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At least 1,243 records · Page 69Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Modified radical mastectomy for carcinoma of the breast.

The technique of modified radical mastectomy (total mastectomy and axillary dissection) as carried out by members of the Breast Service at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center is presented. As described by Patey, the pectoralis minor muscle is removed to facilitate dissection of the upper levels of the axilla. Care is taken to preserve the principal neurovascular bundle to the pectoralis major muscle. Indications for and complications of the procedure are indicated, with particular emphasis given to selection of patients for modified radical mastectomy or radical mastectomy.

Axilla↗
PubMed1996

Skeletal muscle ultrastructural pathology in Serinus canarius infected with Plasmodium cathemerium.

Serinus canarius infected with Plasmodium cathemerium was used as an animal model in order to study the skeletal muscle compromise in malaria. Pectoral muscle biopsies were obtained from 7 infected female birds. The transmission electron microscopic study showed alterations of contractile and sarcotubular systems, mitochondrial abnormalities, lysosomal proliferation and nuclear pyknosis. The sarcolemma looked disrupted and separated from the necrotic fibres. Capillary abnormalities included endothelial degeneration with proliferation of lysosomal structures, penetration of endothelial cell by the parasites and necrosis. A mononuclear cell infiltrate formed by plasmocytes, lymphocytes and macrophages was observed. This investigation shows that skeletal muscle is an important target tissue for some malaria parasites.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

On the pattern of organ growth in the common tern (Sterna hirundo).

Data are presented on the pattern of organ growth in the Common Tern, a semi-precocial bird species with a high growth rate, and are compared with data from some bird species within the altricial-precocial spectrum. The data show that a high growth rate is linked to a growth pattern characterized by a rapid early development of the digestive organs and a late development of pectoral muscles and feathers. These results suggest that the growth rate is most likely restricted by the capacity to ingest and digest food. It also appears that the organ growth pattern is more closely related to the growth rate than to the degree of precocity.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The replacement of the esophagus by musculocutaneous flaps.

If there is no other possibility for the replacement of the whole esophagus, the antethoracal neo-esophagus from musculocutaneous flaps gives the best result compared with the skin tube reconstruction. Two successful cases are discussed.

Colon↗
PubMed1981

[Preservation of the pectoral nerves in modified radical mastectomy].

Modified radical mastectomy with preservation of one or both pectoral muscles is the surgical treatment of choice in stage I and II breast cancer. A surgical anatomic study has been performed, based on post-mortem and intraoperative findings, to investigate origin and course of lateral and medial pectoral nerves and their relations to pectoral muscles and axillary lymphonodes. The results suggest that Patey-Meier operation can produce, in 80 per cent of cases, atrophy and fibrosis of the costoabdominal portion of the pectoralis major muscle as lateral pectoral nerve is generally dissected. On the contrary, radical mastectomy with both pectoral muscles preservation permit also to preserve the nerves during lymphadenectomy if they are recognized.

Atrophy↗
PubMed1991

Anatomical basis for the clinical application of the arterial supply of musculus pectoralis major.

The pattern of arterial supply to the various parts (clavicular, sternocostal and aponeurotic) of the pectoralis major muscle was studied in 7 cadaver dissections and 10 angiograms by injecting a radio-opaque substance. Three main arteries supplied the muscle, i.e. the pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial trunk (TAT-PB), the lateral thoracic artery and the perorating branch of the internal thoracic artery, supported by other branches of the TAT and the superior thoracic artery. It is observed that the TAT-PB, a chief vascular pedicle, anastomoses freely with other arteries and supplies most parts of the muscle. The present study is mainly focussed on the exclusion of the chief vascular pedicle of muscle to eliminate the confusion of previous studies and prevent the unnecessary hindrance and complications of the muscle flap.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anatomic and physiologic advantages of totally subfascial breast implants.

