lobe changes prevailed among these bioelectric changes.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1975

Use of the ERG and EOG in evaluating the effect of sleep deprivation on visual function in flying personnel.

The electroretinogram (ERG) and electrooculogram (EOG) are electrophysiological tests employed in ophthalmology to diagnose degeneration or injury to the outer half of the retina, including the rods and cones of the visual system. This pilot study was undertaken to determine if sleep deprivation of more than 24 h in rated flying personnel may show an abnormality in retinal function as measured by the ERG and/or EOG. This may give insight to the visual function in flying personnel on deployment or other long missions where uninterrupted sleep may be a problem. The results of this study showed that some subjects deprived of sleep exhibited a statistically significant variance in their EOG ratios as compared to a nondeprived control group. No significant changes in ERG were detected. Principles and theory of electrophysiological testing in ophthalmology are presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Long-term motor activity recording of dogs and the effect of sleep deprivation.

Motor activity of laboratory dogs was recorded for several weeks with an ambulatory monitoring device. The effect of 24 h sleep deprivation (SD) on motor activity during recovery was investigated. A clear rest-activity rhythm was established. The dogs exhibited a similar mean daily rest-activity pattern: rest occurred mainly in the dark; the animals were most active after light onset; activity increased during the last two dark hours; a rest period was found at noon and reduced activity during afternoon hours. There was a marked difference in total activity between individual dogs. Activity patterns varied as a function of the day of the week; this may have been a reflection of variations in the level of human activities in the laboratory. There was a significant reduction of motor activity during the 24-h period following SD. This was particularly evident in the first 6 h of the light period immediately following the deprivation. In addition, there was a significant increase in the number of episodes with activity less than or equal to 5 counts during recovery. The study confirms the possibility of measuring motor activity to assess compensatory mechanisms during recovery after SD. Sleep regulation, therefore, does not necessarily need to be exclusively examined by the invasive technique of EEG registration.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Time course of narrow frequency bands in the waking EEG during sleep deprivation.

Electroencephalograms (EEGs) of 14 normal subjects were recorded every 2 h during 38 h constant routines. Adjacent narrow frequency bands (NFB) with similar temporal trends were grouped into frequency clusters. Clusters I (2.00-7.75 Hz) and III (11.00-14.75 Hz) exhibited similar time courses which may reflect both the duration of time awake and a circadian modulation. Cluster II (8.00-10.75 Hz) was characterized by a time course similar to the circadian modulation of core body temperature. Cluster V (18.00-24.75 Hz) was correlated with subjective sleepiness and may reflect the increasing effort made by subjects to perform the task as sleep deprivation lengthened. Various NFB in the waking EEG may reflect different physiological mechanisms underlying variations in vigilance states.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Cerebrodiene: a brain lipid isolated from sleep-deprived cats.

We report the isolation of a heretofore unrecognized brain lipid that is present in cerebrospinal fluid of sleep-deprived cats. The molecule appears to be a long-chain base structurally related to sphingosine and sphinganine in which a second unsaturated bond has been introduced. An increase in the degree of unsaturation of a key membrane component is expected to have important physiological consequences.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Distinct effects of paradoxical sleep deprivation and cocaine administration on sexual behavior in male rats.

As there are data showing enhanced sexual activity in paradoxical sleep deprived (PSD) rats, and cocaine (COC) is a drug of abuse known to also increase the sexual drive, the present study aimed to assess sexual behavior in animals submitted to PSD and/or COC administration. The data revealed that PSD followed by COC administration produced the largest percentage of animals having erection and ejaculation (100% and 60%) and differ statistically from the control groups. The PSD group that received saline produced 50% erections and 20% ejaculations whereas COC administration induced 10% erections and 10% ejaculations. Sexual activity was absent in control animals (saline injection). These findings are due probably to PSD causing supersensitivity of dopamine (DA) receptors exacerbating the cocaine actions on dopaminergic pathways inducing penile erection and ejaculation.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Prolongation of the antidepressant response to partial sleep deprivation by lithium.

Depressed patients given a loading dose of lithium on the first of 2 successive days of partial sleep deprivation (PSD), and kept at maintenance levels thereafter, showed significantly greater prolongation of the antidepressant effects of PSD than patients treated with PSD and placebo, even though the acute elevation in mood derived from PSD was as great on placebo as on lithium. Depression was assessed 3 days after PSD with an augmented version of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Patients on lithium alone, without PSD, did not have the acute elevation in mood seen in the two PSD groups and had significantly less improvement in depression than those who received PSD with lithium.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Total sleep deprivation effect on disengagement of spatial attention as assessed by saccadic eye movements.

OBJECTIVE: Previous research has shown that total sleep deprivation (TSD) of short duration (one night) affects performance to some cognitive tasks subserved by a fronto-parietal network. The aim of our study was to assess the effects of TSD on visuo-spatial attention, which is a cognitive task involving this network. Specifically, the disengagement of spatial attention was investigated with gap and overlap paradigms of saccadic eye movements. METHODS: Ten healthy young male subjects performed the two tasks the morning after a normal night and after a TSD night. The study was conducted using a balanced, crossover design. RESULTS: TSD significantly increased the gap effect (difference of latency between overlap and gap). CONCLUSIONS: This result can be interpreted as an impaired disengagement of attention after TSD. As the peak velocity, which is an indicator of alertness, was not altered by TSD, the impairment in the disengagement of spatial attention does not result from a decrease in alertness. SIGNIFICANCE: This study shows that saccadic eye movements enable studying alertness and disengagement of spatial attention simultaneously. The idea that specific brain areas are affected by TSD is confirmed by our results.

Adult↗