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At least 1,243 records · Page 69Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Research trends in human osteology: a content analysis of papers published in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology.

This paper explores recent research trends in human osteology, based on articles published in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (AJPA) during two 5-year intervals: 1980--1984 and 1996--2000. Topical "visibility" is measured in terms of article counts; "impact" is estimated through citation indices. Our results indicate that human osteologists continue to publish a range of methodological, analytical, and descriptive research papers that address a broad array of subjects. Analytical articles are cited more frequently than descriptive articles and thus have higher impact, reflecting the discipline's continued commitment to problem-oriented research. Differences in publication patterns exist between scholars during early and later stages of their careers. Articles published by students and Ph.D.s within 2 years of their doctoral degree are more frequently descriptive than analytical, when compared to people with longer career histories. Topics such as pathology, forensic anthropology, and biodistance modeling remain highly visible, while articles on the dentition have waned. An increase in functional research directed toward the postcranial skeleton is also reflected in our data. While continued visibility for morphological investigations is apparent, the impact of recently developed applications in bone chemistry and molecular anthropology is amply documented in our data, particularly during the more recent survey years.

Anthropology, Physical↗
PubMed2000

Improved RP-HPLC determination of quinine in plasma and whole blood stored on filter paper.

Analysis of quinine in plasma and whole blood samples dried on filter paper is described. Sample preparation involves liquid extraction of plasma and whole blood from the filter paper and subsequent solid-phase extraction using C8 Bond Elut cartridges. A reverse-phase liquid chromatography system with UV detection and fluorescence detection was used. The analytical characteristics of the method are reported, with a quantification limit of 0.1 microg mL(-1) and within an assay coefficient of variation of 5.6-8.4% in plasma and 6.5-12% in whole blood. Representative chromatograms are shown as a function of time for samples from human subjects after ingestion of a single 400-mg dose of quinine sulphate. Quinidine, dihydroquinine and metabolites are well separated from quinine with a resolution of above 1 (Rs>1).

Adult↗
PubMed2004

What the papers say: where is the somatic mutation that causes aging?

It has been proposed that somatic mutations make major contributions to aging. The first paper, based on a gene knock-in mouse, supports a contributory role for mutation in mtDNA in aging, but does not support a damaged-mtDNA-producing-more-damaged-mtDNA hypothesis. The second paper indicates some GC-rich sequences in the nuclear DNA are more sensitive to oxidative damage than mtDNA. As a result, key genes involved in brain function and mitochondrial function are progressively inactivated with age. Failure in these nucleus-encoded mitochondrial genes may be a primary reason for mitochondrial failure in old age.

Aging↗
PubMed1991

Cloning of murine splenic T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells on filter paper discs: detection of a novel NK/T phenotype.

Discrete colonies of splenocytes were grown on filter paper discs in the presence of concanavalin A and interleukin 2. Phenotypic analysis of the colonies indicated that the majority expressed the Thy-1.2 marker and 72% of these co-expressed the CD3 molecule. Of the colonies 20%-25% were NK 1.1+ and they developed regardless of the presence of Con A in the culture medium, a property of the NK lineage. In addition, Thy-1.2+ colonies developed when splenocytes from scid mice, which lack mature T and B cells, were grown both in the presence and absence of concanavalin A. These results demonstrate that colonies of murine splenic T lymphocytes and NK cells could be successfully grown on filter paper discs and phenotypically characterized. With this colonies technique, it was possible to identify a novel subset of NK 1.1+ colonies that co-expresses CD3 and shares growth properties with T cell colonies.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Developing a paper presentation.

The purpose of this article is to provide suggestions for developing and presenting papers at an educational conference or other professional meeting. The authors offer suggestions on how to write an abstract, deal with rejection or success, develop an outline, construct a lecture, select audiovisual materials, and use public-speaking skills. The practical strategies described in this article are intended to enable rehabilitation nurses and other readers to develop and/or enhance their paper presentations.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed2002

