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At least 1,243 records · Page 69Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Cosmesis in segmental mastectomy.

The controversy about the best treatment for primary breast cancer will be settled only when properly designed clinical trials are completed. Most surgeons would rather await the results of such trials than participate in them. Prominent among the reasons for this view is the belief that an adequate cancer operation can seldom be performed with appropriate cosmetic preservation of the breast and, therefore, the trial of an unproven operation is not justified, because nothing can be gained. The poor cosmetic result is often owing to lack of experience with segmental mastectomy. From experience with 400 patients in the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast Project (NSABP) protocol has emerged an appreciation of the technical points that permit adequately wide local excision with minimal cosmetic loss. The results should stimulate both patients and surgeons to consider appropriate clinical trials for primary breast cancer surgery. This paper considers the causes of cosmetic failure and suggests the means of overcoming them.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1994

[Birth of the movie from the spirit of laughter].

So far, the links between film theory and psychoanalysis have been largely forged via Sigmund Freud's theory of dreams and the "linguistic turn" ushered in by Jacques Lacan. The present author elects a different approach. Drawing upon Freud's treatise on jokes, she outlines the way in which the social nature of joke production (in contrast to the loneliness of the dreamer) and the modes of wish-fulfillment inherent therein (neglected by Lacan) can be utilised for a feminist re-vision of cinema. According to Schlüpmann, the unconscious factors inherent in jokes and comedy re-emerge in a radicalized form in three elements of cinema: in the technicality of film, the participation of women and the projective space represented by the movie theatre.

Dreams↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Statistical concepts in the planning and evaluation of drug safety from clinical trials in drug development: issues of international harmonization.

The assessment of the safety of new drugs during pre-marketing clinical studies is an important and integral part of the drug development and regulatory evaluation process. The International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) is a project that brings together the regulatory decision-makers of Europe, Japan and the United States of America and the experts from the pharmaceutical industry in the three regions to seek ways to eliminate redundant and duplicative technical requirements among the developed countries for registering new medicinal substances and products. The ICH is developing guidelines or position papers to achieve the goal of harmonizing technical standards in three broad areas, namely, drug efficacy, safety and quality. Within the area of drug safety, this paper will discuss three of the safety topics because of their relevant statistical framework, and because these topics have not, to date, received any attention by the statistical community. The three issues under consideration by the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH), are: 1. Dose-response information to support drug registration (especially dose/toxicity relationships). 2. Studies in support of special populations; Geriatrics, A Draft Guideline. 3. ICH Draft Guideline 3 on 'The extent of population exposure required to assess clinical safety for drugs intended for long-term-treatment of non-life-threatening conditions'. The ICH special population guideline concerning studies in geriatric patients is closely related to a recent Food and Drug Administration 'Guideline for the study and evaluation of gender differences in the clinical evaluation of drugs', which is another example of a 'subgroup' for whom specific interest exists to evaluate drug safety and efficacy.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

[Status of telemedicine in Austria].

In an overview the situation of telemedicine in Austria is presented regarding the Austrian health service with the focus on patients. First the term "telemedicine" is defined according to the present definition of the European Union and the situation of the Austrian health service. Afterwards individual success components for the planning of telemedicine projects are presented. These are briefly shown by the "five-column concept" of the Tyrolean Government, which includes the medical, legal, economic, technical and quality management-oriented aspects during the planning and evaluation period of telemedicine projects. The conclusion gives an overview of individual committees and activities of the Austrian medical universities, the federation and states as well as individual Austrian telemedical societies.

Austria↗
PubMed1995

Life expectancy at age 60--epidemiologic scenarios assuming delayed mortality for selected causes of death.

"The present analysis offers a projection of life expectancy at advanced ages in Austria for the year 2010. To estimate the gains in life expectancy the Simultaneous Multiple Cause-Delay (SIMCAD) method is used. This model takes into account the epidemiological concept of an additional delay in the onset of particular chronic-degenerative diseases. While the results of the SIMCAD method vary only slightly on the whole from the official projection of life expectancy at age 60, the similarity between the two projections decreases steadily with increasing age. The SIMCAD model predicts higher gains in life expectancy for the oldest age-groups of the population than do the official statistics." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Adult↗
PubMed1994

A consistency algorithm based on information theory.

"This paper provides a geometric-mean solution to the consistency problem of multidimensional demographic projection models, based on the constrained minimization of an entropy function. A comparison with the existing harmonic-mean solution yields many similarities and almost no differences....However, one major advantage of the geometric mean is that its corresponding distance function is firmly based on (information) theory." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMed1997

An update on Australia's future population growth and its population problems.

"Population projections need to be continually updated as new information becomes available.... With an assumption of a total fertility rate of 1.865 children per woman and annual net migration of 50,000, ABS [Australian Bureau of Statistics] projections published in 1996 and additional projections in 1997 suggest a population of 24.5 million in 2051 and an ultimate population of more than 25 million. The analysis in this article...puts Australia's various population problems into a proper perspective and tries to direct attention away from the unnecessary preoccupation with population decline."

Australia↗
PubMed1991

Probabilistic analysis of fertility and fecundity: an application to Tombia in Rivers State of Nigeria.

