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PubMed1987

[25 years of the state testing section and 10 years of the reference laboratory for the control of arthropods harmful to health in East Germany].

The development during the past 25 years of a public-health institution in the German Democratic Republic working specifically on the control of arthropod pests is outlined. Essential fields of the work are: Biological effectiveness tests of pesticides and the instructions for pesticide application; advice on the introduction of new means of control and participation in their further development; investigation on resistance against insecticides; cooperation with the departments of parasitology in the local institutes of hygiene and with the professional branch of pest control operators; contributions to the updating of the specific legislation. Structure of the reference laboratory and selected data on the extent of work. Scientists of the laboratory are active members of scientific societies, especially of the Parasitological Society of GDR.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Entomopathogenic nematodes for the biocontrol of ticks.

Entomopathogenic steinemematid and heterorhabditid nematodes are increasingly used to control insect pests of economically important crops. Laboratory and field simulation trials show that ticks are also susceptible to these nematodes. The authors review the potential of entomogenous nematodes for the control of ticks.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Examination of New Zealand's endemic Wiseana nucleopolyhedrovirus by analysis of the viral polyhedrin gene.

Insects of the genus Wiseana (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) are major agricultural pests in New Zealand. Singly enveloped nucleopolyhedroviruses (SNPVs) isolated from three of the seven described Wiseana species have potential as biological control agents. As part of an effort to characterise the Wiseana SNPV genome the polyhedrin gene was cloned and the nucleotide sequence determined. The gene sequence was used, in conjunction with morphological and restriction endonuclease analysis, to compare isolates from different sites and species of Wiseana. Heterogeneity was detected within a single site, as well as between SNPV from separate Wiseana species. The extent of divergence between the nucleotide sequences was small enough, however, to consider three SNPVs from W. signata, W. cervinata and W. umbraculata as different strains of a single SNPV species. This improves the likely practicability of developing a single viral agent to control this pest complex. In addition, the virus polyhedrin gene sequence was used to estimate the phylogenetic relatedness of a W. signata SNPV to 16 other NPV from diverse insect genera. These comparisons suggest the Wiseana SNPV was unique within the Baculoviridae, but was more closely related to the group II NPVs.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

U.S. Army vector control (preventive medicine) operations during Operation Restore Hope, Somalia.

During the early stages of Operation Restore Hope, three U.S. Army preventive-medicine detachments were deployed to Somalia to counter the disease and non-battle injury threat to deployed forces. The activities of these units are discussed, with an emphasis on the entomology detachment. The preventive medicine (PVNTMED) threat facing deployed forces was considerable, and probably greater than that encountered in any recent operation. This threat is discussed, as are the methods used by the PVNTMED detachments to counter the threat. Vector control and pest management operations of the entomology detachment are highlighted, and how they related to the health and comfort of deployed personnel. These operations ranged from routine mosquito surveillance to large-area vector-control missions using a helicopter-slung pesticide dispersal unit. A variety of "lessons learned" are also discussed, focusing on individual and company-level PVNTMED measures.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Integrated pest management and allocation of control efforts for vector-borne diseases.

Applications of various control methods were evaluated to determine how to integrate methods so as to minimize the number of human cases of vector-borne diseases. These diseases can be controlled by lowering the number of vector-human contacts (e.g., by pesticide applications or use of repellents), or by lowering the proportion of vectors infected with pathogens (e.g., by lowering or vaccinating reservoir host populations). Control methods should be combined in such a way as to most efficiently lower the probability of human encounter with an infected vector. Simulations using a simple probabilistic model of pathogen transmission suggest that the most efficient way to integrate different control methods is to combine methods that have the same effect (e.g., combine treatments that lower the vector population; or combine treatments that lower pathogen prevalence in vectors). Combining techniques that have different effects (e.g., a technique that lowers vector populations with a technique that lowers pathogen prevalence in vectors) will be less efficient than combining two techniques that both lower vector populations or combining two techniques that both lower pathogen prevalence, costs being the same. Costs of alternative control methods generally differ, so the efficiency of various combinations at lowering human contact with infected vectors should be estimated at available funding levels. Data should be collected from initial trials to improve the effects of subsequent interventions on the number of human cases.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Entomogenous Fusarium species.

