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PubMed1999

[Malaria in Poland in 1997].

In 1997 37 malaria cases were registered in Poland. All of them were imported, mainly from Africa (26), and some from Asia. Plasmodium falciparum infection was confirmed in 23 cases. Among 37 malaria cases 31 were men. The majority of malaria cases (27) were in 20 to 49 year old group. Eighteen persons travelled abroad in the connexion with their job (especially as sailors and agropilots) and eleven--as missionaries. Three men (44, 47 and 70 years old) with P. falciparum malaria died.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Evaluation of occupational exposure to infrasonic noise in Poland.

A short review of infrasound sources and effects on humans is presented. Polish standard PN-86/N-01338 and international standards ISO 7196:1995 and ISO 9612:1997 concerning the measuring techniques of infrasonic noise are described. The results of infrasonic noise measurements performed in the work environment in Poland are discussed. The study concerned the noise emitted by 124 different types of industrial machinery, appliances and means of transport. The measurements were made in typical working conditions with reference to Polish and international standards. The sound pressure levels exceeding Polish admissible values for: (a) workers' health protection were found in 5 (4.0%) cases, (b) ensuring proper conditions for performing basic functions in observational dispatcher cabins etc. in 77 (62.1%) cases; and (c) administration premises, design offices etc. in 92 (74.2%) cases. The admissible sound pressure levels for workers' health protection are in fact the permissible levels for hearing protection, however they do not correspond with the hearing threshold of infrasound the G-weighting characteristic is associated with. The hearing threshold of infrasound (G86 curve) was exceeded in 66.9% of all the industrial machinery and means of transport under study.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed1999

[Problems in the evaluation of miners' exposure to radon in Poland in view of international organizations recommendations and European Union directives].

Exposure of miners to natural radiation in which radon-222 plays the major role has been studied in Poland since the end of the nineteen sixties. The work environment measurements and personal monitoring methods have been developed for monitoring the exposure. A quite wide range of doses resulting from big differences in radon concentrations in mines is characteristic of miners' exposure. It was estimated that about 16% of miners received doses above 5 mSv per year. This group of miners should be provided with individual dosymentry. In this paper methodological and legal aspects of the situation in mines are analysed. A large number of Polish recommendations and legal regulations must be changed in order to harmonise them with the directives of the European Union.

Europe↗
PubMed1999

[The evaluation of organizational structure and work hygiene in milk kitchen centers in Poland on the basis of questionnaire].

On the basis of available publications and obligatory legal regulations regarding the organisation of collective feeding patterns in Social Service Health Centres a questionnaire study was established to examine the way milk kitchen function in Poland. The study covered 533 milk kitchen centres (in hospitals, orphanages and crèches) from February to December 1997. The afore-mentioned study analysed the general characteristics of the milk kitchen centre, its type of work, supervisory methods and the personnel's hygiene. From the results of this research it can be concluded that the organisational structure of the milk centres was appropriate, appliances and equipment in the majority centres were adequate but basis utensils were insufficient. It is obvious that dietetic feeding methods for this particular group of children are insufficiently applied. Only 22.2% of the centres apply the recommended proposals i.e. without boiling, without pasteurisation, ready for consumption when preparing, infant formulae, follow-up formulae and other mixed products. Work hygiene and health quality of production in the milk kitchen centres is subject to systematic controls by competent individuals from the State Sanitary Inspection services. In the years 1995-96, 72 samples of infant food that mainly came from hospital milk kitchen centres were taken due to the poor microbiological quality of the food. The considerable changes that have taken place over the last few years as far as infant feeding is concerned, for example, the promotion of breast-feeding, taking advantage of prepared dietetic products for infants (infant formulae, follow-up formulae, vegetable products, fruits, vegetable-meat products, cereal products) require changes at the organisational level of infant collective feeding which was confirmed by the afore-mentioned study.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Prospects of measles and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) elimination in Poland].

Following the introduction of vaccinations against measles in 1975 supplemented in recent years with booster vaccinations at the age of 6 years the epidemiological situation with respect to measles and SSPE has been gradually improving, particularly recently. In the paper discussion is presented on the question in what degree the present epidemiological situation of measles, the epidemiological supervision and vaccinations against measles in Poland meet the operative aim of measles and, consequently, SSPE elimination, as recommended by the WHO Regional Bureau. Attention is called to incomplete reliability of measles diagnosis based on clinical manifestations, economic difficulties in conducting serological investigations (detection of IgM antibodies to measles) necessary for measles confirmation, and shortcomings in vaccination organization.

Child↗
PubMed1999

Poland syndrome: a case with a combination of syndromes.

The case of Poland syndrome reported incorporates a number of previously unrecorded features: hypoplasia of the left lung and agenesia of the epiglottis in addition to the standard symptoms. The case also presents certain features typical of the Moebius Syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Tuberculosis in Poland in 1997].