"This paper discusses fertility and fecundity from a probablistic point of view, using Tombia [Nigeria] as a case study. The fertility distribution in Tombia, fertility beyond a given time, infertility rate, measures of central tendencies and dispersion of the fertility distribution in Tombia, prediction of age at menopause in Tombia and projection of fertility beyond a given time are discussed. The emphasis is on the discussion and interpretation of the results obtained in the probabilistic models developed therein."

Africa↗
PubMed1999

Development and technical basis of simplified guidelines for emergency triage assessment and treatment in developing countries. WHO Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) Referral Care Project.

Simplified guidelines for the emergency care of children have been developed to improve the triage and rapid initiation of appropriate emergency treatments for children presenting to hospitals in developing countries. The guidelines are part of the effort to improve referral level paediatric care within the World Health Organisation/Unicef strategy integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI), based on evidence of significant deficiencies in triage and emergency care. Existing emergency guidelines have been modified according to resource limitations and significant differences in the epidemiology of severe paediatric illness and preventable death in developing countries with raised infant and child mortality rates. In these settings, it is important to address the emergency management of diarrhoea with severe dehydration, severe malaria, severe malnutrition, and severe bacterial pneumonia, and to focus attention on sick infants younger than 2 months of age. The triage assessment relies on a few clinical signs, which can be readily taught so that it can be used by health workers with limited clinical background. The assessment has been designed so that it can be carried out quickly if negative, making it functional for triaging children in queues.

Case Management↗
PubMed1991

The use of new model life tables at very low mortality in population projections.

"New model life tables have been calculated...modifying the regional model life tables by Coale, Demeny and Vaughan published in 1983.... The purpose of the present article is not to repeat the description of the construction of the tables but to provide a systematic procedure for their use in projecting mortality into the future in low-mortality populations. The new model life tables incorporate age patterns of mortality that conform quite closely to the patterns in the lowest mortality populations yet on record and present extrapolated schedules that include systematic extensions of recent changes in age-specific mortality rates."

Age Factors↗
PubMed1984

Projecting Australia's aged population: problems and implications.

Issues concerning the projection of Australia's population aged 60 years and over are examined. "The aims of this paper are to examine the extent to which projections made during the 1970s underestimated the growth of the aged population and, more particularly, to establish precisely what the demographic components of that under-projection were. Some of the implications of this analysis for planning provision of services for the aged are then explored."

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The relative impact of demographic change on future social expenditure increases: an example from Cyprus.

"Taking the case of Cyprus, the authors examine the likely implications for social expenditure, under various scenarios of benefit and cost increases, of projected population changes up to the year 2020. The increased expenditure resulting solely from demographic changes could be easily absorbed if unit costs remain unchanged or rise no faster than overall productivity, but not if recent rapid increases in unit costs and in services continue."

Asia↗
PubMed2001

Introducing the PET Centre Prague.

The PET Centre Prague (www.homolka.cz/nm) was established in 1999 as the outcome of a joint project of the public Na Homolce Hospital and the Nuclear Research Institute Rez, plc, the Czech radiopharmaceutical producer. Technical and financial assistance was provided by the International Atomic Energy Agency, which perceived the Centre as its model project that could serve as a guide for the development of PET centres in countries sharing a comparable level of development with the Czech Republic. The article maps the history of the project, its design, workplace lay-out and equipment, radiation protection arrangements and spectrum of the first approx. 3,000 investigations.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[[A critical period in the evolution of the population of Thailand]].

"The paper, based on population projections for Thailand...examines the growth and the structure of the Thai population between 1990 and 2115. The projections are prepared on the basis of the sex and age distribution of the 1990 population.... The study concludes that in order to maintain...economic and social prosperity, security and [prevent] the eradication of the Thai race, the government will have to raise fertility of the population at least up to the replacement level." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Asia↗
PubMed2001

RAMEDIS- rare metabolic diseases publishing tool for genotype-phenotype correlation.

To gain further knowledge about rare genetic diseases, a world wide method for data collection via the Internet has been established. This new approach will improve collecting valuable data from single case reports. RAMEDIS saves standardised patient data which will be usable for statistics, longitudinal examinations and co-operative studies in future time. Embedded in the scene of the German Human Genome Project, RAMEDIS directly will enable phenotype-genotype correlation's. Technically RAMEDIS is based on the Oracle database management system with some additional tools. Since November 2000 first case reports are committed online. Beside the better characterisation of clinical heterogeneity of rare diseases, there may be a great benefit for the treatment of these patients in whom prospective studies are otherwise expensive and difficult to perform. Quality of clinical diagnostic process and therapy will increase.

Computational Biology↗
PubMed1985

[Population forecasts for the Netherlands after 1984].

The results of the most recent official population projections for the Netherlands are presented. The methods and assumptions used in preparing the projections are described, and three alternative projections are provided up to the year 2035. Projections by sex, age, and marital status are also discussed. "The population forecasting model applied belongs to the class of cohort-component models and its relevant components are fertility, mortality, external migration, administrative corrections, marriage of never-married persons, divorce, marriage of divorced persons, transition to widowhood and marriage of widowed persons...." (summary in ENG)

Age Distribution↗