Fusarium species are known for their abundance in nature and their diverse associations with both living and dead plants and animals. Among animals Fusarium is found primarily in relationship with insects. This literature review of the past 50 years includes both non-pathogenic and pathogenic relationships between Fusarium and insects. Special attention is given to the host range, particularly between plant- and insect-hosts, and to the possible microbial potential of the fungus to control insect pests. Correct classification of this fungus has been difficult because of its diverse and non-uniform morphological features. However, by now a usable and reliable taxonomic system has been developed. The fungus can be easily cultured and mass produced. Among the non-pathogenic associations mutualism and allotrophy are found between Fusarium and wood-inhabiting and flour beetles, respectively, enhancing development and production of beetle larvae. Some insects contribute to the dispersal of the fungus in the environment by means of spore passage through their guts. Plant-pathogenic Fusarium species gain access to host tissue by plant-feeding insects. A large number of Fusarium spp. are entomopathogenic; some are weak, facultative pathogens, especially of the lepidopteran and coleopteran orders, and they will colonize their dead hosts as saprophytes. In a few cases pathogenicity to both plant and insect by one isolate was found. Strong pathogens were reported primarily from homopterans and dipterans from field observations of natural mortalities as well as from pathogenicity tests. Potential Fusarium isolates which cause high insect mortalities also show high host specificity and no damage to crop plants. The question of host invasion has been addressed by few investigators. Entrance of the fungus via the oral route, oviposition tubes, wounds, or ectoparasitic activity, were stated, but no claim for penetration of the insect cuticle. Mycotoxins, such as trichothecenes (T-2) and other secondary metabolites, contributed to mortalities of termites, mealworms, flour beetles, maize borers and blow flies, while zearalenone (F-2) exhibited a beneficial effect on egg production in flour beetles and a detrimental effect on fecundity in mammals. Studies on adverse effects of the fungus on beneficial organisms (including mammals and plants) revealed that both harmful as well as safe Fusarium isolates exist in nature. Highly host-specific and strongly entomopathogenic Fusarium isolates should be more extensively studied and tested for their possible use in biological control.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Yield, biological activity, and field performance of a wild-type Helicoverpa nucleopolyhedrovirus produced in H. zea cell cultures.

This paper reports studies of the in vitro production of a virus from Helicoverpa armigera (HaSNPV) and its possible use as a specific Helicoverpa/Heliothis larvicide. Growth kinetics of Helicoverpa zea (H. zea) cells and virus occlusion body yields were compared in three SF900II-based media, namely, SF900II (serum-free), SF900II + 1% serum, or SF900II + 10% serum. Viable cell densities were usually higher in the media supplemented with serum than in the serum-free medium; however, in the serum-free medium, cell diameters were 1.7 times greater (i.e., individual cell volumes were five times larger). Both volumetric production of virus occlusion bodies and production per cell were higher in the serum-free medium than in the media supplemented with serum. However, the infectivity of the occlusion bodies from the serum-free medium was less than that with those from the medium supplemented with 10% serum, when compared in bioassays employing newly hatched larvae. The infectivity of the in vitro produced occlusion bodies was also less than that of in vivo produced occlusion bodies in a commercially available virus product, GemStar. High levels of infection of H. armigera larvae obtained in a preliminary field assessment on preflowering tomatoes using the in vitro produced occlusion bodies indicated the suitability of the in vitro process for biopesticide production.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Horizontal transmission of Amblyospora albifasciati García and Becnel, 1994 (Microsporidia: amblyosporidae), to a copepod intermediate host and the neotropical mosquito, Aedes albifasciatus (Macquart, 1837).

The life cycle of Amblyospora albifasciati is characterized by three sporulation sequences involving the definitive mosquito host and a copepod intermediate host. Meiospores of A. albifasciati were infectious per os to adult females of the copepod Mesocyclops annulatus. All developmental stages in the copepod had unpaired nuclei, with sporulation involving the formation of a sporontogenic interfacial envelope and the production of a second type of uninucleate spore. These spores, formed in the ovaries of M. annulatus, were large, pyriform, and measured 10.4 x 4.8 microm. They infected Aedes albifasciatus larvae when ingested to initiate a sequence that involves schizogony and gametogony and ends with plasmogamy and nuclear association to form diplokaryotic meronts. Oval binucleate spores (9.3 x 3.1 microm) are formed in the adult mosquito and are responsible for vertical transmission to the filial generation.

