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PubMed2002

Relating print and speech: the effects of letter names and word position on reading and spelling performance.

From an early age, children can go beyond rote memorization to form links between print and speech that are based on letter names in the initial positions of words (Treiman & Rodriguez, 1999; Treiman, Sotak, & Bowman, 2001). For example, children's knowledge of the name of the letter t helps them learn that the novel word TM is pronounced as team. Four experiments were carried out to determine whether letter names at the ends of words are equally useful. Four- and five-year-olds derived little benefit from such information in reading (Experiments 1 and 3) or spelling (Experiment 2), although adults did (Experiment 4). For young children, word-final information appears to have less influence on reading and spelling performance than does word-initial information. The results help delineate the circumstances under which children can go beyond a logographic approach in learning about print.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2001

Learning face-name associations and the effect of age and performance: a PET activation study.

Learning face-name associations is a complex task to be mastered in every day life that approaches the limits of cognitive capacity in most normal humans. We studied brain activation during face-name learning using positron emission tomography (PET) in 11 normal volunteers. The most intense activation was seen in occipital association cortex (BA 18) bilaterally, also involving lingual and fusiform gyrus (BA 37). In the left hemisphere additional activation were located in inferior temporal gyrus, the inferior part of pre- and postcentral gyrus, and orbitofrontal cortex (BA 11), whereas in the right hemisphere only a region in the precuneus (BA 19) was activated additionally. There was considerable interindividual variation of encoding success, which was significantly related to activation of BA 18 bilaterally. Subject ages covered a range of 26-72 years, but - in contrast to the effect of encoding success - there was no significant age effect on activations. Task-independent habituation effects were seen in cerebellum and left middle temporal gyrus. These results indicate that the intensity of information processing in ventral occipital association cortex is most important for success of face-name encoding. Learning is further mediated by a predominantly left-hemispheric network including inferior temporal and orbitofrontal cortex.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Given name relationships support surname 'genetics': a note and correction.

Analysis of a further four samples of first names in the index of marriages registered in England and Wales in the first 3 months of 1975 support the claim that there is no significant difference of 'between' versus 'within' registration district Ri. Since given names show none of the localisation seen in surnames, the surname geography is ascribable to genetic rather than cultural factors of personal naming. The correct formulations for coefficient of relationship by isonymy are given.

England↗
PubMed2001

What's in a name: implicit self-esteem and the automatic self.

This article explores the links between implicit self-esteem and the automatic self (D. L. Paulhus, 1993). Across 4 studies, name letter evaluations were positively biased, confirming that implicit self-esteem is generally positive (A. G. Greenwald & M. R. Banaji, 1995). Study 1 found that this name letter bias was stable over a 4-week period. Study 2 found that positive bias for name letters and positive bias for birth date numbers were correlated and that both biases became inhibited when participants were induced to respond in a deliberative manner. Studies 3-4 found that implicit self-evaluations corresponded with self-reported self-evaluations, but only when participants were evaluating themselves very quickly (Study 3) or under cognitive load (Study 4). Together, these findings support the notion that implicit self-esteem phenomena are driven by self-evaluations that are activated automatically and without conscious self-reflection.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Age-related slowing in face and name recognition: evidence from event-related brain potentials.

Age-related slowing in recognizing famous names and faces was investigated with event-related brain potentials (ERPs). In a group of young adults, item repetition induced early (220-340 ms) and late (400-700 ms) ERP modulations, apparently signaling the access to, respectively, domain-specific representations of faces and names and domain-general semantic knowledge about the persons. These repetition effects and other ERP components were then used as process-specific time markers in middle-aged and elderly participants. For both faces and names, the elderly participants' responses were slowed, but repetition priming in reaction times was not. The ERP latencies suggested that most of the age-related slowing occurred in the access to domain-specific representations and during response decision, whereas sensory and perceptual processing was largely spared.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The associative memory deficit of older adults: further support using face-name associations.

Previous studies have established an associative deficit hypothesis (Naveh-Benjamin, 2000), which attributes part of older adults' deficient episodic memory performance to their difficulty in creating cohesive episodes. In this article, the authors further evaluate this hypothesis, using ecologically relevant materials. Young and old participants studied name-face pairs and were then tested on their recognition memory for the names, faces, and the name-face pairs. The results extend the conditions under which older adults exhibit an associative deficit. They also show that reduced attentional resources are not the sole mediator of this deficit.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Name-based identification of cases of Turkish origin in the childhood cancer registry in Mainz].