Detection of measles virus RNA in whole blood stored on filter paper.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of dried blood spots stored on filter paper as a means to provide specimens for virologic surveillance for measles virus (MV) in situations when the reverse cold chain is not available. Two single-step RT-PCR assays were evaluated for sensitivity of detection of MV nucleoprotein gene RNA. The more sensitive assay was then used to assess the stability of MV RNA in dried whole blood stored on filter paper. MV RNA was found to be stable in dried blood spots for up to 2 months at room temperature or 1 month at 37 degrees C. As few as 100 infected human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) per blood spot could be detected using a single-step RT-PCR reaction and ethidium bromide detection. MV RNA was also detected in dried blood spots obtained from rhesus macaques after challenge with wild-type MV. In the rhesus samples, the single-step RT-PCR reaction could detect approximately 10(3) TCID(50) per blood spot, while nested PCR detected 3 TCID(50) per blood spot. The results of this laboratory-based study suggest that the use of dried blood spots stored on filter has the potential to improve virologic surveillance for MV in some areas, and they emphasize the need for continued testing under field conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Medical informatics conference papers: a content analysis of research in a new discipline.

One of the hallmarks of a mature discipline is a varied and robust body of literature describing the research activities of the discipline. Medical informatics has rapidly become an accepted scientific discipline, having emerged from two long established disciplines (medical and computer science). This study looks at one form of scientific communication as a descriptive indicator of the maturity of medical informatics as a discipline. Conference proceedings were selected because they represent one of the first means of communication within a discipline in a semiformal format. Findings confirm that conference papers report research, development, and application projects across a wide range of topics; identify a possible trend toward increased funding; and show widespread use of empirical and quantitative research and analytical techniques. Deficiencies in the conference papers are also discussed.

Congresses as Topic↗
PubMed1994

The use of pharmacokinetics as an interpretive and predictive tool in chemical toxicology testing and risk assessment: a position paper on the appropriate use of pharmacokinetics in chemical toxicology.

It has been recognized for several decades in the pharmaceutical industry that the safety evaluation of pharmacological agents must include pharmacokinetic (PK) studies, which are designed to determine the rate of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). In recent years the importance of such ADME studies in toxicology has also become increasingly apparent to the chemical industry. This increased focus has led to testing strategies that can produce ADME/PK data with greater applicability to toxicity testing and risk assessment. An example of such a strategy is the concept of a tiered approach to the conduct of ADME/PK studies (Wilson, A. G. E., Frantz, S. W., and Keifer, L. C. (1994). Environ. Health Perspect., in press). However, in practice, PK data are often viewed as being of limited usefulness and of only ancillary importance to the determination of chemical toxicity. As a consequence, the close integration of PK studies with toxicity-testing protocols is not always practiced within the chemical industry and is thus frequently scheduled independently from toxicity testing. This lack of integration has resulted in the design of subchronic (13-week) and chronic (2-year) toxicity studies without the benefit of PK information to establish the appropriate dose levels to be used, often because of inappropriate timing. The result is that much of the PK data which have been generated is without a clear consideration of its application to toxicity testing and risk assessment. This position paper is intended to provide recommendations for the appropriate design and interpretation of a PK study, as well as when and how to use PK data in the interpretation of toxicology data. Additional issues discussed in the paper include the design of PK studies to evaluate tissue time-course relationships and chemical persistence, the overall usefulness of PK data to toxicology testing, and the utility of PK as a useful interpretive and predictive tool in toxicology and risk assessment.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Learning and discrimination of coloured papers in the walking blowfly, Lucilia cuprina.

A new training and testing paradigm for walking sheep blowflies, Lucilia cuprina, is described. A fly is trained by presenting it with a droplet of sugar solution on a patch of coloured paper. After having consumed the sugar droplet, the fly starts a systematic search. While searching, it is confronted with an array of colour marks consisting of four colours displayed on the test cardboard (Fig. 1). Colours used for training and test include blue, green, yellow, orange, red, white and black. Before training, naive flies are tested for their spontaneous colour preferences on the test array. Yellow is visited most frequently, green least frequently (Table 2). Spontaneous colour preferences do not simply depend on subjective brightness (Table 1). The flies trained to one of the colours prefer this colour significantly (Figs. 5 and 9-11). This behaviour reflects true learning rather than sensitisation (Figs. 6-7). The blue and yellow marks are learned easily and discriminated well (Figs. 5, 9, 11). White is also discriminated well, although the response frequencies are lower than to blue and yellow (Fig. 11). Green is discriminated from blue but weakly from yellow and orange (Figs. 5, 9, 10). Red is a stimulus as weak as black (Figs. 8, 9). These features of colour discrimination reflect the spectral loci of colours in the colour triangle (Fig. 14). The coloured papers seem to be discriminated mainly by the hue of colours, but brightness may also be used to discriminate colour stimuli (Fig.13).