The paper presents the epidemiological situation of TB in Poland in 1997--the fourth consecutive year of decline in TB incidence after three years (1991-1993) of increase. In 1997 there were 13,967 newly registered TB cases, of which 1,578 were relapses. The incidence was 36.1 per 100,000 population, of which 32.0 were the new cases and 4.1 relapses. Relapses represented 11.3% of all newly registered cases. The incidence in 1997 was 9.3% lower than in 1996. The rate of decline was 2 times higher than in previous two years (3.9% and 4.2% respectively). Between provinces the range in incidence was 20.1 to 58.2. Among the total number of newly registered cases there were 7,484 (19.4 per 100,000) bacteriologically confirmed, of which 4,117 cases were sputum smear positive. The proportion of bacteriologically culture positive cases was 53.6 and of sputum smear positive--29.5 which is rather low, but similar to previous years. 95.9% of TB cases the connected respiratory system. Low proportion (4.1%) of non respiratory TB, which continues for many years, may indicate inadequacies in diagnosis and registration of this form of disease. The incidence of TB increases with age, from 1.9 in children to 69.9 in those over 65 years of age. The proportion of cases in the age group 20-44 years is still high (38.6%). The incidence in men (49.8) is two times higher than in women (23.4), and in rural population higher than in urban--38.2 and 34.9 respectively. The prevalence of tuberculosis at the end of 1997 was 41.4 (16,023 cases) of which 52.4% were bacteriologically confirmed cases (8,397 cases). In the latter group there were 281 cases bacteriologically positive for longer than one year, and 469 cases resistant to at least 1 drug. The proportion of resistant cases (5.6%) is similar to previous years and does not seen to influence the overall effectiveness of chemotherapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Adverse event after BCG vaccination in Poland in the years 1994-1997].

On the basis of 865 registered cases of adverse effects after mass BCG vaccinations in Poland the frequency of these effects has been estimated at 0.2/1000 i.e. 2 cases per 10,000 vaccinated. Among the 865 such cases there were 465 cases (53.8%) of local adverse effects and 365 (43.6%) of lymphadenitis. Within the latter there were 0.04/1000 (i.e. 4 cases per 100,000 vaccinated) of cases with suppurative lymphadenitis. They were found mainly in newborns. No cases of disseminated adverse effects were found. Main errors in the diagnosis and follow-up of adverse effects were lack of data on the diameter of local changes and size of lymphnodes, as well as attempts to remove the lymphnodes. From the above data it can be concluded that BCG vaccinations very rarely produces adverse reaction and therefore may be considered as safe method of tuberculosis prevention.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1999

Radium and radon in natural underground water supply in the region of Lódź, Poland.

The region of Lódź, located in the central part of Poland, is very specific with respect to water supply coverage. In this densly populated and extensively industrialised region there is a lack of natural reservoirs of surface water in the nearest vicinity of Lódź. Therefore, over 50% of water for public and domestic use is provided from underground water intakes. It is well known from the literature that in underground water may occur radionuclides in the uranium and thorium decay series. Underground water intakes in Lódź used for public water supplies have been surveyed for the presence of radium-226 and radon-222 since the earlier studies of quality standards of the gross alpha and gross beta activity pointed to their possible excessive values. The surveillance was based on the guidelines set by the World Health Organisation (WHO). The measurements of radium-226 activity showed its different concentrations depending on the age of the water-bearing level. These concentrations fell within the range of < 10 divided by 50 Bqm-3. Measurements of radon yielded similar results and its highest concentrations were found in the Lower cretaceous and Jurassic formations. Radon concentrations ranged from 200 to 11,400 Bqm-3. A maximum annual dose taken into the body in the population drinking this water may account for 0.85 microSv which is lower than the limit recommended by WHO.

Carcinogens, Environmental↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Poland sequence: two unusual cases and brief review of the literature.

Poland Sequence consists of a congenital absence of the pectoralis major muscle. Classically, the sequence also includes ipsilateral hand anomalies. Identified patients may be screened for renal and other anomalies. The condition results in physical and cosmetic disabilities which can be treated if properly triaged. The chest wall anatomy may be delineated with computed tomography and MRI if surgery is planned. Two cases with unusual findings including lumbosacral spine malformation and contralateral hand syndactyly are presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Dietary intake of dieldrin in fish and fish products in Poland].

An attempt has been made to assess daily intake of of dieldrin with fish and fishery products in Poland. The calculated arithmetic mean weighted concentration of dieldrin in muscle tissue of the fatty Baltic fish was 20 ng/g wet weight (n = 3863) in 1970-1983 and 4.4 ng/g wet weight in 1986-1992 (n = 143) while in lean fish was 6.7 ng/g wet weight (n = 9210 in 1970-1983 and 1.5 ng/g wet weight (n = 143) in 1986-1992. The intake of dieldrin has been assessed for 230 to 300 ng/person/day (mean 270 ng) in years 1970-1985 and from 44 to 54 ng/person/day (mean 51 ng) in 1989-1996.