Aedes↗
PubMed2003

Benzoquinones from millipedes deter mosquitoes and elicit self-anointing in capuchin monkeys (Cebus spp.).

Neotropical monkeys of the genus Cebus anoint themselves by rubbing arthropods and plants against their pelage. A recent study has shown that free-ranging wedge-capped capuchin monkeys (C. olivaceus) in Venezuela self-anoint with a benzoquinone-secreting millipede, an activity by which they are hypothesized to appropriate chemical deterrents of mosquitoes. To evaluate the plausibility of this hypothesis, female yellow fever mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) were presented with two millipede secretory compounds, 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone and 2-methoxy-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone, on nylon-reinforced silicone membranes placed over wells filled with human blood, a highly preferred food. Mosquitoes exhibited fewer landings, fed less frequently, and flew more frequently (a possible indication of repellency) in the presence of membranes treated with benzoquinones than with controls. These compounds also elicit self-anointing in captive male and female tufted (C. apella) and white-faced (C. capucinus) capuchin monkeys.

Aedes↗
PubMed1988

Mechanisms of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides.

In the 10 years or so since the photostable pyrethroid insecticides such as permethrin and fenvolerate were introduced, this family of compounds has become widely used to control agricultural pests, and finds increasing usage to control arthropods of medical and veterinary importance. The synthetic pyrethroids offer many advantages for veterinary and public health use, particularly their selectivity, high toxicity to insects, and relative lack of chronic effects. They are also inherently stable, and so have become widely used as residual sprays on house walls to control insects in the domestic environment. But as with other classes of insecticides such as organochlorines, organophosphotes and carbamates, resistance to pyrethroids is now increasingly reported. In this article, Tom Miller explains the principle mechanisms of resistance to pyrethroids, using the North American horn fly (Haematobia irritans) as an example now showing many common resistance traits.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Type 'A' and 'B' recovery revisited: the role of field-edge habitats for Collembola and macroarthropod community recovery after insecticide treatment.

Previous work has identified two patterns of arthropod recovery after insecticide applications to arable crops: dispersal-mediated recolonisation from untreated areas (Type A) and recolonisation within treated areas assisted by reduced predation (Type B). In this study, connectivity between field-edge habitats was manipulated using barriers to investigate whether a crop edge and adjacent hedgerow influence recolonisation of an insecticide-treated crop by surface-active Collembola and other arthropods. Collembola recovery patterns differed among closely-related taxa. Epigeic collembolan and macroarthropod communities were more diverse and abundant, and rates of artificial prey predation were higher, in sprayed crop areas connected to both hedgerow and unsprayed crop edge than in sprayed areas connected to the unsprayed edge alone. These findings indicate that effectiveness of unsprayed crop edges as sources of field recolonisation may depend on adjoining field margin habitats. An assumption in risk assessment that unsprayed crop edges assist population recovery within treated areas is not supported.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Development of stem borer resistant transgenic parental lines involved in the production of hybrid rice.

Stem borer resistant transgenic parental lines, involved in hybrid rice, were produced by Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer method. Two pSB111 super-binary vectors containing modified cry1Ab/cry1Ac genes driven by maize ubiquitin promoter, and herbicide resistance gene bar driven by cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter were, used in this study. Embryogenic calli after co-cultivation with Agrobacterium were selected on the medium containing phosphinothricin. Southern blot analyses of primary transformants revealed the stable integration of bar, cry1Ab and cry1Ac coding sequences into the genomes of three parental lines with a predominant single copy integration and without any rearrangement of T-DNA. T1 progeny plants disclosed a monogenic pattern (3:1) of transgene segregation as confirmed by molecular analyses. Furthermore, the co-segregation of bar and cry genes in T1 progenies suggested that the transgenes are integrated at a single site in the rice genome. In different primary transformants with alien inbuilt resistance, the levels of cry proteins varied between 0.03 and 0.13% of total soluble proteins. These transgenic lines expressing insecticidal proteins afforded substantial resistance against stem borers. This is the first report of its kind dealing with the introduction of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cry genes into the elite parental lines involved in the development of hybrid rice.

Animals↗