Animals↗
PubMed1994

The changing blueprints of the British NHS: the White Papers of 1944 and 1989.

It has recently been pointed out that the 1989 White Paper Working for Patients, which provides the basis for the current reforms of the British National Health Service, has some common features with the 1944 White Paper A National Health Service, which was the unadopted model for the service produced by the Wartime Coalition Government. Moreover, it is likely that the Conservatives, if elected in the 1945 General Election, would have introduced a service based on a modified version of the 1944 document. We can compare these two blueprints to shed some light on Conservative thinking on health care over a period of nearly 50 years. There are some similarities in terms of the notions of purchaser and provider, contracts and pluralism. However, there are striking contrasts, notably in their attitude towards planning versus competition and local democracy versus patronage. It is claimed that the profound differences outweigh the apparent similarities and consequently the two blueprints show the discontinuity rather than the continuity of Conservative thinking on health care.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1997

Postvaccinal immune response to regimens of Newcastle disease vaccination by filter paper sampling technique.

Seven hundred and ten blood samples were collected at random from commercial layers in Tamil Nadu on Whatman filter paper No. 1 instead of the conventional method of serum collection. The birds were subjected to different Newcastle disease (ND) vaccination schedules and samples were collected to study the vaccinal response to ND at field level. Eluates were obtained from sample areas of filter paper using Brij-35 solution [detergent] and subjected to the micro haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test for ND antibodies. The HI titre ranged from less than 2(4) to 2(9). The possible causes of poor immune response to ND vaccinations are discussed.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1999

Persistent Organochlorines in the Effluents from a Chlorine-Bleached Kraft Integrated Pulp and Paper Mill in Southeast Asia.

A bleached sulfate integrated pulp and paper mill producing printing and writing paper from mixed tropical hardwood and bamboo was studied. The mill uses a "conventional bleaching sequence," C-E-H1-H2, with an average molecular chlorine consumption of 50 kg per ton of air-dried pulp (ADP). The content of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) in the bleaching filtrate in terms of the nordic toxicity equivalent (N-TEQ) was 33.5, 1.15, 0.56, and 0.014 pg/L for the E, C, H1, and H2 bleaching stages, respectively. The corresponding PCDFs and PCDDs loads in ng/t ADP were in the same ranking, i.e., 670, 69, 11.2, and 0.28, respectively. The congener and isomeric pattern of PCDFs and PCDDs of the bleaching filtrate and the bleached pulp was found to be typical for the chlorine bleaching plant effluent. The obtained dioxin load formed in the mill is in agreement with Western studies for the given multiple chlorine of 0.21-0.23. The load is, however, lower than reported discharges from Scandinavian mills using 1980s bleaching technologies, but substantially higher than the discharges from mills with modern bleaching technologies. Modifications in the bleaching plant to reduce molecular chlorine use are necessary to reduce dioxin formation.http://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/00244/bibs/37n3p303.html

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Adhesion of a Pseudomonas putida strain isolated from a paper machine to cellulose fibres.

The adhesion to cellulose fibres of a strain of Pseudomonas putida isolated from a paper machine was studied under different environmental conditions. The physicochemical properties of both P. putida cells and cellulose fibres were also determined to better understand the adhesion phenomenon. Adhesion was rapid (1 min) and increased with time, cell concentration and temperature (from 25 to 40 degrees C), indicating that bacterial adhesion to cellulose fibres is essentially governed by a physicochemical process. The P. putida cell surface was negatively charged, as shown by electrophoretic mobility measurements, and was hydrophilic due to a strong electron-donor character, as shown by the microbial adhesion to solvents method. Cellulose fibres were shown to be hydrophilic by contact angle measurements using the capillary rise method. These results suggest the importance of Lewis acid-base interactions in the adhesion process. In various ionic solutions (NaCl, KCl, CaCl(2) and MgCl(2)), adhesion increased with increasing ionic strength up to 10-100 mM, indicating that, at low ionic strength, electrostatic interactions were involved in the adhesion process. An increase in the C/N ratio of the growth medium (from 5 to 90) decreased adhesion but this could not be related to changes in physicochemical properties, suggesting that other factors may be involved. In practice, temperature, ionic strength and nitrogen concentration must be taken into consideration to reduce bacterial contamination in the paper industry.