Dieldrin↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Seasonal variations in stroke incidence in North-Eastern Poland].

The authors analysed seasonal and monthly incidence of and mortality from ischaemic stroke (IS) in the region of Białystok (North-Eastern Poland). 839 cases of IS (437 men and 402 women), aged 22 to 94 years, were hospitalised in the Department of Neurology, Medical Academy in Białystok during the analysed period (1990-1997). Significant seasonality in IS incidence was observed in both sex groups, with a nadir in summer. The lowest occurrence of infarcts was observed in August in women, and in June in men. The peak month for IS, independently of sex, was January. 240 patients (28.6%) died of stroke or its complications during the analysed period. The occurrence of fatal IS followed also a clear seasonal pattern with peak in autumn. The authors attempt to explain this seasonal incidence and mortality pattern of IS in relation to variation in temperature, diet, way of life (holidays in summer), and biochemical blood changes, which occur in different seasons of the year.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Medical causes of female sickness absence during economic transition in Poland.

The current transformation of property relations and economic restructuring, along with many other factors, influence the health condition of workers. The present study was undertaken to investigate the trends in the rate and causes of female sickness absence during the period of economic transition in Poland, based on the absence analysis in one of the largest (before the process of restructuring) plants of the motor car industry. Vital for the current trends in the workers' absenteeism is the reduction in the rate of employment. The group investigated was composed of 3215 women and 5373 men employed during the years 1989-94. The main variable examined was the reason for the worker's discharge: (1) quitting the job because of health problems, (2) retirement, (3) termination of work contract due to economic problems of the plant, (4) change of affiliation agreed between the former and present employers. The structural transformations in the plant under study brought about the discharge of about 77% of workers during the period between 1989 and 1994, mostly owing to the termination of work contracts for economic reasons, and earlier retirement. The increase in the rate of sickness absence involved to a higher extent female workers; it amounted to 30% compared to 12% for male workers. Among the workers quitting employment, the rate of sickness absence was twice as high as that for the workers still under employment. The largest differences were noted for the female population; they concerned cardiovascular diseases, neoplasms and complications of pregnancy, delivery and the puerperium. The economic transformation processes make a considerable impact on the occurrence of sick absenteeism in workplaces. Workers leaving their jobs because of health problems, as well as those discharged for economic reasons belong to the highest risk group.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1999

Effect of Helicobacter pylori infection, smoking and dietary habits on the occurrence of antrum intestinal metaplasia. Clinico-epidemiological study in Poland.

The purpose of the study was to assess risk factors for intestinal metaplasia arising from H. pylori-related chronic gastritis in a subset of the population referred to endoscopic examinations due to dyspeptic complaints. We aimed specifically to establish whether H. pylori itself may be responsible for the occurrence of intestinal metaplasia and to which extent the metaplasia may be associated with life style factors such as cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption or dietary habits. The study was carried out in a sample of 1290 outpatients referred for the first time to gastroenterologic outpatient clinics in 6 university centers in Poland. The study methods covered standardized health interviews, endoscopy and histology of gastric antral specimens taken at endoscopy. The interviews performed by trained interviewers sought information on tobacco and alcohol intake, diet, socioeconomic status, and other variables. In non-ulcer dyspepsia subjects there was 54.9% H. pylori related gastritis and 25.1% of non-H. pylori-related gastritis. The corresponding rates in the group of ulcer dyspepsia were 67.5% and 20.5%. The increased risk of chronic gastritis in antrum was associated with Helicobacter pylori infection (OR = 2.28; 95% CI:1.93-2.69), and with gastric peptic ulcer (OR = 1.88; 95% CI:1.20-2.94). In the non-ulcer dyspepsia the prevalence of metaplasia was 11.1% and in ulcer dyspepsia 19.7%. The risk of intestinal metaplasia within antrum depended greatly upon the presence of gastric peptic ulcer (OR = 3.85; 95% CI:2.35-6.32) and increased with age (OR = 1.05; 95% CI:1.04-1.07), smoking cigarettes currently or in the past (OR = 1.42; 95% CI:1.10-1.84), higher frequency of drinking vodka (OR = 1.32, 95% CI:1.01-1.75) and antral chronic gastritis (OR = 1.31; 95% CI:1.00-1.70), however, it was inversely related to daily consumption of fresh fruits or vegetables (OR = 0.59; 95% CI:0.38-0.93). The results of the study suggest that there is no sufficient evidence supporting the hypothesis about an association between H. pylori gastritis and intestinal metaplasia, however, the transition of gastritis to metaplasia depends greatly on life style factors such as cigarette smoking or vodka drinking and is impeded by daily consumption of fresh fruits or vegetables.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2000

HLA-DR antigens in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in northern Poland. Preliminary report.