Until now few analyses of routine data relating to the health of migrants have been conducted in Germany. A major obstacle is that most data sources do not provide reliable information on the origin of migrants. While some sources contain the nationality of persons registered, this information does not allow one to identify migrants who have taken up German citizenship, i.e., a substantial part of second-generation migrants. In this paper we demonstrate how a computer-aided, name-based algorithm can be used to identify persons of Turkish origin in the German Childhood Cancer Registry in Mainz, Germany. The performance of the algorithm, as assessed against the gold standard of assessing names manually, was very good (sensitivity and specificity > or = 0.975). In total, we identified 1774 of the 37,259 cases in the registry as being of Turkish origin. The name algorithm proved to be a useful tool to identify Turkish migrants in routine data sources, thus avoiding potential bias due to changes in citizenship. This approach aims at improving migrant-sensitive health reporting and research in Germany. In future, additional information on migrant status should be obtained already during primary data collection so that health data for all migrant groups can be provided.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2000

The effect on expected job success of the connotative meanings of names and nicknames.

The authors conducted this study among U.S. students to determine whether expectations of job success are related to the degree of match between the masculinity or femininity of men's or women's names and the stereotypic masculinity or femininity of planned occupations. Results confirmed the predictions: The greater the match among (a) the gender of names, (b) the participants' ratings of the masculinity or femininity of those names, and (c) the masculinity or femininity of planned occupations, the greater the expected likelihood of job success.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The effects of mild traumatic brain injury on confrontation naming in adults.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: To compare confrontation-naming in adults with MTBI to a group of normal adults under increased processing load conditions. RESEARCH DESIGN: A randomized block, repeated measures design was used to examine confrontation-naming response latency and accuracy using a computerized experimental program. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Twenty-four adults having sustained a MTBI (aged 18-53) and 24 age-matched controls named pictures from three levels of vocabulary as quickly and accurately as possible. All MTBI participants were assessed with the Scales of Cognitive Ability for Traumatic Brain Injury (SCATBI) for later comparison. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: The results revealed a main effect of group ( p < or = 0.001) for the latency data and a group by vocabulary level interaction ( p = 0.043) for the accuracy data. No significant correlations were found between response latency and accuracy with performance on the SCATBI. Reaction time measures may reveal inefficiencies not tapped by traditional measures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Remembering the street names of one's childhood neighbourhood: a study of very long-term retention.

Life-span retention of street names was studied in a sample of former students of a Dutch elementary school. Participants were requested to recall the street names of their childhood neighbourhood and indicate their position on a map. In addition, information was gathered concerning (a) the extensiveness of the original learning experience, (b) its elaborateness, and (c) the amount of interference from similar materials occurring between original learning experience and time of recall. Retention intervals varied from 0 to 71 years. Amount of exposure, elaborateness of learning, and retroactive interference all contributed to the memorability of names. In addition, the forgetting curve showed a permastore effect (Bahrick, 1984), suggesting that memory for non-schematic, incidentally learned material is subject to processes of forgetting similar to those that affect intentionally learned material, such as subject-matter acquired in school.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Reminiscence, forgetting, and hypermnesia using face-name learning: isolating the effects using recall and recognition memory measures.

A face-name learning paradigm was used to study phenomena involved in reminiscence, forgetting, and hypermnesia. Individuals introduced themselves on videotape while participants tried to learn their names. The presence of cues during testing increased overall performance but decreased hypermnesia in Experiment 1. Significant recognition memory effects were found for reminiscence and hypermnesia in Experiments 2 and 3. Experiment 3 also showed no interference from activities between testing sessions, but did show facilitating effects from exposure to photographs of target faces and to exposure of target names. The results were interpreted as showing support for reminiscence effects being primarily caused by imagery redintegration and effects consistent with stimulus sampling theories.

Amnesia↗
PubMed1993

Spared written naming of proper nouns: a case report.