Bacterial Adhesion↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tissue paper for hemostasis of spot dermabrasion.

Dermabrasion remains one of the effective ways to treat scars and facial wrinkles. Spot dermabrasion is for a localized limited area. Bleeding and oozing from the abraded wound are cumbersome during the operation. Small pieces of tissue paper were used for the intraoperative hemostasis. The efficiency and safety of the tissue paper as a temporary dressing for hemostasis was discussed and presented. It is simple, cost-effective, and easy to use for hemostasis from spot dermabrasion.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Scientific papers presented at the European Congress of Radiology 2000: publication rates and characteristics during the period 2000-2004.

To determine the rate at which abstracts orally presented at the ECR 2000 were published between 2000-2004, and to identify predictive factors of publication and differences between abstracts and subsequently published papers. Specific search profiles were devised to retrieve items from the Medline database. From 1020 abstracts originating from 39 countries, 479 articles (publication rate 47%) were subsequently published in 139 Medline-indexed journals, most frequently in European Radiology (14%). Country of origin statistically (P<0.0001) influences the subsequent publication of the abstract, Germany having the highest number of presentations (n=343) and derived articles (publication rate 54%). Abstracts presented by authors from the USA (n=21) had the highest publication rate (76%). Most papers were published within the first 3 years after the meeting, as original articles and in English-language journals. Both the study sample size and the first author frequently changed. Chest and cardiac studies had the highest publication rates (56%, both). In summary, abstracts presented at the ECR 2000 had a high publication rate in Medline-indexed journals. Country of origin and subspecialty of presentation appeared to influence subsequent full publication. More articles were published in European Radiology than in other journal.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1997

Detection of Trypanosoma congolense and T. brucei subspecies in cattle in Zambia by polymerase chain reaction from blood collected on a filter paper.

To facilitate epidemiology studies of African trypanosomiasis in cattle in Zambia, we adapted a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method using blood spotted on filter papers. For easy preparation of template DNA from the dried blood, we adapted a simple DNA extraction method using Chelex-100, an anion-exchange resin. Using primers directed for repetitive nuclear DNA sequences, species-specific DNA amplifications were detected from the blood of rats infected with Zambian isolates of T. congolense and T. brucei subspecies. The method was sensitive enough to detect a single trypanosome for both species. In the Eastern Province of Zambia, 240 cattle were examined for motile flagellates in the buffy coat by the microhematocrit method, and 100 of them were positive for the test. These 100 animals were further examined by thin blood smears and PCR for species identification. The thin blood smear revealed 62 and 14 animals with T. congolense and T. brucei subspecies infection, respectively, whereas the PCR detected 73 of the former and 38 of the latter species. These results indicate that dried blood spots on filter papers are a useful source of DNA for detection of African trypanosomes by PCR.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Detection of Leishmania in immunocompromised patients using peripheral blood spots on filter paper and the polymerase chain reaction.

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the polymerase chain reaction could be used to detect Leishmania infantum in peripheral blood spots of immunocompromised patients. Although visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompromised individuals is routinely diagnosed by direct microscopy or by culture of biopsy material, both methods have disadvantages. In order to evaluate an alternative method of diagnosis, blood spots were collected on filter paper from 24 immunocompromised individuals with visceral leishmaniasis diagnosed by bone marrow microscopy or culture. The samples were tested using the polymerase chain reaction. Leishmania DNA was detected in 15 of 20 patients who had not yet begun treatment for Leishmania infection and in two of four patients undergoing treatment. Using microscopy or culture, parasites were detected in 5 of 19 and 8 of 19 fresh blood samples, respectively. The results suggest that the polymerase chain reaction can be used with blood spots on filter paper as an initial screening method for immunocompromised patients suspected to have Leishmania infection.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

A framework for improving health in cities: a discussion paper.

This paper considers health in cities from the perspective of complex adaptive systems. This approach has a number of important implications for intervention that do not emerge in traditional accounts of cities and health. The paper reviews various accounts of the nature of cities and of health as well as the traditional urban health and Healthy Cities movements. It then provides a framework for intervention and tests it against an actual case study. It concludes that a complex adaptive systems framework opens up fresh possibilities for improving health in urban contexts.

Attitude to Health↗