The aim of the present study was the analysis of the association between particular class II HLA antigens and the incidence of tuberculosis in northern Poland. HLA-DR antigens in a group of 26 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and 58 healthy volunteers were determined. Histocompatibility typing was performed by the PCR-SSP method using primers from the Dynal company. For statistical analysis, the chi2 test was used with Yates' correction. The probability values were weighted for the number of antigens tested (pc). The relative risk (RR) was calculated by Woolf's method. We found that HLA-DR16(2) antigen expression was significantly higher in patients with tuberculosis than in the tested group of healthy controls (p < 0.001, pc < < 0.01); the highest relative risk (RR = 12.4) of tuberculosis incidence was connected with DR16(2) antigen, the prevalence of HLA-DR13(6) antigen was significantly lower in pulmonary tuberculosis (with RR = 0.09) than the control (p < 0.001, pc < 0.01). The results obtained suggest that the presence of HLA-DR16(2) antigen can extend the risk of developing tuberculosis whereas HLA-DR13(6) antigen occurrence was significantly more rare in pulmonary tuberculosis than in healthy individuals and that the relative risk (RR = 0.09) can be connected to their relation with the genes of insusceptibility to tuberculosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Epidemiology of diabetes type 1 in the 0 to 29 year-old age group in Northeastern Poland, 1994-1998--prospective observations].

It was recently suggested that there is a tendency of the rising incidence of diabetes type 1 in different countries in Europe. In our previous studies we observed the high frequency of ICA among first degree relatives of diabetic subjects, what could suggest a rapid increase in the incidence of diabetes type 1 also in the north-eastern region of Polan. The aim of the study was to estimate the annual incidence of diabetes type 1 in the north-eastern region of Poland and to evaluate the association of the incidence rates with the age, gender, urban-rural differences and the season of the year of the disease onset. The register of new cases of IDDM was established in 1994 using 2 independent data sources. The degree of ascertainment was 98.9% for the combination of both data sources. We observed a rising trend in the incidence from 6.4 in 1994 to 9.9 cases per year per 100,000 in 1998 (p < 0.001). The highest incidence rate increase was recorded in boys aged 5 to 14 years old (16-17 cases per 100,000 in 1997-1998). The rising trend in this incidence was observed in the rural areas, while in urban populations the incidence was unchanged. Seasonal variation in the incidence was also recorded, with a peak in autumn and winter and nadir in summer. Our observations suggest the necessity of the continuation of the studies to identify the diabetogenic environmental factors and to try preventive procedures in the studied population.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Psychiatry in undergraduate training of physicians in Poland. Ideas and reality].

History of undergraduate training in psychiatry at medical schools in Poland was briefly reviewed showing a traditional independence of chairpersons of psychiatry in forming programmes and deciding about forms of education. Since 1990 this independence has been controlled by the faculties and, to some extent only, regulated by the national curriculum in medicine. Goals, contents and forms of undergraduate training in psychiatry were examined (following Bilikiewicz's study in 1994) with the author's own questionnaire. Professors of psychiatry, respondents to the questionnaire were of very similar opinions in regard to the goals of training. At the same time, meaningful differences were found in the methods used, position of the subject in the curriculum and even time designed for psychiatry training (at some schools below the national minimum). There were also significant differences in the contents of the programme. The most important problem seems to be absence of child and adolescent psychiatry at some schools. Integration of psychiatry with other pre-clinical and clinical subjects was assessed too. The information received suggests that Polish professors of psychiatry approved of the way their subject had been integrated with others. This seems to be overestimation, especially if compared with the Kraków experience presented in a more detailed way.

Education, Medical, Undergraduate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Disturbances in interpersonal functioning and levels of anxiety, depression and aggression in persons persecuted for political reasons in Poland in the years 1944-1956].

The article presents the results of comparison of 30 victims of political persecution in Poland in the years 1944-1956 (with a diagnosis of PTSD) with a control group in regard to the styles of interpersonal functioning, anxiety, depression and aggression. The examined persons manifest changes in the quality of social contacts--increased results on the scales of hostility syndrome, helplessness, and appeal for help, and decreased results on the scales examining pro-social tendencies. The examined persons are characterized by low affiliation, high level of indifference as well as features developed on the ground of anxiety: lack of self-acceptance, suspiciousness, aggression and negative self-evaluation in comparison with others. They are also characterized by high level of depression, readiness to react with fear or anxiety as the actual state during examination. These categories determine the psychological results of injuries suffered by the examined persons in the past.

Aged↗