In this study we describe an investigation into the residual written word retrieval skills of M.E.D., a patient with a severe aphasia. M.E.D.'s performance on written naming and writing to dictation tasks showed a distinctive pattern of performance across semantic categories. The patient's ability to write the names of countries and famous people was consistently superior to her ability to write the names of objects. These results could be considered as indicative of a double dissociation in the proper nouns category, as there are already patients on record who have a selective deficit in retrieving proper nouns.

Anomia↗
PubMed1999

Face naming in dementia: a reply to Hodges and Greene (1998)

A case study by Brennen, David, Fluchaire, and Pellat (1996) reported the case of a patient who could occasionally name celebrities with very low concurrent levels of semantic access, which is difficult to reconcile with current models of face identification. Hodges and Greene (1998) attribute Brennen et al.'s case study to artifactual explanations and provide new data, which, they claim, is evidence against the "theory of naming without semantics". This reply demonstrates that Hodges and Greene's arguments are unconvincing and that aspects of Hodges and Greene's data in fact provide support for Brennen et al.'s conclusions. It is also argued that in cases of dementia direct naming has been reported for other stimuli domains as well.

Anomia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Preschoolers are sensitive to the speaker's knowledge when learning proper names.

Unobservable properties that are specific to individuals, such as their proper names, can only be known by people who are familiar with those individuals. Do young children utilize this "familiarity principle" when learning language? Experiment 1 tested whether forty-eight 2- to 4-year-old children were able to determine the referent of a proper name such as "Jessie" based on the knowledge that the speaker was familiar with one individual but unfamiliar with the other. Even 2-year-olds successfully identified Jessie as the individual with whom the speaker was familiar. Experiment 2 examined whether children appreciate this principle at a general level, as do adults, or whether this knowledge may be specific to certain word-learning situations. To test this, forty-eight 3- to 5-year-old children were given the converse of the task in Experiment 1--they were asked to determine the individual with whom the speaker was familiar based on the speaker's knowledge of an individual's proper name. Only 5-year-olds reliably succeeded at this task, suggesting that a general understanding of the familiarity principle is a relatively late developmental accomplishment.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The classification of ethnic status using name information.

Methodology is developed to classify ethnic status by name using a simple probabilistic model. This method involves the consideration of four rules which may be used to classify individuals using three name components (first, middle and last names). In order to do this, conditional probabilities of ethnic status are estimated from a sample in which the ethnic status is known. Using a split sample technique the sensitivity and specificity of this methodology were examined in a data set of death registrations. Each of the classification rules performed well on the data from which they were constructed but were not as efficient when applied to another population. Nevertheless a model (linear), in which the sum of the conditional probabilities of each home component is used, achieved a sensitivity and specificity of 97% and 100% respectively in males and 89% and 100% in females.

Canada↗
PubMed1998

Absence of normal activation of the left anterior fusiform gyrus during naming in left temporal lobe epilepsy.

Patients with left temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) often have impaired naming. We studied 13 patients with left TLE and 10 healthy control subjects with [(15)O]H2O PET during visual confrontation naming. Statistical mapping detected multiple regions of significant cerebral blood flow increases within individuals. The left fusiform gyrus was activated in nine healthy subjects, but only in two patients with TLE (a significant difference, p < 0.001). Other activation sites were more variable in healthy subjects and those with TLE. Impaired naming ability may be associated with a lack of increased cerebral blood flow in the left fusiform gyrus in TLE.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Naming streets for physicians: "l'affaire Carrel".

In the 1970s, Paris and many other French cities named streets in honor of Alexis Carrel, the French physician, scientist, and Nobel laureate. Controversy erupted in the 1990s, when Carrel's right-wing political views were espoused by the National Front party. Honors such as street names require not only respected contributions to society, but also high standards of personal conduct. Paris has recently followed the lead of other French cities and has voted to remove Carrel's name from its streets.

Achievement↗
PubMed1991

Relationship of liking of one's given names to self-esteem and social desirability.

59 men and 108 women university students rated their first, middle, and last names on seven-point Likert scales. Also, they responded to the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory and the Crowne-Marlowe Social Desirability Scale. Analysis indicated significant sex differences only on the self-esteem measure. Both men and women who scored higher in self-esteem liked their first, middle, and last names better. Persons who had stronger preferences for their own first or last names tended to score higher on social desirability.

Adult↗