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[Effect of temperature on longevity and infection with the nematode Strelkovimermis spiculatus (Nemata: Mermithidae), a parasite of mosquitoes].

Strelkovimermis spiculatus is a common parasite of culicid species in Argentina. Effect of temperature on longevity and infectivity of juvenile preparasites of S. spiculatus was determined at 4, 10, 20 and 27 degrees C. Three containers with 100 ml of dechlorinate water and 300 preparasites (12 hour-old), were placed for each day and temperature, during 40 days (total = 480 containers). Survived preparasites were counted on 12 containers per day (three for each temperature). When number of survived preparasites was determined, second instar larvae of Aedes aegypti were added to each container in a 10:1 ratio (preparasites:mosquito) to determine infectivity of daily survived preparasites. Longevity of preparasites decreased at higher temperatures. Maximum longevity of preparasites maintained at 4, 10, 20 and 27 degrees C were 35, 30, 25 and 27 days, respectively. Survivorship of preparasites, exposed to the same temperatures, varied from 57% to 100% at day two, from 21% to 77% at day five and from 9% to 33% at day ten. Infectivity of preparasites maintained at temperatures from 4 to 27 degrees C was always higher than 70%. Extended longevity with maintenance of the infectivity capacity of preparasites, are important attributes to consider S. spiculatus an effective mean of controlling a large number of culicid species between 4 and 27 degrees C.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Comparative analysis of the expressed genome of the infective juvenile entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora.

We report the first cDNA-sequencing project of the entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. A total of 1246 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were generated by random sequencing of clones from a cDNA library of the infective juvenile stage. The ESTs were annotated resulting in 1072 useful ESTs that were categorized into functional categories according to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Approximately 459 of 1072 ESTs (43%) had significant similarities to annotated sequences in GenBank. Of these, 417 had significant similarities to the free-living nematode Caenorhanditis elegans proteins. Most ESTs (18%) belonged to the genetic information processing category followed by metabolism (15% ESTs) and environmental information processing (15%) pathways. Several interesting ESTs were found that may have roles in the infectivity and survival of infective juveniles. These included proteases, dauer pathway genes (akt-1, pdk-1 & daf-7) and aging and stress resistance genes such as superoxide dismutase (sod-4), heat shock genes (hsp-4 & hsp-6), and eat genes, and signaling proteins like G-protein coupled receptors, regulators of G-protein signaling (rgs), and serine/threonine kinases. Other interesting ESTs include systemic RNAi defective protein (sid-1), ribonuclease III family members (rnh-2 &rnc) and transposase gene (Tc3A). About 67% of the ESTs did not find matches in any of the searched databases suggesting potentially novel genes in this enomopathogenic nematode. Note: Sequences described in this paper have been deposited in Genbank under the accessions DN 152655-DN 152999, and DN 153000-DN 153726.

3-Phosphoinositide-Dependent Protein Kinases↗

PubMed1995

Efficacy of doramectin against naturally acquired adult and inhibited larval infections by some nematode parasites in cattle in New Zealand.

A study was conducted to determine the therapeutic efficacy of 1% doramectin injected subcutaneously at 200 microg/kg into cattle harbouring naturally acquired infections of inhibited Ostertagia ostertagi larvae. Sixteen yearling Friesian bulls, grazed without anthelmintic treatment throughout the autumn-winter, were selected on the basis of similar body weights and serum pepsinogen activities. After removal from pasture on day -23 they were weighed and randomly assigned to two treatment groups on the basis of this weight. On day 0, one group was given saline (1 ml/50 kg) while the second was treated with doramectin (200 microg/kg). Both treatments were given by subcutaneous injection. All stock were slaughtered 14-15 days after treatment. Moderate to high levels of adult O. ostertagi and Trichostrongylus axei and early and late 4th larval stages of O. ostertagi were recovered from saline-treated calves at necropsy. Doramectin was highly effective in eliminating all stages of O. ostertagi (99.9%; p<0.0001) and T. axei (100%; p<0.0001). No evidence of lesions were detected at the injection sites at necropsy. These results confirm that doramectin is an extremely effective broad-spectrum avermectin anthelmintic with efficacy against inhibited as well as maturing larval and adult forms of O. ostertagi.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

Content of saccharides and activity of alpha-glycosidases in Galleria mellonella larvae infected with entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis zealandica.

Concentration of glycogen, maltose, and trehalose as well as the activity of hydrolases catabolising them: alpha-amylases, glucoamylase, maltase, and trehalase were studied during a 48 h infection of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera) instar larvae infected with infective Heterorhabditis zealandica (20 nematodes/insect). The content of trehalose in the infected insects during the first day of infection was higher (p < 0.05) than in the controls. The concentration of maltose and glycogen were similar in both groups despite the fact that the activity of all examined alpha-glycosidases was generally much higher in the infected insects than in the controls.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

The effect of erythrosin B on infective larvae of bovine gastrointestinal nematodes.

The effect of erythrosin B and visible light on 3rd stage larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes of naturally-infected cattle was studied. Cattle were treated orally with erythrosin B at dosages of 30 and 40 mg kg-1 day-1 for as many as 17 days. Feces from treated and untreated animals were collected and prepared for culture. Third stage larvae were then collected by Baermannization and exposed to light. Both sunlight and artificial fluorescent light were shown to be toxic to 3rd-stage-larvae after treatment with erythrosin B. This toxic reaction was significant after only 2 consecutive daily treatments.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Parameters of intestinal inflammation in mice given graded infections of the nematode Trichinella spiralis.

Four parameters of the intestinal inflammatory response (numbers of mucosal mast cells (MMC) and Paneth cells, villus:crypt ratios and mitotic figures) were measured in mice exposed to varying doses of infective larvae of Trichinella spiralis. The aim of the experiments was to determine whether generation of these components of inflammation required a threshold level of infection and whether, once triggered, inflammation became pan-mucosal. Near maximal MMC and Paneth cell responses were elicited even with infections as low as 35 larvae; changes in villus:crypt ratios and in mitotic indices also occurred at this level of infection, but were progressively greater with increasing levels of infection. In all infected mice, including those infected with 35 larvae, MMC and Paneth cell responses extended over most of the small intestine. These data are interpreted as showing: (i) that the intestinal mucosa is highly responsive to T. spiralis infection; (ii) that once triggered, components of the inflammatory response are amplified by T cell-dependent mechanisms, becoming pan-mucosal; and (iii) that MMC and Paneth cell responses, which require cell division and differentiation, become maximal at a lower infection threshold than changes in the villus:crypt ratio or in mitotic indices, which directly reflect increased rates of division in crypt cells.

Animals↗

PubMed1974