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PubMed1991

Psychological development as related to puberty, body height and severity of illness in adolescents with cystic fibrosis.

The interrelations between delayed puberty, small stature, severity of illness and psychological development were studied in 64 adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF). The study included 36 adolescents with asthma bronchiale, 47 adolescents with small stature (height less than 25th percentile) and 71 healthy controls with a height greater than or equal to 25th percentile. All adolescents and the parents of 40 youngsters with CF had extensive personal interviews. Eight aspects of independence and related aspects of self-perception were measured. In CF, delayed puberty and small stature were clearly correlated with less participation in some social activities, a lesser degree of ideal-formation and a less positive body attitude. Small stature appeared to have the same effects in healthy adolescents. Severity of illness in CF and asthma played a role of secondary importance. In general, the perceptions of parents were similar to or slightly more pessimistic than the self-perceptions of their CF children. The need for psychosexual counselling and training in social skills for adolescents with CF is stressed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Etiology and treatment of homosexuality: a review.

The major causal theories of and treatment approaches to male and female homosexuality are critically reviewed. Neither biological, psychoanalytic, nor learning and social-learning theories are found to provide convincing evidence for the etiology of homosexuality. All of these accounts, however, are viewed as providing mixed empirical support for their predictions, with social-learning research presenting the most consistent evidence. It is argued that both social-learning research findings and results from retrospective studies suggest that homosexuality may best be linked to the early qualitative learning and development of one's gender identity and gender role. Both psychoanalytic therapy and behavior therapy are found to have minimal successes and many failures. Most therapeutic successes seem to be with bisexuals rather than with exclusive homosexuals. The combined use of psychotherapy and specific behavioral techniques is seen to offer some promise for heterosexual adaptation with certain kinds of patients. However, it is argued that better prospects for intervention in homosexuality lie in its prevention through the early identification and treatment of the potential homosexual child.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1991

Grandiosity in children with narcissistic and borderline disorders. A comparative analysis.

I draw a distinction between two clinical pictures in children, borderline and narcissistic disorders. Both belong to the realm of personality disorder--or, perhaps, disorders in the development of the personality--but only the former has been widely reviewed and thoroughly investigated in the professional literature. I raise the question how and when these disorders emerge, stressing that both derive from the early, preoedipal period, and precede completion of the separation-individuation processes. Both disorders reveal manifestations of grandiosity which I view as a defense against the two underlying emotional experiences of the disorders: the experience of feeling alone in the borderline case, and the experience of "worthlessness" in the narcissistic personality.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Gender identity disorder in a girl: insights from adoption.

Gender identity disorder in girls is reported far less frequently than in boys. The analysis of a six-year-old adopted girl with gender identity disorder is presented to show the importance of the mother-infant relationship and of parental, especially maternal, attitudes toward gender in the normal development of gender identity and gender role definition. This child's unusual history included a late adoption, with clear evidence of separation trauma, and the ongoing influence of maternal infertility. Her symptoms of gender identity disorder appeared before her second birthday and were well established by three years of age. The analysis, from age six to thirteen, achieved a better adaptation to her gender. Her masculine strivings gradually became incorporated into an essentially feminine orientation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

A developmental line of gender identity, gender role, and choice of love object.

A schematic overview of the development of male and female gender identity has been presented with an attempt to formulate a developmental line. The steps include: (Table: see text) In discussion of these steps an effort was made to distinguish between core morphological or core gender identity--that is, the primary sense of being male or female, to which other aspects of gender identity are added over the course of development to eventually include a "mix" of masculinity and femininity; gender role identity, which includes the conscious and unconscious mental representations of dialogues with other people vis-à-vis one's gender identity as well as identification with role models; and the separate process of choosing a sexual partner orientation. These separate strands join together and intermingle to make up what we view globally as "gender identity."

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

The management of sexual issues in adolescent treatment programs.

Disturbed adolescents confined to inpatient treatment settings present special problems for the management of sexual behaviors. Ego impaired, delinquent, and autonomy-seeking adolescents provoke unique conflicts among their peers and staff. Staff's sexual anxiety caused by societal stereotypes of adolescents, inexperience with the techniques of unbiased observation and limit-setting, ignorance of normal adolescent development, and countertransference may lead to inadequate or inappropriate interventions. The authors describe the goals of a training program to reduce staff sexual anxiety: to develop a body of knowledge about the interaction between normal sexual development and psychopathology; to promote awareness about the staff's own feelings and the ways they influence observation and interaction; to lessen anxiety about self-exposure in the group setting; and to gain mutual support. Specific guidelines regarding effective staff interventions at an individual and group level are described. Alertness to the broad implications of sexuality in staff and patients and the necessity for careful monitoring of ward anxiety is emphasized.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1995

Vicissitudes of the erotized transference: the impact of aggression.