For the past 4 years, whenever it was possible to choose between the subglandular or the submuscular location for the implant pocket (in cases with no precise indication for the submuscular location), the authors have opted for the totally subfascial plane (subaponeurotic) to avoid the disadvantages of the other locations and to obtain additional benefits. The subfascial plane lies below the deep thoracic fascia, or deep aponeurosis, which is not only that of the pectoralis (the muscle connecting with the breast in its upper two-thirds only). The implant is placed completely beneath this fascia, which covers, in addition to the pectoralis major muscle, the serratus, the lateral oblique, and the rectus anterior muscles. This study included 100 women who had breast implanted in the subfascial (subaponeurotic) plane. Of these women, 63 were thin patients with little fatty tissue. Textured surface implants were used McGhan style 120 and 110. All procedures were approached through an inferior periareolar incision. Excellent coverage of the implant as well as natural shape and mobility was achieved for all patients. No rippling in the upper half was observed. Two patients had Baker grade 2 capsular contracture (2%). No seromas or infections were seen, and only once was a surgical exploration necessary for excess drainage volume (1%). In the immediate postoperative period, less edema was recorded and recovery was faster than with the other two procedures: submuscular and subglandular. When circumstances indicate a subglandular pocket, the subfascial plane would seem to be the logical place for mammary implants.

Breast Implantation↗
PubMed2006

Endoscopy-assisted breast-conserving surgery for early breast cancer.

PURPOSE: Breast-conserving surgery is now accepted as one of the standard therapeutic options for stages I and II breast cancers. Although breast-conserving surgery can help retain a good breast shape, a long marked scar would be a disadvantage. Endoscopic surgery can be performed via a small and remote incision that becomes inconspicuous after surgery. To improve the cosmetic outcome, endoscopic breast-conserving surgery, which can be performed through minimal axillary and periareolar semicircular incisions, was undertaken. METHODS AND MATERIALS: From October 2002 to October 2004, 20 breast cancer patients whose tumor sizes were less than 3 cm and who were clinically node negative without invasion to the skin and pectoralis major muscle underwent endoscopic breast-conserving surgery. First, endoscopic dye-guided sentinel node biopsy was done through a low transverse axillary incision lateral to the pectoralis major muscle. The subpectoral pocket was gently created by Vein Harvest under the view of endoscopic monitor. We made the periareolar semicircular incision to create the skin flap and to resect the tumor-containing quadrant by using Visiport and PowerStar scissors. Frozen-section biopsies were done to rule out tumor invasion to the resection margin. Patient characteristics, tumor characteristics, operation time, and amount of bleedings were all evaluated. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 45 (range: 25-64). The mean tumor size was 2.2 cm (range: 0.2-4.0 cm). The average operation time of the early 9 cases, except the 3 cases that underwent axillary-node dissection, was 178 minutes, and that of the later 8 cases was 130 minutes (P<0.001). The mean amount of operative bleeding was 184+/-130 ml. There were no major complications. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic breast-conserving surgery is a new technique that can minimize the long operation scar of classic breast-conserving surgery. In properly selected cases, our results showed the maximized cosmetic satisfaction of the breast cancer patients and a shortened operation time after the learning period, promising it could be an alternative to the classic breast-conserving surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Growth of broiler chickens in response to feed restriction regimens to reduce ascites.

A trial was conducted to investigate the impact of early feed restriction on ascites induced by cold temperatures and the subsequent effect on the whole body and breast muscle growth of broilers. Two feed restriction regimens were tested, consisting of limiting daily feed intake of the birds to 75% of the ME required for normal growth from either 4 to 11 d or from 7 to 14 d. At 21 d, half of the birds were moved to a cold house (17.8 C) to induce ascites. Five birds from each pen were killed for the breast muscle growth, Pectoralis major and Pectoralis minor, and heart and abdominal fat pad weights at 4, 7, 11, 14, 21, 35, and 49 d of the experiment. Birds in the cold house were heavier and had better feed conversion than birds in the control house at 49 d of age. This could be attributed to the high ambient temperatures (27 to 33 C) in the control house. The ad libitum birds had a significantly greater percentage of P. major than the feed-restricted birds. Exposure to cold temperatures caused significantly higher percentage of ascites from 21 to 49 d. Cold temperatures also increased the percentage of total heart and the right ventricle weight relative to total heart weight ratio at 35 and 49 d of age, suggesting that the surviving birds were more likely to develop ascites. Although catch-up growth was observed, the final body weight of feed-restricted birds was not the same as ad libitum birds. Early feed restriction reduced the incidence of ascites, but at the cost of breast muscle growth.

Age Factors↗