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Adolescent development and external influences.

There are two different approaches to the definition of "normal" in adolescence: psychoanalytic interpretation and empirical research. They are not necessarily at odds but can complement each other if normalcy is viewed as a dependent variable. Its definition depends also on cultural rules, social values and expectancies, professional orientations, personality traits and political climate, which all determine the tolerance level for aberrance. The adolescent development including biological, cognitive and psychosocial changes is related to the existing social formations and processes. It is affected by family, peer groups, neighborhood, work and wider community. The paper describes the adolescent development in particular social contexts.

Adolescent↗

Evaluation of progress in supervision.

Evaluation is an ongoing process in psychoanalytic education and is most active during supervision. Here we formulate five learning objectives relevant to evaluating competence in analyzing that can be used by both supervisor and candidate to assess progress throughout the supervisory experience. Session-by-session evaluation produces the core material for periodic progress reports.

Aptitude↗

Separation-individuation and reconstruction in psychoanalysis.

The development constructs of Mahler and her coworkers are seen as clinically based theory which enrich practice. Freud discovered the importance of the infantile past and psychosexual development in particular, he related these findings to the psychodynamics of neurotic structures, and devised a successful therapeutic model based on his findings. Mahler has uncovered and detailed other aspects of infantile mental life, related genetically not to neurotic byt also to other mental structures, thereby broadening the range of applicability of Freud's therapeutic model. Clinical vignettes are offered depicting unresolved residua from the infantile developmental phases described by Mahler. The issue of the analyst's and the patient's conviction concerning reconstructions that attempt to reach across the "primal repression barrier" is discussed. Finally, it is suggested that working through involves, among other things, completion of developmental process that had been interrupted in the childhood of the patient.

Anxiety, Castration↗

[Relationship, resistance and insight as depicted in measures concerning form and content of speech - a textual analysis of the course of a female in-patient with eating disorder].

OBJECTIVES: This multi-methodical single case study examines how relationship, resistance and insight, the important therapeutic factors, are conveyed in a therapeutic process. METHODS: For depicting interaction the textual parameters - direct speech, acknowledgement tokens, activity of speech and personal pronouns - of Formal Psycholinguistic Text Analysis (Overbeck et al., 1996) are applied. The activity of the unconscious theme is measured by the Interferenzindex (Argelander, 1984). The link of emotional experiences with words is depicted by the Computerized Referential Activity method (Mergenthaler and Bucci, 1999). The attainment of emotional insight in the Model of the Therapeutic Cycle is perceived via the Emotion-/Abstraction-Patterns (Mergenthaler, 1997). RESULTS: Three phases are discriminated accordingly: Resistance, characterised by defensive intellectualization, symbolic representation on the basis of the secure relationship and emotional insight and detachment. CONCLUSIONS: The validity of the results in this single case study is guaranteed by the multi-methodical strategy.

Awareness↗

[Development, attachment and relationship: new psychoanalytical concepts].

Authors present the evolution of psychoanalytical views of how a child perceives and contruct the world. They begin with Freud's thought and go through works of Klein, Spitz, Mahler, Bowlby, ending with modern thought of Stern. Developments in understanding of the infant by observations taken through the last thirty years are outlined and implications for psychoanalytical theory and treatment of mental problems are described.

Humans↗

[Hypochondriasis: mechanisms of a disorder in the light of psychoanalytical concepts].

This paper presents the mechanisms of hypochondria from the perspective of different theoretical orientations in psychoanalysis. The authors analyze the significance of narcissism, the death instinct (mainly from the perspective of Melanie Klein's school) and the masochistic tendencies, in hypochondria. The paper presents the views of various psychoanalytical authors on the links between hypochondria and other mental disorders. The authors also present the theory and empirical data, showing the connection between somatoform disorders and the traumatic experiences in childhood. The authors stress the importance of the contribution of different theoretical schools in psychoanalysis to the understanding of the intra psychic work of hypochondria.

Adult↗