Little has been published concerning the erotized transferences which develop in the analyses of male patients in treatment with female analysts. Clinical material is presented in which a male patient developed both erotized and erotic transferences to his female analyst at differing times of the treatment. Using this material, differentiation is made between the nature of these transferences in relation to drive, affect, and ego functioning. It appears that the development of sexual transferences is more common in these cases than the review of the literature would suggest and that female analysts are less likely to report these cases than are their male colleagues. I would speculate that the aggressive and depreciating components of such transferences are overlooked by both male and female analysts. When treating opposite sex patients, male analysts may stress the sexual and loving nature of the transference wishes while female analysts may stress the wishes for nurturance, and merger.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Appropriate end points for the characterization of behavioral changes in developmental toxicology.

The present paper is devoted to second- and higher-tier test methods for the characterization of behavioral changes produced in rodents by exposure to noxious agents during development. The paper analyzes a series of end points that are informative about specific processes and underlying regulatory mechanisms but require greater technical sophistication and larger investments than first-tier end points. This applies to ultrasonic emissions in successive postnatal periods; to mother-pup interactions, including appropriate cross-fostering controls; to social (including sexual) interaction tests from the infantile to the young adult stage; and to a variety of conditioning and learning tests using both positive and negative reinforcement.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Effects of recent psychoanalytic theories and therapy concepts on the treatment technics of sex offenders].

Recently developed psychoanalytic theories on the pathogenesis and psychodynamics of sexual perversions are described and their effects on treatment technique discussed. Then a proposal based on these theories its put forth for a comprehensive treatment plan for sex offenders, among person with sexual perversions an especially difficult group to treat. Special emphasis is placed on the problems and possibilities associated with such a psychoanalytically oriented approach, and the author then argues that during the initial phase of treatment two approaches, both psychoanalytically oriented therapy and behavior therapy, should be used parallel to each other.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1994

The feminine self and penis envy.

This paper examines the integrative role of inner genitality in the formation of penis internalisations, which form part of the feminine self. Penis envy, operating simultaneously with the anxiety arising from a realisation of the introitus under the influence of inner genitality, organises functioning inner and outer female penis structures. This three-dimensionality of inner genitality, penis envy and anxiety for penetration is the condition of a functioning femininity. In the light of an analytic case history, the author follows the thawing out of a phallic defence position and the awakening of the obstructed genitality. Phallicity is seen as a traumatic defence structure, which prevents the development of functioning penis identifications. In the phallic mental world, the penis takes on an idealised and concrete meaning. Its desirability is denied, and the woman excludes her inner genitality from her relationship to it as an object. When most obstructed in her womanhood, a woman becomes a phallus herself. She lives in an imitative identity, in which the internalising psychic functions have come to a standstill. In such a mind, the ultimate purpose of defence is to avoid annihilation anxiety.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Homoerotic development during childhood and adolescence.

To adequately understand the diversity of child and adolescent homoeroticism, a differential developmental trajectories perspective is proposed that integrates recent research about the development of sexual orientation, sexual behavior, and sexual identity. Only the latter two can be altered therapeutically. Biologic theories of homosexuality are reviewed. Homoerotic youth are shown to be similar and dissimilar to heterosexual youth; more variability occurs within than among sexual orientation groups. Contemporary homoerotic youth recognize their sexuality, self-label, and accept their sexuality at earlier ages than previous generations and many are rejecting traditional identity labels. Clinical recommendations offer ways to assess sexual orientation and help patients to achieve acceptance of their sexuality.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A verbal group technique for ego-disturbed children: action to words.

The evolution of latency groups began over three decades ago with the inception of the activity group. Through modification and a greater emphasis on verbalization this developed into the play therapy model. At that time it was generally felt that verbal techniques were too threatening for latency age youngsters and that ego-defective children could not make use of a group approach. More recently successful work has been reported with both verbally oriented groups and groups with severely disturbed children. After tracing these developments, this paper describes a verbal, nondirective, insight-oriented group technique for ego-defective children. This technique is derived from the dynamics of latency, the techniques of individual play therapy, and the model of more conventional group psychotherapy. Clinical vignettes are reported to clarify the technique and demonstrate its efficacy. Though this approach is both demanding for the therapist and socially provocative in general, we think the results reported here require serious consideration and further evaluation.

Child↗
PubMed1981

[Genetically determined variability in mental and emotional development (author's transl)].

Human beings develop in biologically determined phases: During certain periods of life, sensitivity for learning specific tasks is increased. For successful completion of the learning process, however, adequate offers from the environment are necessary. Within the limits of this general rule, considerable genetically determined, interindividual differences are observed. The ability to develop faster or slower in certain phases of life, - strong and weak points, - specific chances and liabilities are distributed unevenly. The art of education consists in adjusting offers for learning to these individual differences. In addition to the cognitive field, requirements for emotional and social learning should not be neglected. Research on biologic maturation, on its interaction with offers from the environment, and on genetic variability will have to include in future increasingly neurobiologic concepts and methods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Grudge and the hysteric.

Our understanding of the bizarre sexuality of the hysteric began with Freud's discovery that its roots lay in infantile sexuality, but since then little knowledge has been added. This paper argues that the hysteric in early childhood deals with the failures of good-enough mothering and care by precocious sexual development, which is accompanied by an inability to be nurtured by any loving relationship. Sexual solutions to problems prove, for the hysteric, temporary, and inevitably end in grudge and complaints, as the love-object misreads the hysteric's gestures as expressing sexual wishes and desires instead of as a symbolic body language for care and protection. The author briefly examines the nature of the deprivation in childhood and the reason that the hysteric is such a promising yet recalcitrant patient, and offers a case illustration.

Fantasy↗
PubMed2004

Recognizing the centrality of gender identity and stereotype knowledge in gender development and moving toward theoretical integration: reply to Bandura and Bussey (2004).

Most of the critique in the A. Bandura and K. Bussey (see record 2004-18097-001) commentary is a misunderstanding or misrepresentation of the points made by C. L. Martin, D. N. Ruble, and J. Szkrybalo in their 2002 Psychological Bulletin article (see record 2002-18663-003). First, Martin et al. never intended to present a comprehensive theory; instead, it was a review of 2 different cognitive approaches to gender development. Second, there is no time line test that has been failed; instead, gender cognitions may occur earlier than initially believed. Third, Bandura and Bussey dismissed central gender cognitions-gender identity and gender stereotype knowledge-despite considerable evidence in their support. Fourth, Bandura and Bussey never addressed the gaps and ambiguities inherent in their theory that Martin et al. questioned in their earlier article. Finally, Bandura and Bussey's misunderstandings of cognitive theorists' views on socialization agents, sociocultural influences, agency, and motivation created theoretical rifts where none exist.

Female↗
PubMed1985

Religion and adolescent sexuality.

The health professional can be helpful to the adolescent, the adolescent's family, and the community through participating in and initiating local sex education programs. Religious settings provide a great potential for sexuality education within a value framework. A helpful curriculum will include the meaning of sexuality; developing a positive concept of sexuality, and a healthy sexual identity; present the issues of adolescent sexuality, including the various health issues; and an understanding of quality relationships within the family and among peers. If health professions and the community religious institutions can joint together, they can reach the goals of most programs in human sexuality, namely, "learning to appreciate our sexuality as a positive potential for self-expression, fulfillment and intimacy; respect for the personhood and well-being of others; and responsible decision-making."

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1985

The development of the drive object concept in Freud's work: 1905-1915.

In 1905 Freud established the idea of an object of an instinctual drive as the basic object concept of psychoanalysis. He also introduced the derivative concepts of object directedness, object choice, and object finding. While taking these steps he simultaneously deemphasized the importance of drive objects in sexual life, contradicted himself on whether drives are autoerotic or object-directed in infancy, and made incompatible statements about whether or not object choice occurs before puberty. Freud's clinical work, reflected especially in the major case reports and a series of papers on fantasy, led to an apparent recognition of complexity in the mental life of children far greater than had been described earlier. The increased attention to and appreciation of mental content in childhood especially augmented Freud's understanding of the role of drive objects, object directedness, and object choice in infancy. This, in turn, led him to postulate a sequence of organizations of sexual life, named according to the zonal drive source plus the mode of object directedness, a process of theory development that continued through 1924. Object choice and, to a lesser extent, object directedness are concepts derived from and dependent upon the concept of drive object. Both require, however, explanatory constructs besides drive constructs. In 1915 Freud defined the term "object" in the context of stating his drive theory. Freud used the term object with several new modifying words during this decade. No new object concept was introduced, however, in this work, although some steps in that direction appeared to be in progress.

Child↗
PubMed1991

The Sexual Desire Conflict Scale for Women: construction, internal consistency, and two initial validity tests.

The development of a 33-item Sexual Desire Conflict Scale for Women is described. The scale was designed to measure women's experiences of subjective discomfort and conflict in relation to sexual desire. 54 women participated: 18 survivors of childhood sexual abuse, 18 survivors of nonsexual trauma, 18 controls with no histories of trauma. Three factors accounted for 25.6, 12.9 and 7.6% of the variance. While no social desirability confounding was detected, the three groups had very different scores. Suggestions for research and clinical application are made.

Adult↗